Gender Sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS Prevention Policies: A Qualitative Study

Background: The global incidence of STIs is rising. It is estimated that 499 million new cases of curable STIs occur every year. The existence of more than one million reported cases of STIs annually in Iran shows that addressing this issue must be a priority for Iranian health authorities. While recognition of the importance of gender issues to reproductive health (RH) programs has grown significantly in the past several years, major challenges remain in implementing gender-sensitive programs. Gender mainstreaming in Iranian reproductive health program is a relatively new issue, so this study aims to explore gender sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention policies. Method: This study employed a qualitative research design. Participants were health managers, health policy makers and reproductive health providers. They were selected purposefully and then continued by snowball sampling method. 43 semi-structured in-depth interviews with 37 key informants were done. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. Trustworthiness of the data was achieved by using credibility, trans-ferability and conformability. Results: Key informants clearly explained the gender sensitive STIs/ HIV/AIDS prevention policies in three main categories: 1) advocacy, 2) collaboration between different sectors and 3) community empowerment to gender sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention programs. Conclusion: Changing gender neural STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention policy to more complete gender sensitive policy needs advocacy, collaboration of sectors and community empowerment.

The Process of Policy Implementation： The Policy of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Youth Groups in Thailand

Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.

Evolution of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Policies in China:A Grounded Theory Approach

Objective:This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the development and practical application of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS)prevention and control policy systems in China by scrutinizing,analyzing,and synthesizing the evolution of Chinese policies in this domain.Methods:Utilizing grounded theory,we employed NVivo12 software to perform text content analysis,mining,and coding classification,along with visualization techniques,on policy texts sourced from Chinese government platforms,including the official website of China’s State Council.We considered four analytical dimensions—time,subject,type,and object.Results:The National Health Commission and the State Council emerged as the primary entities engaged in policymaking for HIV/AIDS in China.We identified four distinct stages in the evolution of these policies,culminating in a novel‘sun-shaped’HIV/AIDS prevention and control policy network model with an emphasis on‘knowledge,attitude,and practice’at its nucleus,which aligns with national conditions and societal progress.Furthermore,the focal groups of these policies have been dynamically refined and updated over time.Conclusions:Our findings introduce a‘sunshaped’HIV/AIDS prevention and control policy network model specific to China.We observed a conceptual policy shift towards prioritizing overall human health rather than confining the focus to disease treatment.Additionally,in light of China’s growing elderly population,the imperative to address HIV/AIDS prevention and control among older adults is an issue that warrants increased attention.

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban Community

Practice and Thinking of Grid Management to Promote Crime Prevention and Control in Urban

Prevention of Children Obesity: A Nutrition Education Intervention Model on Dietary Habits in Basic Schools in Chile

The objective of this study is to describe the process and results of a three-year project designed to create a nutrition education intervention model that promotes healthy dietary habits among teachers, students and their families. The methodology consisted in surveys, focus groups and Delphi method to assess teachers’, students’ and parents’ dietary habits, followed by an intervention for parents, and a participative nutritional education intervention with information and communication technologies applied to teachers, with the purpose to transfer nutritional knowledge and habits to school children and their families. Qualitative results were measured in all the phases of the project with positive results, and quantitative results demonstrated significant changes in food knowledge and healthy dietary habits in parents, teachers and students, compared with the control groups, without changes in students’ nutritional status during the short period of the intervention. With the results, an integral school nutrition education model in healthy eating was developed with children, parents, teachers and support for school management. This model should be applied in the educational sector to address the problem of unhealthy diet and childhood obesity that affects Chile and the world.

The Use of VHSR Imagery for Wildland Fire Prevention: Application to Land-Clearing Management in the South of France

Every year, the French Mediterranean area is subject to wildland fires. The prevention policy promotes the major role of forest layout, for which it is necessary to build appropriate facilities such as reducing ignition and fire propagation risks near the borders of roads and tracks, creating forest tracks to allow firefighters to move safely through the forest during a fire, creating fuel breaks in order to divide up forests and limit the propagation of fire. Land-clearing along a forest track consists in creating discontinuity between the herbaceous stratum and the tree stratum by eliminating the shrubby stratum and cutting tree crowns. It avoids fire propagation by convection, and enables firefighters to deal with the fire in safety. The main difficulty for forest officers is to identify an optimized method to select appropriate tracks to clear, because it is impossible to clear all the tracks each year. Remote sensing tools would seem to be particularly useful for obtaining the best strategic and economic overview of forest tracks at departmental scale. This theme “land-clearing evaluation method” was selected as a target application for the images derived from the new Pleiades sensors: products and services required by end users. The objective of this work is to assess the real potentiality of such Very High Spatial Resolution (VHSR) imagery for land-clearing management. The methodology used consists in image classification and spatial analysis in order to extract land-clearing quality, and also evaluation of land-clearing quality based on field questionnaires validated through interactions with firefighters and rangers. The development of this methodology and its application to QuickBird images-used as Pleiades data simulations-successfully showed that VHSR Imagery is useful for preventing fire risk. It seems to be a good perspective for providing operational mapping services to help land-clearing management.

Human Rights and Public Health in the International HIV Response： Issues of Contested Control, Treatment and Prevention： Human Rights and Public Health, Different,,,But the Same？

From its earliest formulation, the international HIV response has attempted to harness human rights as a central element of public health practice. Policy initiatives aimed at eliminating stigma and discrimination of affected people would enable them to access health and social services, practice safe behaviors and thereby protect public health. However, this response was characterized by tensions between differing perceptions of public health and human rights and, with the advent of effective treatments, between those who regarded behavioral and biomedical interventions as competing, if not mutually exclusive, approaches. A central theme in all of these elements has been control： control of the virus, control of the behaviors of people affected, control of policy and control of rights. HIV infection is both a cause and a consequence of human rights abuses, but for many people these two aspects are compounded into the same lived predicament; a predicament over which many feel they should have control. The test-and-treat debates at the 2010 IAS Conference demonstrated this as presenters and participants openly clashed over proposals to implement what many see as coercive measures in settings where viral transmission and the public health/human rights collaboration might both be regarded as now ＂out of control＂. This paper will explore issues of control in the international HIV response and how authority, in the forms of law and justice, is contested in that response.

Wind Turbine Optimal Preventive Maintenance Scheduling Using Fibonacci Search and Genetic Algorithm

Maintenance scheduling is essential and crucial for wind turbines (WTs) to avoid breakdowns andreduce maintenance costs. Many maintenance models have been developed for WTs’ maintenance planning, suchas corrective, preventive, and predictive maintenance. Due to communities’ dependence on WTs for electricityneeds, preventive maintenance is the most widely used method for maintenance scheduling. The downside tousing this approach is that preventive maintenance (PM) is often done in fixed intervals, which is inefficient. In thispaper, a more detailed maintenance plan for a 2 MW WT has been developed. The paper’s focus is to minimize aWT’s maintenance cost based on a WT’s reliability model. This study uses a two-layer optimization framework:Fibonacci and genetic algorithm. The first layer in the optimization method (Fibonacci) finds the optimal numberof PM required for the system. In the second layer, the optimal times for preventative maintenance and optimalcomponents to maintain have been determined to minimize maintenance costs. The Monte Carlo simulationestimates WT component failure times using their lifetime distributions from the reliability model. The estimatedfailure times are then used to determine the overall corrective and PM costs during the system’s lifetime. Finally,an optimal PM schedule is proposed for a 2 MW WT using the presented method. The method used in this papercan be expanded to a wind farm or similar engineering systems.

宏观审慎政策宽松实践、效果评估及现实启示

宏观审慎政策不仅要在风险积累时坚定稳妥收紧,而且要在风险显性化时及时有效放松,已有研究多聚焦前者,针对后者的研究相对较少,而后者对于完善宏观审慎政策框架、防范系统性金融风险、提高逆周期调节能力同样具有重要现实意义。本文探讨了宏观审慎政策宽松的内涵、作用机理和制约因素,梳理了新冠疫情前及疫情期间宏观审慎政策宽松的国际实践,并基于66国数据采用计量模型科学评估了政策效果,在此基础上总结了实施宏观审慎政策宽松的有益经验,分析了我国宏观审慎政策宽松实践现状及存在的问题,并提出政策建议。研究发现,宏观审慎政策宽松可通过稳定信贷市场、保障金融运行、引导正向预期、产生外部性等传导渠道实现政策目标,但也面临不少制约因素;总体看,疫情期间实施宏观审慎政策宽松显著缓解了疫情冲击带来的经济压力和金融压力,其中,逆周期资本缓冲工具的宽松效果相对突出;有效积累缓冲、保障缓冲释放、把握好政策尺度是提高宏观审慎政策宽松效果的重要因素;我国探索开展了内容丰富、特色鲜明的宏观审慎政策宽松实践,但还存在政策潜力有待释放、政策工具箱仍需丰富完善、政策视野需要向非银金融部门延伸、政策应对非传统风险能力有待提高等问题。结合我国宏观审慎管理实际,本文从健全完善宏观审慎政策宽松实施机制、疏通宏观审慎政策宽松传导渠道、把握宏观审慎政策宽松操作尺度、夯实宏观审慎政策宽松工具储备等四个方面提出政策建议。

结核病防治“新疆模式”的发展及成效

结核病是新疆维吾尔自治区(简称“新疆”)乃至全国关注的重大公共卫生问题。本文作者回顾和总结了新疆结核病防治工作进展和成效,系统梳理了当前新疆结核病防治存在的问题和挑战,特别是结核病防治“新疆模式”中“三个最大”的经验和做法,提出了下一步结核病防治“新疆模式”的对策和建议。

易地搬迁后续扶持政策效果评价与影响因素--基于西部10省1297户的实地调查数据

易地搬迁后续扶持工作既是助力搬迁群众稳定增收、加速社会融合、化解致贫返贫风险的关键,更是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接、推进实现共同富裕的核心要义。基于西部10省1297户农户的微观调查数据,采用主成分分析法和工具变量分位数回归模型,综合评估后续扶持政策成效并进行区域优先序评价,进而剖析后续扶持政策效果的影响因素,并立足情景化的个体生存状态,从多维视角探寻政策实施效果的异质性及其成因。研究发现:第一,后续扶持政策效益存在显著地区差异,大致呈现“西北高西南低”的空间分布特征;第二,非农生计、社会资本和内生动力是政策效果得以跃升的关键;第三,进一步讨论得知,农户收入层级与政策效益呈正相关关系,且安置区类型、社会资本差异和性别差异均会影响后续扶持政策效益的稳定性。为此,各地后续扶持工作应完善升级安置区配套基础和公共服务设施;多管齐下加快发展主导产业,加快推进群众经济社会融入步伐;激活群众自我发展内生动力;出台和优化差异化的后续扶持政策,增加搬迁群众的主观福利。

危机变局中全球青少年毒品预防教育治理格局与实践路径

在全球毒品危机对青少年影响日益严峻的形势下,以联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室为首的国际组织以可持续发展为目标、政策为支点、教育为关键的治理手段建立新发展范式,撬动全球教育变革。文章以多源流理论为分析框架,解析国际组织以理念和政策为内生动力,以“预防为主、科学干预、教育为首、可持续发展”为原则建立的青少年毒品危机治理新格局,全景式展现国际组织构建毒品预防框架与实践路径。基于国际比较视角,建设具有中国特色、与联合国接轨的高质量毒品预防教育体系。

我国疾病预防控制机构考核评价政策沿革、问题及对策

通过梳理总结我国针对疾控机构/工作开展考核评价相关的政策文件及文献,总结当前疾控机构考核评价关键点,梳理现存问题,并提出改进的对策建议,为新时代下疾病预防控制中心考核评价相关政策文件的制定提供借鉴。

Optimal quasi-periodic maintenance policies for two-unit series system

To investigate the effects of various random factors on the preventive maintenance （PM） decision-making of one type of two-unit series system, an optimal quasi-periodic PM policy is introduced. Assume that PM is perfect for unit 1 and only mechanical service for unit 2 in the model. PM activity is randomly performed according to a dynamic PM plan distributed in each implementation period. A replacement is determined based on the competing results of unplanned and planned replacements. The unplanned replacement is trigged by a catastrophic failure of unit 2, and the planned replacement is executed when the PM number reaches the threshold N. Through modeling and analysis, a solution algorithm for an optimal implementation period and the PM number is given, and optimal process and parametric sensitivity are provided by a numerical example. Results show that the implementation period should be decreased as soon as possible under the condition of meeting the needs of practice, which can increase mean operating time and decrease the long-run cost rate.

日本海洋治理及其对我国的启示

一个国家在海洋方面的政治、资源、经济博弈等都会影响其发展状况,应当秉持可继续发展的态度对我国海洋进行有效的治理,以确保我国海洋生态系统的健康和可持续利用。论文首先梳理了日本以往相关海洋法规的制定历程,然后对日方海洋治理的政策法规、国际关系、海洋经济制度和防灾措施进行阐述和分析,并从日方发展历程和政策优势中借鉴符合我国国情的海洋治理事业方面的启示:我国需要出台一部能够主导相关法规的海洋基本法,细化特定的法律条文;重视与海洋邻国和非政府组织的关系,实现海洋可持续发展的国际合作;使用经济手段促进海洋循环经济的发展,为海洋渔业的未来做打算;此外,我们还可以从日本海洋灾害准则的规范以及国民对灾害的重视中汲取经验,以构建适应性强、科学高效的国家海洋治理体系;在海洋开发利用时要尊重生态系统的规律。

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中国防治政策变迁

自2020年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)正式宣布新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情成为全球大流行之后,全球114个国家或区域受到不同程度的影响。后疫情时代的到来要求各国采取新的疫情防控措施,以应对未来可能出现的问题和挑战。为帮助我国在后疫情时代巩固几年来的防疫成果并获取更大的发展窗口,本文探析了全球疫情变化及各国主要防治政策的变化,总结归纳了我国疫情防治政策的发展变迁,提出适应我国国情的以家庭为核心的新型精准防控措施。

Treatment and prevention of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas is urgently needed

Background There is increasing epidemiological evidence supporting the association between onchocerciasis and seizures, reinforcing the concept of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). The aim of this paper is to provide an update on the new knowledge about OAE and to propose recommendations to the World Health Organization how to address this public health problem.Main text During the 2nd International Workshop on OAE held on 19-21 September, 2023, in Antwerp, Belgium, participants recognised OAE as a substantial yet neglected public health problem, particularly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa where onchocerciasis remains hyperendemic. Evidence from prospective population-based studies suggest that strengthening onchocerciasis elimination efforts leads to a significant reduction of OAE incidence. There is a need to validate an OAE case definition to estimate the burden of disease and identify onchocerciasis-endemic areas requiring intensification of onchocerciasis elimination programmes and integration of epilepsy care. It is expected that raising awareness about OAE will boost the population uptake of ivermectin. The implementation of a community-based epilepsy treatment programme offering free anti-seizure medications (ASMs) has shown high effectiveness in reducing the frequency of seizures and improving the overall quality of life of people with epilepsy.Conclusions To reduce OAE burden, enhanced collaboration between onchocerciasis and mental health programmes at community, national, and international levels is required. Urgent efforts are needed to ensure the uninterrupted provision of free ASMs in onchocerciasis-endemic areas. Furthermore, OAE should be included in the quantification of the onchocerciasis disease burden.

基于霍恩—米特模型的医防融合策略探究

医防融合是由“防治结合”和“医防协同”推演而来,在演进过程中内容不断丰富。以霍恩—米特模型为理论分析框架,从政策目标、政策资源、执行方式、执行机构特征、执行者价值取向以及系统环境等6个维度厘清医防融合的影响因素。结合文献分析,阐述医防融合的“堵点”,提出统筹推进医防融合顶层设计,建立专项资金和绩效评价体系,完善健康大数据和信息平台建设等策略,为医防融合的全面推进提供参考。

健康中国背景下我国青少年近视防控的政策工具研究

目的:全面系统地分析近视防控政策,进而在健康中国背景下实现降低青少年近视率和提高其体质健康的最终目标。方法:以政策工具为切入点,采用nvivo12质性分析软件对2018年6月~2023年12月间的49份近视防控政策文本进行量化分析,构建了基于政策工具维度、目标维度,以及主体维度的三维分析框架,并在此基础上开展多维交叉分析。结果:近视防控政策工具以环境型为主导,供给型和需求型政策工具数量相对较少。防控近视政策工具的目标指向性强,旨在健全近视预防体系和降低近视率,政策实施重视构建完善的近视预防体系并关注青少年体质健康;政策执行主体占比不均衡,缺乏主体间的有效联动,影响政策执行力度。建议:优化政策工具的组成类型,加强政策工具的协同作用;建立近视防控海外交流政策,搭建视力数据服务平台;弱化政府主体责任,实现政策主体多元化。

我国内涝治理政策梳理及探讨

近年来,内涝灾害防治成了全球性的复杂问题,严重影响人民正常生产生活和生命财产安全。我国高度关注城市洪涝问题,十八大以来,为加强城市内涝治理,已经发布了一系列政策文件,为城市内涝治理指明了方向,提供了原则性和普适性的治理思路。为深刻领会相关政策精神,指导各地开展内涝治理工作,从治理目标、治理思路、重点任务、保障措施等几方面,对既有文件进行梳理总结,提出落实政策要求的建议,为各地推进城市内涝治理工作提供参考。