Nationalist Trends in the Transformation of New Zealand’s Maori Language Policy

Language is an important carrier of human culture and a specific method for communication between humans.It is one of the most important symbols of human identity and flags of dividing group identity.At present,in the modern national state,the government is paying more attention to language policy and being more and more prudent to it.In the process of making and implementing language policy,the government must take into account a range of factors such as the country’s national history,politics,culture,economy,and relations between different social groups.From the mid-nineteenth century,when New Zealand became a British colony,until the mid-twentieth century,the Maori people were inspired to defend their rights and respect for themselves by the rise of Maori nationalist ideology and Maori political radicalism in a struggle that lasted more than 100 years.Until 1994,there were more than 800 kohanga reo,early childhood institutions that established Maori language instruction independent of the school system,and the nationalism drives to revitalize the Maori national language was at its peak.The process of revolution on Maori language policies in New Zealand reflects a trend of nationalist thoughts from Maori becoming more deep.Exploring the process of change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy will help to develop the study of the social history of indigenous peoples during the colonial period and will contribute to the study of the development of colonized countries and regions in the post-colonial period.The change in New Zealand’s Maori language policy has provided an important example of the preservation and revitalization of the indigenous languages of the world’s former colonies,which is of great significance for the preservation of linguistic and cultural diversity.

On the Relationship between Chinese Language Education in Malaysia and Indonesia with Their National Conditions

Chinese language education exists in both Malaysia and Indonesia. The commonalities and individualities of the national conditions of both countries have an impact on their Chinese language education. The official languages scripts, and major beliefs of the two countries are quite similar, and under their influence, local Chinese have special expectations for Chinese language education. Compared to Indonesia, Malaysian Chinese have a larger proportion of the population and a tendency towards marriage, which to some extent is more conducive to the Chinese language education of local Chinese. Both countries’ national conditions and personalities have unfavorable factors for local Chinese language education.

Case Study of Three Arab American Language Identity： Bilingual, Binational, or Both

Growing applied linguistics research has discussed the upsurge of the usage of Arabic language among Arabic speakers in the United States （Bale, 2010; Sehlaoui, 2008）; language contact and conflict among Arab Americans （AAs） （Rouchdy, 2002）; and how mobility--both virtual and physical--influences their identities （Duff, 2015） This study researches how AAs define their affiliation to the Arabic language in the United States to understand their attitudes on language variety and ethnic diversity, religion and identity, and stereotypes of Arabs. After analyzing interviews, all three AA participants self-selected their identity based on linguistic and physical contexts Thus, the findings suggest further research on AAs should consider cyber identity as a factor for bilingual speakers and compare it with Arabic speakers in their home country

Fostering Chinese National Unity:Advocating the National Common Language and Writing System for Heightened Community Awareness

The promotion of the national common language and writing system stands as a cornerstone in cultivating a sense of community among the Chinese nation.The national common language and writing system,serving as a potent vehicle for cultural dissemination and linguistic communication,acts as a crucial bridge fostering unity,mutual support,cultural exchange,and cohesion among diverse ethnic groups.Its widespread promotion not only reinforces the cohesion of the Chinese nation but also plays a pivotal role in fortifying national and cultural identity.The advocacy and dissemination of the national common language and writing system contribute significantly to enhancing the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This concerted effort serves as an internal driving force,creating a positive feedback loop that strengthens both national identity and the cultural bonds shared by the Chinese people.The reciprocal relationship between the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system reinforces a mutual sense of assistance and reciprocity.This bidirectional dynamic propels a synergistic interplay,fostering a beneficial cycle in the promotion and widespread adoption of the national common language and writing system.In essence,the promotion and popularization of the national common language and writing system not only contribute to its advancement but also serve to deepen the sense of community within the Chinese nation.This reciprocal interaction between the two elements establishes a robust foundation for nurturing a strong and cohesive Chinese community.

May Fourth Movement in China-language Planning and Innovation

The purpose of this paper is to establish a clear comprehension and discernment of fundamental concepts of the languageplanning field and its correlation with and differences from innovation and change.It focuses on five aspects:a new language policyadopted in the period of late Qing;the status of classic Chinese in ancient times and the new vernacular in modern Chinese;the ori-gins of new vernacular;the problem that appeared alongside the new vernacularand the influence of May Fourth Movement in soci-ety and in education area.

Buddhist Nationalism as Social Movement in Political Transition:MaBaTha Movement in Myanmar

Aggressive Buddhist nationalism has emerged as a considerable societal issue in Myanmar and a threat to peaceful coexistence in this multi-religious and multi-ethnic country since the political transition.The paper argues that the integration of strong religious capacity and strong political needs is the main reason for the rapid development of Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar since 2011.To be specific,strong religious capacity provides possibilities,and strong political needs create the necessity for the rapid development of Buddhist nationalism.Taking the MaBaTha movement as an example,the paper concludes the developing trajectory and characteristics of the movement.In terms of strong religious capability of Buddhism,the authority and legitimacy of Buddhism in Myanmar lay the foundation for the emergence and expansion of MaBaTha;on the other hand,powerful social network of Buddhism and the extensive community service provided by Buddhist organizations makes MaBaTha have strong mobilization capabilities.In terms of strong domestic political needs,the economic and social realities during the period of political transition made MaBaTha’s claims be widely accepted in Myanmar,and political elites’mobilization form was the driving force for the organization’s rapid development.Finally,four suggestions are put forward on how to tackle the challenges brought by Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar.

Confronting Nuclear Tyranny: Role of Eco-nationalism in Development of Environmental Movement in Ukraine

In the USSR there has never been a “pure” environmental movement. Dictate of Moscow in decision-making led to the location of a disproportionately large number of the nuclear power stations and industrial enterprises on the territory of Ukraine. Chernobyl accident demonstrated the consequences of this approach and became the symbol of inequality of relations between the member nations in the Soviet Union. Therefore, environmentalism and nationalism in many Soviet Republics had convergence albeit to varying degrees. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the further understanding and interpretation of the concept of eco-nationalism, proposed by J. Dawson. The article demonstrates that the basis for its development in Ukrainian USSR was not only the Chernobyl accident, but also the expansion of the nuclear facilities in Ukraine (what can be considered nuclear tyranny) along with the existence of a large number of industrial enterprises that polluted the environment. The article also explores the role of nationalism in the originating the environmental movement in the republic.

Capitalist Planning？ The ＂Bombay Plan＂ as Contribution to Economic Debates Within the Indian National Movement, 1927-1945

The desire to draft a planning framework for India after independence was not only expressed by leftist groups. It was also on the agenda of business groups who published the Bombay Plan in 1944. Ideas of ＂economic nationalism＂, ＂state control＂, and ＂socialism＂ were attained from heterogeneous debates within the national movement and attached to a pro-capitalist agenda. This paper will explain the power relations behind the Bombay Plan, within the field of political forces of the Indian national movement. It shows their success in the strategy of co-operating with the Indian National Congress （INC） to impose their economic agenda. Secondly, it argues that there was a strong capitalist interest in planning.

民族,国族和Nation:安德森Nationalism理论的误译问题

安德森写的《想象的共同体》,早已成为nationalism理论经典,受到了台湾和大陆学界的热捧。但是na-tion一词翻译大有问题,原本nation涵盖了中文"民族","国族"两重意义,单纯译为"民族"不妥。从分析这一误译出发,作者指出《想象的共同体》一书的论述逻辑有将欧洲历史经验泛化的嫌疑,nationalism论述包含语音中心主义不适于中国语言文化,nationalism中的宗教因素和殖民地流动因素在中国历史文化并不适用。

Semantic Analysis of Chinese Names and the National Spirit Encoded

Language is a mark of great significance to a nation, while nation in turn bestows language with particular attributes and idiosyncratic functions. As a particular and principal communication tool cherished by the national society, national language tremendously pushes forward the consolidation and development of that society. When applied to practice in every aspect of social life, national language demonstrates equality of nationality, national characteristics and the accuracy of meaning conveyance, which cannot be replaced by other languages and thus determines the important role played by national language in the independence, existence and development of the nation.

Politics of Language Choice in African Education： The Case of Kenya and Malawi

In August 2015 the government of South Afiica issued Circular S10 of 2015, to inform education authorities that Mandarin would be taught in the schools beginning January 2016. Immediately, the South African Democratic Teachers＇ Union （Sadtu） expressed stiff opposition to it, rejecting it as constituting a ＂new form of colonization＂. The notification informed national and provincial education authorities that Mandarin would be incrementally implemented in schools such that ＂Grades 4-9 and 10 will be implemented in January 2016, followed by grade 11 in 2017 and grade 12 in 2018＂ （Nkosi, 2015）. Part of the justification for the introduction of Mandarin is that China is South Africa＇s biggest trading partner; as such, it is important for the children of South Africa to ＂become proficient in the Confucius language and develop a good understanding of Chinese culture＂ （Nkosi, 2015）. There was nothing said about China＇s reciprocation through changes to the language curriculum of China＇s educational system. Sadtu＇s reaction conforms to the interrogation of the use of language and education as the arena of power politics, exemplified here by the asymmetric power relations between the two countries. This feeds into the realities of African education that, largely, remains shackled through its content and languages of instruction to foreign knowledge systems, reinforced through globalization, science and technology. For instance, with regard to language of instruction the Malawi Government issued the Education Act of 2012 that decreed that English would be studied and used as medium of instruction from grade 1. Language-in-education policies of other African countries differ minimally from that of Malawi. With focus on Kenya and Malawi the paper will examine the politics of language and curricula in African education.

Non-neutrality of English and English language teaching

Due to the popularity of English, English language teaching has taken up an important position in China＇s education. Teachers of English may seldom consider the power behind this widely-used language during the teaching process. This article starts with revealing the power behind language so as to let teachers be aware of the hidden power behind English language and be conscious that English language is not neutral. At the same time, it reminds teachers of English to have a critical attitude on their teaching practice and help students to balance the study of Chinese and English.

Evaluation of the Literacy and Numeracy Screening Program in Three Types of National Primary Schools in Malaysia

Literacy and numeracy screening(LINUS)is a program implemented by the Malaysia Ministry of Education in primary schools nationwide to increase literacy skills of students in year 1–3.This study aimed at assessing the LINUS program implemented since 2010.Model of Critical Literacy by Freebody and Luke(1990)was applied in this study.Reading and writing tests for Malay language subject were developed from the module of LINUS program and conducted on 120 students from three different types of schools,namely national schools,national-type Chinese schools,and national-type Tamil schools.The results showed that the level of reading and writing of students was average.One-way analysis of variance tests showed significant differences between ethnic and type of schools with the reading and writing proficiency of the students;students of national schools scored the highest in reading test whereas the students of national-type Chinese school performed the best in writing test.In contrast,family socioeconomic status of the students did not influence their reading and writing proficiency.Therefore,teachers should take into account ethnic and type of schools in implementing the LINUS program as the main factors determining the level of literacy,achievement,and success of the LINUS program.

Testative Discussion on how to be an Eligible Interpreter--Based on the People’s Republic of China of the National People’s Congress and Committee of the People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2012 to 2014

In recent years,with the rapid development of the Chinese economy,the“two sessions”in March of every year which sponsored by the ministry of foreign affairs attract more and more journalists from all over the world.The press conference in the“two sessions”likes an important window to show China’s policies and claims to the world.Meanwhile,the premier who answers questions in the press conference,respectively,shows the world the eloquence and polite manners of China’s premier,such as Premier Wen Jiabao and Premier Li Keqiang.Their astute response,excellent,and emotional expression makes a deep impression on audiences.Moreover,as a bridge between the speaker and the listeners,the interpretation once is incorrect will cause some mistakes even conflicts.Therefore,the interpreter plays a most important role in the press conference.How to improve the interpretation level in the press conference is a significant topic.The thesis mainly introduces the content of press conference interpreting from 2012 to 2014.At present,the practical study of press conference interpretation is far from enough.The last part gives the summary of the study and points out the main findings for the further study.

On the Legal Status of Sign Language and Braille in China:Development Process and Institutional Evolution

on the 30^(th)anniversary of the implementation of the Law of the people’s Republic of China on the protection of persons with Disabilities,re-examining the standardization of sign language and Braille will help implement the 14^(th)Five-Year plan and further improve the protection system for the rights and interests of persons with disabilities.From the perspective of regulation,conception and cultivation,it is necessary to clarify the legal status of sign language and Braille in China,accelerate the development of education,and heighten the awareness of rights protection.Identifying sign language and Braille either as a part of the standard national spoken and written language or as a supplementary language can both reaffirm their actual status in the practice of language and script standardization,but the actual needs of the promotion and use of sign language and Braille have not yet been met.only when the two are clearly defined as being forms of the standard national spoken and written language can their legal status be fundamentally consolidated,and a systematic structure for the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities be realized.In order to determine the legal status of the two as being forms of the standard national language,a three-level system of“legal foundation-legislative implementation-system support”should be put in place,so as to form a synergy for the promotion of national standard sign language and Braille.

Body Language——幼儿园英语教学的捷径

身势语作为一种非言语行为，是一种无国界的交流方式，而在幼儿园英语教学中，它也有广泛的用途，在教学中的许多难点都可以用身势语来解决。它能帮助幼儿纠正发音、理解、记忆及提高兴趣，是一种简便、科学、实用的好方法。

The Conceptual Transformation of“National Language”and the Initial Construction of National Common Language at the End of Qing Dynasty

At the end of Qing Dynasty(1864-1911),the traditional concept of"national language"underwent a modern transformation,which began to refer to the common language of the nation-state.This conceptual change was stimulated by both Japanese thought and practice.The construction of the national common language formally started with the promulgation and implementation of the"Gui-Mao school system,"accelerated by the opening of the preparatory constitution,and began in its early practice through the enactment of the Statutes for the Establishment of Schools in the Mongolian,Tibetan and Hui Areas and the Decision of the Central Educational Conference of the Ministry of Education on the Unification of the State Language.This construction was always led by the court,jointly promoted by people from the government and the folk,and Manchu,Mongolian,and Han officials inclining the new.It not only can be regarded as one of the important contents of the New Deal and Constitutional Movement at the end of Qing Dynasty that has been neglected,but also the result of the long-term implementation of the official language by the Qing court and the increasing role of the Chinese language in the country's domestic and foreign affairs.It had an important impact on the emergence and early development of the consciousness of the modern Chinese nation.

National Language Capacity in Global Competition

The term national language capacity refers to the sum total of a nation＇s ability to grasp linguistic resources, provide language services, deal with linguistic issues, develop the language, and related tasks. Key capacities include the possession of linguistic resources, utilization of language and language services, development and use of linguistic resources, the language of the members of the nation, reserves of linguistic talent, language management, development of language enterprises and linguistic influence. The development of informatization has made national language capacity an important part of national strength. It is hard power as well as soft power, playing a very important role in social progress and cultural inheritance, in promoting economic development and technological innovation, and in protecting a country＇s national security and international development.

Language, Identity, and Arab Nationalism: Case Study of Palestine

Palestine became a predominantly Arab country with a Muslim majority in the late seventh century.Known to the entire Muslim world by its Arabic name,Filastin,Palestine’s physical characteristics and boundaries were consolidated in the seventh century.In the case of the Palestinian version of Arabic Nationalism,language was also crucial to the formation of a national identity.At the turn of the 20th century,the Ottoman Empire and all its constituents started losing land and power,many provinces,including Palestine,were left to consider their options.Standard Arabic provides a medium of communication over the vast geographical area whose numerous and widely diverse local dialects it transcends and the Levantine Arabic spoken by Palestinians in the Diaspora gives the Palestinians in many countries a sense of identity and awareness of their common cultural heritage.