王阳明“南镇观花”公案再诠释——兼谈其在阳明学建构中的节点意义

王阳明“南镇观花”公案为理解主客关系提供了新路径,实现了从主客关系到共同体之变化,在哲学史上具有重大的理论创新意义。花的颜色一时“明白”起来,乃是指主体对其观照感通从而使其生机得以对主体彰显,并呈现出主客体未发生关联前的意义世界。“寂”非客体不存在,而是指主体对客体无感应、客体未进入主体意义世界之状态。虽主体对客体有证明、诠释之主动性,然主客体之间并非孤立之存在,而是相互成全之共同体。“南镇观花”公案已包含了“心即理”“知行合一”“致良知”“万物一体”之内涵,是阳明“四大命题”共生并存之历史缩影,在阳明学理论建构过程中具有重要的节点意义。

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Flower-viewing Tourism and Its Influencing Factors in China

Despite the rapid development of flower-viewing tourism in China in recent years,there is almost no systematic research on it.Therefore,this study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism and its influencing factors in China using the spatial statistical analysis methods and the geographic detector method.The study uses the Point-of-Interest data of flower-viewing tourist attractions from networks such as Qunar and Ctrip,the flower observation data from China Phenological Observation Network,Chinese network news,and Weibo,and the statistical data from yearbooks.The results are as follows:1)The spatial attribution type of flower-viewing tourism in China is aggregated into areas,including two high-density aggregated areas,three medium-density aggregated areas,and one general-density aggregated area.Furthermore,five major types of flower-viewing tourist attractions have formed several aggregated areas.2)The time of flower viewing in China starts from about February and lasts about eight months till October each year.Florescence and flowering time of different ornamental flowers in different regions are different.3)The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism in China are mainly affected by ornamental flower phenology,spatial distribution characteristics of flower-viewing resources,regional permanent population size,youth population size,female population size,regional GDP,and added value of the tertiary sector.These conclusions clarify the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of flower-viewing tourism and its influencing factors in China.They could provide a scientific basis and useful reference for the coordination and sustainable development of regional flower-viewing tourism in China.

小南海天坑群外围次生林植物叶片化学计量特征研究

为探讨汉中天坑群及其外围植物生长过程中的养分循环和生态适应性,采用常规采样和化学测定法,对南郑区小南海天坑群外围主要林分类型——天然次生林不同植被层(草本、灌木、乔木)植物叶片C、N、P、K含量,化学计量比及其相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)植物叶片N、P、K含量随植被层级正向变化呈降低趋势,C呈升高趋势;(2)N∶P平均值为11.89±0.55,且灌木层(12.80)>草本层(12.28)>乔木层(10.78);(3)N、P、K元素之间呈显著正相关(P<0.01),C与N、P呈负相关,不显著(P>0.05),C与K呈显著负相关(P<0.01);植物体内N、P、K营养元素含量需求变化相对一致。研究区植物虽然具有相对较高的N、P利用效率,但仍受限制,反映了植物对生长环境的适应性。

“良知坎陷”与“心外无物”——论牟宗三对王阳明《传习录》“南镇看花”章的现代诠释

依儒家之传统,阳明“心外无物”一论题中“心”非指“认知心”,而是相应孔子“践仁知天”、孟子“尽心知性以知天”而来的“超越的道德本心”,同时,由阳明“南镇看花”可知:“物”非单纯指“行为物”,亦包含现象界之“存在物”。按牟宗三的说法:道德本心具绝对之普遍性,它自发、自律、自立法则即是天理,它是道德行为所以成立之根据,因此由吾人道德实践所带出的“行为物”不能脱离吾人之道德本心而存在。道德本心与物无对,当它自觉地“自我坎陷”而转为可将外物推出去为一对象之“认知心”时,即成就吾人对现象界之“存在物”的知识,道德本心亦是现象界“存在物”之存有论的根据,故“行为物”和“存在物”皆不出道德本心之创生、涵润也。

“南镇看花”心智层次序列系统诠释

“南镇看花”是王阳明论证心—物关系的经典案例。单一主观认识论或客观存在论诠释范式和价值取向导致了其唯心与唯物范畴归属的纷争。现代心智哲学“三维世界”层次序列系统思维为“南镇看花”普遍哲学意义和自身价值的深入探索提供了更科学的理据。分析表明:意向性、心理属性和随附性等心智变量因素影响语言的形成与理解;“整体论”系统诠释有助于消解对王阳明“心外无物”哲学思想的曲解,为中国传统哲学在现代世界哲学思想领域中的在场感提供实据。