奶牛乳房健康基因检测芯片在中国荷斯坦牛及巴基斯坦本地奶牛群中的应用研究

旨在筛选与奶牛乳房健康相关的SNP位点或组合,提升奶牛乳房健康水平,同时促进“一带一路”国家的奶牛产业健康发展。本研究基于1097头中国荷斯坦牛、161头巴基斯坦荷斯坦牛的尾静脉血及116头Achai牛、104头辛地红牛的尾根毛囊,提取基因组DNA,使用奶牛乳房健康分子检测芯片(Chinese Cow's SNPs Chip-Ⅰ,CCSC-Ⅰ)获得基因型,结合相应DHI数据报告中的乳房健康指标——体细胞数(somatic cell count,SCC)及体细胞评分(somatic cell score,SCS),通过单个SNP和成对SNP关联分析,鉴定有意义的SNP位点或组合。单位点关联分析结果显示,SNP3、6、8、11、19、20在中国荷斯坦牛群体中为显著位点(P<0.05),针对巴基斯坦奶牛群同样鉴定出SNP3和SNP11为显著位点(P<0.05);在成对位点关联分析中,中国荷斯坦牛群体使用大样本(北京、浙江、河北地区牧场)和河北地区样本分别分析,保留稳定的SNP11-SNP15组合,SNP19和SNP20的AA基因型同占优势,针对巴基斯坦荷斯坦牛鉴定了SNP11-SNP2、4、8、9、12、16、19等极显著组合(P<0.01),而针对巴基斯坦本地奶牛Achai鉴定出了SNP3-SNP11、15等极显著组合(P<0.01)。本研究结果显示,奶牛乳房健康分子检测芯片具有广泛适用性。SNP11、15、19、20等位点对奶牛乳房健康具有重要影响。在荷斯坦牛群体中,CD4、TRAPPC9和PTK2基因表现出潜在的乳房炎抗性;而在巴基斯坦本地奶牛中,CD4、DGAT1和TRAPPC9基因则表现出显著的抗性特征。这些发现为未来的精准选育提供了有力的科学依据。

Washability Characteristics of Low Volatile Pakistani Coking Coal by Crushing

Through washability study, a couple of parameters were investigated for a low volatile Pakistani Coal (coking). The aim was to find out the effect of the action of reducing material release characteristics for low volatile Pakistani coal. The “Index of washability” (IW) and “Near gravity material Index” (NGMI) were used as parameters to express the ease of washability. Run of Mine coal is crushed to four different sizes as mentioned 80 mm, 30 mm, 18 mm and 11 mm in a pestle and mortar. Calculations of IW show that it is inversely proportional to top size of feed, indicating that washability increases with the decrease of size. From NGMI calculations it was concluded that gravity method is not recommended for separation at this specific gravity range. So study divulges that the critical specific gravity for crushing to 30 mm is 1.67 and for 11 mm is 1.56.

Homozygosity mapping of a consanguineous Pakistani family affected with oculocutaneous albinism to Tyrosinase gene

Dear Sir,Iam Haiba Kaul,from the Department of Biochemistry,University of Health Sciences,Lahore,Pakistan.I write to present a study of oculocutaneous albinism（OCA）in consanguineous Pakistani families.OCA is a genetic defect of melanin biosynthesis that mainly affects eyes,skin and hair.

Development of 19-plex Y STR system and polymorphism studies in Pakistani population

For the development of 19-plex Y STR system and polymorphism studies in local ethnic populations sixteen markers of non-recombining regions (NRY) of Y chromosome, which show high power of discrimination among individuals, were selected in this study. Blood samples (600) were collected from the males of three most common castes of Pakistani population (Arain, Awan and Rajput) with different parent lineages. Three markers (DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II and YCAIIa/b) among 16 Y STRs are double-targeted regions of the Y chromosome and thus provide two polymorphic peaks for each respective primer set. These 16 Y-STRs were developed into Megaplex system for simultaneous amplification of all markers within the population. The overall power of discrimination observed in focused populations was 60.5%, 66.5% and 55% in Rajput, Awan and Arain casts respectively. This discrimination power will be helpful in human identification for forensic casework studies including sexual assaults and paternity testing.

In silico analysis of a disease-causing mutation in PCDH15 gene in a consanguineous Pakistani family with Usher phenotype

AIM： To map Usher phenotype in a consanguineous Pakistani family and identify disease-associated mutation in a causative gene to establish phenotype-genotype correlation.· METHODS： A consanguineous Pakistani family in which Usher phenotype was segregating as an autosomal recessive trait was ascertained. On the basis of results of clinical investigations of affected members of this family disease was diagnosed as Usher syndrome（USH）. To identify the locus responsible for the Usher phenotype in this family, genomic DNA from blood sample of each individual was genotyped using microsatellite Short Tandem Repeat（STR） markers for the known Usher syndrome loci. Then direct sequencing was performed to find out disease associated mutations in the candidate gene.· RESULTS： By genetic linkage analysis, the USH phenotype of this family was mapped to PCDH15 locus on chromosome 10q21.1. Three different point mutations in exon 11 of PCDH15 were identified and one of them,c.1304AC was found to be segregating with the disease phenotype in Pakistani family with Usher phenotype.This, c.1304 A C transversion mutation predicts an amino-acid substitution of aspartic acid with an alanine at residue number 435（p.D435A） of its protein product.Moreover, in silico analysis revealed conservation of aspartic acid at position 435 and predicated this change as pathogenic.·CONCLUSION：Theidentificationofc.1304ACpathogenic mutation in PCDH15 gene and its association with Usher syndrome in a consanguineous Pakistani family is thefirst example of a missense mutation of PCDH15 causing USH1 phenotype. In previous reports, it was hypothesized that severe mutations such as truncated protein of PCDH15 led to the Usher I phenotype and that missense variants are mainly responsible for non-syndromic hearing impairment.

The Role of Trace Metals and Environmental Factors in the Onset and Progression of Schizophrenia in Pakistani Population

Exposure to toxic chemicals appears to be one of the major factors in the onset of Schizophrenia. Present study was designed to find out the association of socio-economic, clinical and heavy metals such as chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) selenium (Se) and arsenic (As) as the principle environmental factors that appear to impact schizophrenic condition in Pakistani population. In this study we have tried to expose some factors such as drug abuse, marital status, education, monthly income that could be related to the disease. These parameters were not investigated before in Pakistani subjects. A self-made questionnaire was developed to collect and record the history of patient’s social and economical status. The level of transition metals in the whole blood was also measured by using Inductive couple plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Present study has found higher levels of Cr, Pb, Zn, Se, As and Cu and lower levels of Fe and Mn in the blood of newly diagnosed (ND) patients when compared to the controls. While comparing ND with the patients who were on medication (Old Diagnosed) we, found lower level of these metals except for copper in ND. However no significant differences were observed between any trace metal levels between the studied groups. The survey concludes that economic status, marital status and illegal drugs are significantly associated with schizophrenia. Pakistani men who use cannabis are significantly higher in numbers when compared to women in acquiring the psychiatric symptoms.

Locally Advanced Breast Cancer in Pakistani Women: What Is Different from Rest of the World and Why It Is Difficult to Manage

Locally Advance Breast Cancer refers to a heterogeneous group of breast cancer with locally extensive disease, which may or may not involve the nodes, without any distant metastases. The study was conducted at Faisalabad Medical University (FMU), Oncology, Allied Hospital Faisalabad (Pakistan). Data of 100 patients with LABC was collected. Demographics were recorded in the form of age, socio-economic status. In clinical data, time of presentation, family history of breast cancer, the presenting symptom in the form of lump, ulceration and other skin changes were noted. Histo-pathological variables including tumor size, histopathology, Bloom & Richardson grading, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor status (PR) and HER2 status. Results showed that after following a standard trimodality treatment approach in LABC patients, 30 percent died within two years. Disease free survival for more than two years was observed in only 25% of patients. Whereas, 70% patients had eventful (Recurrence/metastases) survival. This poor outcome was observed due to lack of health care facilities, awareness and poor socioeconomic status.

Novel mutations in PDE6A and CDHR1 cause retinitis pigmentosa in Pakistani families

AIM:To investigate the genetic basis of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa(arRP)in two consanguineous/endogamous Pakistani families.METHODS:Whole exome sequencing(WES)was performed on genomic DNA samples of patients with arRP to identify disease causing mutations.Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm familial segregation of identified mutations,and potential pathogenicity was determined by predictions of the mutations’functions.RESULTS:A novel homozygous frameshift mutation[NM_000440.2:c.1054delG,p.(Gln352Argfs*4);Chr5:g.149286886del(GRCh37)]in the PDE6A gene in an endogamous family and a novel homozygous splice site mutation[NM_033100.3:c.1168-1G>A,Chr10:g.85968484G>A(GRCh37)]in the CDHR1 gene in a consanguineous family were identified.The PDE6A variant p.(Gln352Argfs*4)was predicted to be deleterious or pathogenic,whilst the CDHR1 variant c.1168-1G>A was predicted to result in potential alteration of splicing.CONCLUSION:This study expands the spectrum of genetic variants for arRP in Pakistani families.

Pakistani English

Pakistan is a typical English-speaking country in south Asia. However, the data of Pakistan English is extremely rare. If one wants to grasp the English features in south Asia and try to find the similarities among different languages, he should know something about Pakistani English.In this paper, the background information about Pakistan will be mentioned as well as the English situation in this country,including English education, English problems, pronunciation features, and Pakistani literature.

Comment on homozygosity mapping of a consanguineous Pakistani family affected with oculocutaneous albinism to Tyrosinase gene

Dear Editor,I have carefully read the article entitled ＂Homozygosity mapping of a consanguineous Pakistani family affected with oculocutaneous albinism to Tyrosinase gene＂,published by Shakil et al in 2016 and found it very interesting for the scientific community.

印巴战争与巴基斯坦国家建设

经典的“掠夺理论”(predatory theory)从西欧国家形成的历史经验出发,认为战争能够促进国家建设。在第三世界,战争与国家建设的关系需要具体研究。作为当代世界国际安全环境最恶劣的国家之一,巴基斯坦长期处于战争和备战状态,为检验和发展蒂利提出的国家建设的“战争驱动模型”提供了宝贵的个案。从军事建设、汲取能力及政治合法性三个维度对巴基斯坦的国家建设进行研究后发现:战争加强了巴基斯坦军队建设和能力,但对外部军事援助的依赖影响了巴基斯坦军事建设的连续性和稳定性。战争并没有促进巴基斯坦的财政汲取能力,主要原因在于巴基斯坦特殊的战略位置,使其获得了大量外部援助,从而减少了加强汲取能力的动力。为了应对外部威胁,巴基斯坦也采取了强化民族认同的措施,力图实现“一个国家、一种宗教、一种语言”,但是族群政治削弱了战争对民族认同的建设。由于过分依赖外部援助,政权的合法性降低;由于地方民族主义的挑战,巴基斯坦成为了某种意义上军人控制的国家,这严重地阻碍了巴基斯坦国家现代化转型。

一带一路背景下国际医学留学生中医药认同度的研究

目的 调查山西中医药大学的本科级国际留学生的中医药认同度,进而探讨国际留学生中医药教育策略,为中医药国际化做出贡献。方法 以选修过中医药课程的医学类国际留学生为研究对象。自行设计问卷,通过问卷星平台收集数据。问卷含6个方面:中医文化理论的认知、中医诊疗优势特点的认知、中医成就的个人感受、与中医相关的个人行为、对中西医的态度和中医药未来发展的态度。计算各调查条目的平均分(1~5分),分值与中医药认同度呈正相关。结果 绝大多数项目的平均分为4分左右。参与者的国籍与中医文化理论的认知,以及中医家庭背景与对中西医结合态度之间存在显著的统计学相关性(P <0.05)。结论 大多数留学生的中医药认同度较高。但在一些方面如中医文化、中医与西医的关系等认识的理解程度不够,可能需要学校通过针对性的教育措施来提高。

巴基斯坦民族国家建构过程的道路之争及其影响

巴基斯坦自1947年获得独立地位以来在政治上大体继承了英国殖民时期的政体“衣钵”,作为一个新兴的民族国家,它本可以在借鉴他国经验的基础上不断完善适合本国国情的政治制度。然而,亲西方势力与反西方势力间的不断博弈,不仅模糊了巴基斯坦在建构民族国家之路上的制度设计,而且配套制度与主体制度之间的张力问题以及主体制度内部的矛盾也极大限制了这个国家发展前行的速度。本文一方面借助弗朗西斯·福山提出的国家建构理论学说厘清了巴基斯坦建构民族国家历程中的道路之争问题,另一方面探讨了争夺国家发展主导权的过程对其民族国家建构所造成的影响。

美国联印制华政策与第二次印巴战争(1961-1965)

中华人民共和国成立特别是朝鲜战争爆发后,美国开始在中国周边构筑围堵中国的包围圈,而印度则是美国拉拢的重要对象。1961年肯尼迪入主白宫后,更是全面实施联印制华政策。为此,肯尼迪政府首先大力加强了对印度的经济援助。然而这一做法引起了巴基斯坦的极大不安,巴基斯坦开始谋求改善与苏联和中国的关系。为避免巴基斯坦脱离自身的战略轨道,美国又采取了一系列措施以安抚巴基斯坦,而这又引起了印度方面的不满,南亚地区形势由此日益复杂和恶化,印巴两国的矛盾也在这一过程中不断加剧。1962年中国对印自卫反击战爆发,美国政府认为这是联合印度共同遏制中国的良机,开始向印度提供军事援助,同时为回应巴基斯坦的安全关切,美国大力推动印巴两国谈判解决克什米尔问题,希望实现对印与对巴政策的平衡。然而印巴两国关于克什米尔问题的谈判最终无果,美国平衡印巴的努力也宣告失败。此后,美国不再顾及巴基斯坦的感受,片面推行联印制华政策,进一步向印度提供军事援助,并在克什米尔问题上采取消极立场,任由克什米尔局势不断恶化。美国政策的偏颇不仅大大加剧了巴基斯坦的不安全感,还导致了印巴两国关系迅速恶化,最终印巴两国之间于1965年爆发了第二次大规模战争。

语言社会化进程中来华留学生跨文化交际能力培养——以南亚留学生为例

通过对来疆南亚留学生跨文化交际案例的分析研究,发现该群体在各个方面均表现出对中国文化的不理解与不适应,教师应在课堂教学中从语言社会化视角对学生进行教育。同时提高留学生及教师的跨文化交际能力是现阶段对外汉语教学的重中之重。

中国国际救援队在巴基斯坦地震救援中的医学实践与研讨

目的 探讨进一步提高国际层次救援医学速度与效率.方法 以中国国际救援队医疗行动为主体,对2005年赴巴基斯坦地震系列医疗救援行动,包括:现场急救、院内治疗、医疗后送、卫生防疫、药械保障、医疗信息管理进行回顾性分析,特别是对救治的伤病员分类、灾后时段病种分布、药品消耗及补充等进行统计学分析.结果 院外、院内及院后救治统计:现场急救以外伤为主,以小组形式展开;院内治疗划分小组,分组协作、周而复始;转出比例占2%～3%;灾后时段伤病员分析:地震灾害早期(灾后头14 d内)现场救治,以外伤为主,占救治伤病员总数的82%;中期(灾后14～28 d)外伤病人所占比重逐渐下降,稳定在24%,而感染性疾病逐渐增加,并以急性呼吸道感染及急性肠炎为主,呼吸道疾病呈陡升缓降趋势;后期则回归于当地平时发病率水平.药械保障统计:消耗量较大的药品有抗生素,退热与止痛药,主要用于外伤及感染;药品以口服和外用为主,针剂和输液占10%.伤病救治影响因素统计:灾区山地昼夜温差大,冬季雨雪之后气温骤降,灾民缺衣少食,没有可供御寒的帐篷成为诱发疾病的重要原因.结论 大规模地震灾害救援行动异常复杂,区分时段、区分地段、区分层次形成时间、空间、内容上的不同救援,更能符合灾区医疗需求;医疗救援能力始终未能满足灾区的医疗需求,要求不断完善组织管理体系,实现救助人数更多、速度更快、效果更好、能耗更省;灾害救援的技术行动、组织指挥与生活保障,三足鼎立,决定救援行动成败;巴基斯坦地震医疗救援的实践对我国灾害医学救援的组织体系、技术训练、药械保障、制度管理提供了借鉴与参考.

丝绸之路上的中亚地区乐舞艺术

中亚居民的历史以及他们所创造的文明是中亚研究的主题,中亚地区的乐舞艺术作为中亚文明的重要内容,必然值得我们重视。本文即从阿富汗与巴基斯坦开始去认识、了解中亚乐舞艺术。阿富汗与巴基斯坦国各民族、部落都有其独特的音乐体裁、形式、风格和惯用乐器,表现出各自的个性,彼此差异较大。

“一带一路”背景下大学生对巴基斯坦英语口音的可理解性研究

本研究以6名操三种次变体口音(旁遮普英语、信德英语、普什图英语)的巴基斯坦留学生为说话者,146名非英语专业学生为听话者,考查我国大学生对巴基斯坦英语口音的可理解性及其影响因素。研究发现:大学生对巴基斯坦英语口音的可理解性与能理解性程度均较低,说话者偏离标准发音的一些音段问题是影响可理解性的主要语言因素,听话者英语听力水平及对英语口音的熟悉度是影响能理解性的主要语言和非语言因素。研究结果对“一带一路”背景下开展世界英语教学具有启示意义。

冷战时期美巴关系中的巴基斯坦军队因素

本文分析了冷战时期巴基斯坦军队与美国相互的认知和政策取向,并以卡特执政时期对待齐亚·哈克政府的态度转变为例,分析其对美巴关系带来的影响,最后对于冷战时期美巴关系中的巴基斯坦军队因素做出一个较为准确的评估。

巴基斯坦建国理念的历史考察

殖民时期英属印度教派矛盾的加剧导致了穆斯林民族主义的兴起,巴基斯坦国家思想的提出是这场运动的产物。以阿赫默德汗的"穆斯林民族论"、伊克巴尔的"穆斯林国家论"和真纳的"两个民族、两个国家论"为思想基础和主要流派的"两个民族"理论是巴基斯坦立国运动的三大理论来源。作为英国落实"退出印度"政策的关键性步骤之一,《蒙巴顿方案》最终确认了成立巴基斯坦自治领的政治原则,"两个民族"理论实现了从早期穆斯林思想家的一种政治理想到建立穆斯林民族国家的转变。