Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, al...Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.展开更多
Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, le...Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, lead to a deeper understanding of the biology of organisms. Such an approach, although always current in some form, is nevertheless subject to the vagaries of fashion and the availability of analytical techniques. At present we are in a period of upturn. Areas of interest are deployable structures （applications in aerospace）, palaeontology （how little do we need to know in order to create a credible biosphere） and food science （we need a rational approach to the mechanics of food）.展开更多
Nature is an information sourcebook of behaviour, function, colour and shape which can inspire visual design and invention. Studying the form and functional characteristics of a natural object can provide inspiration ...Nature is an information sourcebook of behaviour, function, colour and shape which can inspire visual design and invention. Studying the form and functional characteristics of a natural object can provide inspiration for product design and help to improve the marketability of manufactured products. The inspiration can be triggered either by direct observation or captured by three-dimensional （3D） digitising techniques to obtain superficial information （geometry and colour）. An art designer often creates a concept in the form of a two-dimensional （2D） sketch while engineering methods lead to a point cloud in 3D. Each has its limitations in that the art designer commonly lacks the knowledge to build a final product from a 2D sketch and the engi- neering designer＇s 3D point clouds may not be very beautiful. We propose a method for Product Design from Nature （PDN）, coupling aesthetic intent and geometrical characteristics, exploring the interactions between designers and nature＇s systems in PDN. We believe that this approach would considerably reduce the lead time and cost of product design from nature.展开更多
The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phos...The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phosphorus and ranged from 0.37 μmol/g to 1.57 μmol/g, accounting for 10.7% of the total phosphorus, others were the carbonate bound form, iron manganese oxide bound form and ion exchange able form; the transferable form of phosphorus accounted for 19.2% of the total phosphorus. Silicon’s carbonate bound form was predominant over others among its transferable forms, and content ranged from 1.55 μmol/g to 8.94 μmol/g, accounting for 0.05% of the total silicon; the total amount of transferable silicon forms accounted for only 0.12% of the total silicon. Therefore, 19.2% of the total phosphorus and 0.12% of the total silicon contained in the surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea could participate in the biogeochemical cycling.展开更多
Investigations of forest plant biological diversity were conducted in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Xiaoxing’an Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Six samples were selected to initiate fieldwork in spring,summer...Investigations of forest plant biological diversity were conducted in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Xiaoxing’an Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Six samples were selected to initiate fieldwork in spring,summer and autumn. Two samples were added to the whole experiment. Results showed that plant biological diversity in the natural reserve varied with seasons as well as plant growth forms. Generalty the highest diversity values occurred in spring in the communities. Herb species had richer diversity than those of either shrub species or wood species. Species richness, diversity and evenness were quoted in the analysis.展开更多
We investigated preparation of film dosage form (FD) from natural polysaccharides using the casting method without organic solvents, heating or pH control. Ferulic acid (FA) and catechin were employed as model compoun...We investigated preparation of film dosage form (FD) from natural polysaccharides using the casting method without organic solvents, heating or pH control. Ferulic acid (FA) and catechin were employed as model compounds incorporated in the FD, and the release profile of each compound from the form was investigated in the limited medium. Film formation was affected by the addition of the model compound to the polysaccharide solution. Rigid FD was obtained with 2% low-molecular-weight alginate (L-ALG;thickness, 65 μm), and it hardened after the addition of 0.5% polygalacturonic acid, although the thickness of the film did not change. The FDs immediately released the model compound, and the forms dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline. FD modification did not affect the FA release rate except in the early stage. FD would be a useful dosage form, especially for preventing or treating localized problems in the oral cavity.展开更多
Because Elsevier takes care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions beginning from 2006,please visit the following website of Elsevier for the international Institutional orders.
Because Elsevier takes care of JNGC’s international institutional print subscriptions beginning from 2006,please visit the following website of Elsevier for the international Institutional orders.http://www.elsevier....Because Elsevier takes care of JNGC’s international institutional print subscriptions beginning from 2006,please visit the following website of Elsevier for the international Institutional orders.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jngc展开更多
Annual subscription rate: Businesses and research institutes: US $400.00 for overseas/ RMB 400.00 for Chinese Individuals: US $240.00 for overseas/ RMB 240.00 for Chinese Please subscribe me to the Journal (starting i...Annual subscription rate: Businesses and research institutes: US $400.00 for overseas/ RMB 400.00 for Chinese Individuals: US $240.00 for overseas/ RMB 240.00 for Chinese Please subscribe me to the Journal (starting in 2002): Number of years: Total amount: US $ RMB展开更多
Effects of the form factor on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a two-dimensional cavity filled with Al2O3-nanofluid has been analyzed numerically. A model was developed to explain the behavior of nan...Effects of the form factor on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a two-dimensional cavity filled with Al2O3-nanofluid has been analyzed numerically. A model was developed to explain the behavior of nanofluids taking account of the volume fraction φ. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically by alternating an implicit method (Method ADI) for various Rayleigh numbers varies as 103, 104 and 105. The nanofluid used is aluminum oxide with water Pr = 6.2;solid volume fraction φ is varied as 0%, 5% and 10%. Inclination angle Φ varies from 0° to 90° with a step the 15° and the form report varies as R = 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 4. The problem considered is a two-dimensional heat transfer enclosure. The vertical walls are differentially heated;the right is cold when the left is hot. The horizontal walls are assumed to be insulated. The nanofluid in the cavity is considered as incompressible, Newtonian and laminar flow. The nanoparticles are assumed to have a shape and a uniform size. However, it is supposed that the two fluid phases and nanoparticles are in a state of thermal equilibrium and they sink at the same speed. The thermophysical properties of nanofluids are assumed to be constant at the exception of the variation of density in the force of buoyancy, which is based on the approximation of Boussinesq values.展开更多
Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas r...Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.展开更多
文摘Most multicellular organisms can be categorised by two words： hierarchy and composite. The underlying fractal geometry of nature - at least in terms of provision of infrastructure - provides much of the hierarchy, although many materials for which infrastructure is not an integral factor are also strongly hierarchical. Plants can therefore be modelled using recursive computer programs which add structures as the size increases. However, problems with mechanical stability also increase as the structure grows, so the plant changes from deriving stiffness from intevaal pressure to cross-linking the cell wall components permanently. However, this compromises the ability of the plant to grow and repair itself.
文摘Ideas from engineering have helped the understanding of biological organisms for thousands of years. However, the mechanical aspects of biological materials and structures can, if properly interpreted and analysed, lead to a deeper understanding of the biology of organisms. Such an approach, although always current in some form, is nevertheless subject to the vagaries of fashion and the availability of analytical techniques. At present we are in a period of upturn. Areas of interest are deployable structures （applications in aerospace）, palaeontology （how little do we need to know in order to create a credible biosphere） and food science （we need a rational approach to the mechanics of food）.
文摘Nature is an information sourcebook of behaviour, function, colour and shape which can inspire visual design and invention. Studying the form and functional characteristics of a natural object can provide inspiration for product design and help to improve the marketability of manufactured products. The inspiration can be triggered either by direct observation or captured by three-dimensional （3D） digitising techniques to obtain superficial information （geometry and colour）. An art designer often creates a concept in the form of a two-dimensional （2D） sketch while engineering methods lead to a point cloud in 3D. Each has its limitations in that the art designer commonly lacks the knowledge to build a final product from a 2D sketch and the engi- neering designer＇s 3D point clouds may not be very beautiful. We propose a method for Product Design from Nature （PDN）, coupling aesthetic intent and geometrical characteristics, exploring the interactions between designers and nature＇s systems in PDN. We believe that this approach would considerably reduce the lead time and cost of product design from nature.
文摘The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phosphorus and ranged from 0.37 μmol/g to 1.57 μmol/g, accounting for 10.7% of the total phosphorus, others were the carbonate bound form, iron manganese oxide bound form and ion exchange able form; the transferable form of phosphorus accounted for 19.2% of the total phosphorus. Silicon’s carbonate bound form was predominant over others among its transferable forms, and content ranged from 1.55 μmol/g to 8.94 μmol/g, accounting for 0.05% of the total silicon; the total amount of transferable silicon forms accounted for only 0.12% of the total silicon. Therefore, 19.2% of the total phosphorus and 0.12% of the total silicon contained in the surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea could participate in the biogeochemical cycling.
文摘Investigations of forest plant biological diversity were conducted in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Xiaoxing’an Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Six samples were selected to initiate fieldwork in spring,summer and autumn. Two samples were added to the whole experiment. Results showed that plant biological diversity in the natural reserve varied with seasons as well as plant growth forms. Generalty the highest diversity values occurred in spring in the communities. Herb species had richer diversity than those of either shrub species or wood species. Species richness, diversity and evenness were quoted in the analysis.
文摘We investigated preparation of film dosage form (FD) from natural polysaccharides using the casting method without organic solvents, heating or pH control. Ferulic acid (FA) and catechin were employed as model compounds incorporated in the FD, and the release profile of each compound from the form was investigated in the limited medium. Film formation was affected by the addition of the model compound to the polysaccharide solution. Rigid FD was obtained with 2% low-molecular-weight alginate (L-ALG;thickness, 65 μm), and it hardened after the addition of 0.5% polygalacturonic acid, although the thickness of the film did not change. The FDs immediately released the model compound, and the forms dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline. FD modification did not affect the FA release rate except in the early stage. FD would be a useful dosage form, especially for preventing or treating localized problems in the oral cavity.
文摘Because Elsevier takes care of JNGC＇s international institutional print subscriptions beginning from 2006,please visit the following website of Elsevier for the international Institutional orders.
文摘Because Elsevier takes care of JNGC’s international institutional print subscriptions beginning from 2006,please visit the following website of Elsevier for the international Institutional orders.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jngc
文摘Annual subscription rate: Businesses and research institutes: US $400.00 for overseas/ RMB 400.00 for Chinese Individuals: US $240.00 for overseas/ RMB 240.00 for Chinese Please subscribe me to the Journal (starting in 2002): Number of years: Total amount: US $ RMB
文摘Effects of the form factor on natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow in a two-dimensional cavity filled with Al2O3-nanofluid has been analyzed numerically. A model was developed to explain the behavior of nanofluids taking account of the volume fraction φ. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically by alternating an implicit method (Method ADI) for various Rayleigh numbers varies as 103, 104 and 105. The nanofluid used is aluminum oxide with water Pr = 6.2;solid volume fraction φ is varied as 0%, 5% and 10%. Inclination angle Φ varies from 0° to 90° with a step the 15° and the form report varies as R = 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 4. The problem considered is a two-dimensional heat transfer enclosure. The vertical walls are differentially heated;the right is cold when the left is hot. The horizontal walls are assumed to be insulated. The nanofluid in the cavity is considered as incompressible, Newtonian and laminar flow. The nanoparticles are assumed to have a shape and a uniform size. However, it is supposed that the two fluid phases and nanoparticles are in a state of thermal equilibrium and they sink at the same speed. The thermophysical properties of nanofluids are assumed to be constant at the exception of the variation of density in the force of buoyancy, which is based on the approximation of Boussinesq values.
基金financial support from the National major projects (Item No.2016ZX05006-003)
文摘Coal-formed gas generated from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures has become one of the most important targets for deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin,offshore eastern China.However,the proven gas reserves from this source rock remain low to date,and the distribution characteristics and accumulation model for the coal-formed gas are not clear.Here we review the coal-formed gas deposits formed from the Permo-Carboniferous coal measures in the Bohai Bay Basin.The accumulations are scattered,and dominated by middle-small sized gas fields,of which the proven reserves ranging from 0.002 to 149.4×108 m3 with an average of 44.30×108 m3 and a mid-point of 8.16×108 m3.The commercially valuable gas fields are mainly found in the central and southern parts of the basin.Vertically,the coal-formed gas is accumulated at multiple stratigraphic levels from Paleogene to Archaeozoic,among which the Paleogene and PermoCarboniferous are the main reservoir strata.According to the transporting pathway,filling mechanism and the relationship between source rocks and reservoir,the coal-formed gas accumulation model can be defined into three types:"Upward migrated,fault transported gas"accumulation model,"Laterally migrated,sandbody transported gas"accumulation model,and"Downward migrated,sub-source,fracture transported gas"accumulation model.Source rock distribution,thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation capacity are the fundamental controlling factors for the macro distribution and enrichment of the coal-formed gas.The fault activity and the configuration of fault and caprock control the vertical enrichment pattern.
