Analysis of Risks in the Individual Housing Mortgage Loan with Game Theory

Through using game theory,a game model of lendingand borrowing money between banks and individuals isestablished to explain how the risks come into being and are transferred in the dynamic point of view.Some sug-gestions about how to avoid the risks are proposed.

The enlightenment of rental housing market in the developed countries for our country

a mature housing market is consist of housing market and the rental housing market .A reasonable housing rental market, not only can promote the residents＇ consumption, but also can realize the balance of purchase utility and the rental, reduce the impact on the microeconomic. In this paper, summarizes the Germany, the United States, Japan, Britain and other major developed countries the rental housing market management experience and make policy Suggestions on the legal protecting, Exploring the housing, protecting the interests of the lessee, paying the rent subsidies about our country housing rental market.

Sharing of Encrypted Lock Keys in the Blockchain-Based Renting House System from Time- and Identity-Based Proxy Reencryption

To design an efficient protocol for sharing the encrypted lock keys in the renting house system,we introduce a new notion called time-and identitybased proxy reencryption(TIPRE)and the blockchain platform.Our CPA secure TIPRE scheme is constructed from Green et al.’s identity-based proxy reencryption scheme by adding the time property.In every time period,a time stamp authority generates a public key embedded with the current time stamp for each user.In our protocol for the renting house system,the TIPRE scheme is the primary building block,and the blockchain platform serves instead of a trusted third party,such as a real estate agency between landlords and tenants.The TIPRE scheme allows the landlord to change the lock key at each time period for safety.The blockchain platform allows the landlords and tenants to directly interact,and all of the interactions are recorded in the blockchain database to provide the desired security requirements,such as nonrepudiation and unforgeability.Finally,we provide the secure analysis of our protocol and test its performance by implementing it in the MacBook Pro and the Intel Edison development platforms.

Research on public housing based on the utilities of living

This paper applies the residence utility principles to the study of public housing rent and regards that the average utility of a household determines the public housing rent level. It also suggests that the government use multi-level public housing rent to substitute for single-level in order to make the policies for public housing rent more just, equitable and effective.

Spatial Monetary Economic Growth with Housing and Residential Distribution over the Urban Area

This study introduces space, transportation, and money into an economic growth model. Growth theory neglects the importance of transportation on economic growth and transportation economics fails to properly explain how changes in transportation conditions (such as technological improvement, infrastructure investment, and oil prices) affect long-term economic growth. By proposing a growth model with transportations, we try to explain effects of transportation on economic growth. Our model describes dynamic interactions among capital accumulation, travel time, housing, residential distribution, amenity, and endogenous time distribution among work, travel, and leisure. The study examines effects of inflation policy, transportation conditions, and other conditions on long-term economic growth and economic geography. The paper demonstrates a way to integrating some important models in the literature in economic growth theory, urban economics, and transportation research so that the significance of transportation systems upon economies can be properly analyzed.

Analysis on Affordable Housing Financial Mechanism in USA

Affordable housing development consists of many stages and financing is one stage which plays a critical role.Providing housing developers easy access to high- quality and low-cost capital is an effective way to encourage them to develop more affordable houses.This paper mainly focuses on affordable housing finance mechanism in USA.The first section is an overview of affordable housing in terms of definition,functions and current regulations for affordable housing.In the second section,there is an introduction of the whole affordable housing financing market.Most of the available financing resources are discussed in this part.Mainstream fund resources are discussed in the third section.The purpose of this paper is to provide housing developers an overview about affordable housing financing market and introduce several mainstream ones in detail.As well,this paper will provide an analysis for Chinese affordable housing developers about what they can learn from the USA and what potential opportunities are in China.

Development of Online Based Smart House Renting Web Application

The house rental issue is one of the elemental parts of society. Nowadays, it is extremely difficult to find suitable accommodation in city areas if people search for it physically. On the other hand, the land owner also needs to rent the house. It can be difficult to find tenants just to hang a lease sign on a building, and as a result, they lose money. An online common platform can play a vital role in this case. The purpose of the study is to develop a common web-based online platform for both tenants and house owners so that both tenants and landowners will mutually benefit from the system. This paper presents the development of web applications for the people of Bangladesh where both house owners and tenants can register and tenants can have houses for rent via sophisticated contact with the house owner. In this paper, a common online-based smart house rental web application has been developed both for tenants and for house owners. This web application is very user-friendly, efficient and it has got many unique features that are not offered by other currently available house rental websites here in Bangladesh. Tenants can register using their phone number, store information about their identity, search for available houses, send messages to house owners, and choose a suitable house using developed web applications. House owners can also register for the system, which will manually verify and authenticate the knowledge provided by the house owner can view a tenant’s information history whenever a tenant makes contact through text and supply house-related information accordingly. The proposed online smart house system has been tested and validated. It works very efficiently with many features. The application provided faster and improved opportunities to get houses, as well as ensuring the availability of houses for rent in the greatest number of areas. The system will help to spread trustworthy services nationwide and supply users with the chance to speak and improve the house rent in Bangladesh. Because it has many smart features, this developed online smart house rental web application will make it very easy for tenants to find a house to rent. House owners, on the other hand, can easily rent out their properties.

Identification of the Breach of Short-Term Rental Regulations in Irish Rent Pressure Zones

The housing crisis in Ireland has rapidly grown in recent years. To make a more significant profit, many landlords are no longer renting out their houses under long-term tenancies but under short-term tenancies. Regulating rentals in Rent Pressure Zones with the highest and rising rents is becoming a tricky issue. In this paper, we develop a breach identifier to check short-term rentals located in Rent Pressure Zones with potential breaches only using publicly available data from Airbnb (an online marketplace focused on short-term home-stays) and Irish government websites. First, we use a Residual Neural Network to filter out outdoor landscape photos that negatively impact identifying whether an owner has multiple rentals in a Rent Pressure Zone. Second, a Siamese Neural Network is used to compare the similarity of indoor photos to determine if multiple rental posts correspond to the same residence. Next, we use the Haversine algorithm to locate short-term rentals within a circle centered on the coordinate of a permit. Short-term rentals with a permit will not be restricted. Finally, we improve the occupancy estimation model combined with sentiment analysis, which may provide higher accuracy.

构建租购并举的退役军人住房保障体系研究

适宜的居住环境对于保障和维护退役军人合法权益、促进社会稳定等具有重要意义。在新时代背景下,退役军人住房保障如何既满足国防和军队建设需要、又不超越基本国情是亟待破解的重要命题。本文在辨析国内外退役军人社会保障的理论基础之上,从历史制度主义视角梳理了我国退役军人住房保障政策演进,分析了现有政策的主要特征与关键问题,最终提出了构建租购并举的退役军人住房保障体系的政策建议。研究对于推动广大退役军人“住有所居”与“住有宜居”、构建“普惠与优待”叠加的退役军人政策制度体系具有启示意义。

房地产信贷与住房可支付性

本文使用2010—2022年中国135个城市房地产信贷、房价、房租以及家庭收入与消费数据,考察房地产信贷对住房可支付性影响。实证研究发现,城市房地产开发贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比越低;城市住房抵押贷款占比越高,城市房价收入比与房租收入比越高;房地产信贷对房价可支付性的影响大于房租可支付性;房地产开发贷款提高城市中等收入者住房可支付性,但住房抵押贷款降低城市中等收入者住房可支付性。因此,住房信贷政策应主要解决城市中等收入者房价可支付问题而非房租可支付问题。

数字普惠金融与房价β收敛:作用机制及影响效果

采用2011—2020年中国286个地级市的面板数据,就数字普惠金融对房价β收敛的作用机制与影响效果进行了实证研究。结果发现:以286个地级市为样本的中国城市房价不存在β绝对收敛但存在稳定的β条件收敛,平均收敛速度为0.300%。基准回归和稳健性检验表明数字普惠金融的发展能显著地提高房价的收敛速度,具体而言数字普惠金融总指数每提高1%,房价的条件收敛速度会加快0.040%。与此同时,机制检验和异质性检验发现数字普惠金融对房价收敛的影响还具有显著的内部差异、区域差异和时段差异。

住房反向抵押模式的主体多元化与政府的作用

老年人住房反向抵押养老保险作为一项新型的养老保险兼具保险和抵押贷款的双重属性,保险公司在保险法律关系中具有保险人、贷款人及抵押权人三重主体身份。这种保险与抵押、借贷法律关系的主体合一导致风险叠加,需重新选择住房反向抵押这一自助养老的主体模式,将基础法律关系由保险合同转化为抵押、借款合同,从而化解住房反向抵押中借贷双方的风险。将仅限双方主体参与的住房反向抵押保险模式改为多元主体参与的住房反向抵押“贷款+保险”模式,由商业银行作为住房反向抵押的贷款主体;保险公司负责为借贷双方承保;政府在监督与政策制定方面发挥规范引导作用,采取金融监管及税费优惠予以支持和保障。

坚持以人民为中心的发展思想破解房地产困局——基于降低个人住房贷款利率的角度

中国房地产市场的发展既是经济问题,也是关乎人民利益的社会问题。面对房地产困局,“以人民为中心”应当作为房地产市场政策调整的出发点和落脚点。房地产市场发展的最终目的是为了改善人民的物质文化生活,实现人民共同富裕。从宏观金融角度而言,降低个人住房贷款利率有利于稳定房价,稳定金融市场,助力房地产市场软着陆。从微观角度而言,降低个人住房贷款利率能够降低购房成本,减小生活成本支出,有利于提高人民生活质量,更好地体现“以人民为中心”的发展理念。同时,降低个人住房贷款利率具备相应的理论基础和现实依据,个人住房贷款利率存在继续降低的空间。

正规金融与农村家庭生计脆弱性——基于房贷差异视角下的实证研究

促进农村家庭生计可持续是乡村振兴战略的重中之重。基于CFPS两期整合数据考察正规借贷对农村家庭生计脆弱性的影响。统计结果表明,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数集中在-0.459~0.225之间,整体脆弱性水平较低。相较于非正规借贷家庭,正规借贷家庭的生计脆弱性水平更低。房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较高,而非房屋正规借贷高额度家庭的生计脆弱性水平较低,这两类农村家庭的低额度正规借贷组中有很大部分家庭的生计可持续能力很高。回归结果表明,正规借贷额度每提高1个单位,农村家庭的生计脆弱性指数降低12.1个百分点。相较于房屋正规借贷额度,非房屋正规借贷额度的提高对农村家庭生计脆弱性的降低效果更好。进一步研究发现,房屋正规借贷和非房屋正规借贷额度的提高均可通过促进农村家庭生计策略非农化的转型进而降低其生计脆弱性,但房屋正规借贷在该机制中所起的积极作用更大。据此提出引导农户合理使用正规借贷资金,开发“房贷+”金融产品,细化农村金融帮扶策略的对策建议。

城镇住房保障政策研究——基于黄石保障房的调查分析

随着我国城镇化进程的持续推进,适应新增城镇人口的保障性住房需求与日俱增。基于湖北省黄石市保障房的调查研究,深入剖析了该市在保障性住房实践与创新策略方面的举措。文章采用住房可支付能力指标,对黄石市及其行政区的住房租赁情况进行了详尽的统计分析,并借助ARMA模型对租金收入比进行了实证研究。研究结果显示,黄石市在住房支付能力上存在显著的区域差异。基于此,文章提出了完善保障性住房政策、强化政府监管、推动多元化融资机制等策略,旨在为黄石市乃至全国保障性住房政策实践提供决策参考。

保障性租赁住房类型的TOD项目可负担性分析

近年来各城市陆续大力开展站点周边的土地开发,其中保障性租赁住房作为一种新形式的站点上盖开发的形式,能够起到改善民生的作用。为探究保租房类型的交通导向发展(transit-oriented development,TOD)开发项目的具体实施情况,本文对天津市佟楼地区的“H+T”可负担性进行了研究。首先,从建设情况上对保租房类型的TOD项目和普通TOD项目进行了对比,其次,计算了佟楼保租房类型TOD的“H+T”可负担性大小,然后调研居民主观感受,分别建立结构方程模型和中介模型,分析了保租房类型TOD项目的居住满意度的影响因素;房租价格高低、“H+T”可负担性对居民满意度的影响机理。结果表明,房租价格通过“H+T”可负担性影响居住满意度这一中介效应值为0.348,直接效应为0.170。最后,给出保障房TOD建设与运营的相关建议。

住房公积金贷款资金风险内部控制研究

我国提出了“提高防范化解重大风险能力,严密防范系统性安全风险”。金融安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,住房公积金又是国家住房金融中的重要一环,因此保障住房公积金贷款资金安全、有效防范并化解信贷风险尤为重要。近年来,随着我国房地产市场的快速发展,住房公积金贷款的资金规模不断扩大,贷款中的资金风险问题愈发突出,如因房地产企业债务过高出现了“暴雷”、楼盘“烂尾”,进而引发由借款人断供而造成的金融风险。文章从住房公积金政策出发,分析住房公积金贷款中常见的资金风险和形成原因,为其提出有针对性的解决措施,形成防范化解贷款资金风险的长效机制,以有效促进住房公积金事业的高质量发展,在住房公积金领域牢牢守住不发生系统性风险的底线。

混合住宅供应模式“Buy-Rent”的应用研究

"SAR开放住宅理论"由荷兰建筑学者哈布瑞肯提出,其中的混合住宅供应模式"Buy-Rent"将传统住宅消费中"买"和"租"的模式结合起来,使住宅供应从"提供的产品"转变为"提供的服务"。开发商及政府提供"居住的服务",住户购买"居住的服务",这将形成一种良性循环。在我国住宅产业化发展过程中Buy-Rent是值得借鉴的综合运营模式,它能将政府、开发商、住户三方面进行有效整合,对当前我国的保障性住房建设具有重要的借鉴意义。

中国购房者集体断供:房屋预售模式的风险失衡及其法律应对

2022年伊始,多地因开发商资金链断裂、楼盘项目停工,引发购房者集体断供,房屋预售模式负面效应凸显。预售模式的设计初衷是优先解决房企的融资问题,并未充分斟酌房企、银行与购房者的风险分担。期房交易中,由于标的物的非现实性和合同履行的非即时性,房企利用其在交易信息、经济实力、商谈能力等方面的优势,逃避或转移部分预售风险,使得房屋预售模式异化为购房者单边风险负担。为此,应构建开发商、银行、购房者三方公平合理的风险共担机制。具体措施包括:探索预售资金的多元监管机制,完善预售资金的信息披露制度;完善物权期待权保护体系,优先保护善意购房者的利益;重塑购房者与银行之间的法律关系为Mortgage模式,若购房者因房屋未交付而选择断供,在法律上可不受后续还款义务的约束;增加银行与房企之间的担保约定,将购房者还贷意愿与房企的履约能力绑定;为限制房企将预售款获利挪用,应增加房企偿债能力约定、引入违约责任保险或违约惩罚赔偿。

新时期区域房地产发展的机遇与策略——基于租售比的视角

售租比是反映区域房地产运行状况的主要指标之一,基于这一指标体系的分析对于衡量房地产行业发展的健康水平具有重要意义。本文应用全国房价行情数据库中的房价和房租原始数据,测算4大直辖市和27个省会城市各类型房屋的售租比情况。分析结果表明:2021年,4个直辖市和27个省会城市的二手房售租比均超过了300,但各城市之间售租比分布有所差异,房地产投资利润率也呈现不断下降的趋势。这说明全国房地产业发展水平较高的这31个城市中,房地产行业已经退出了黄金时代,二手房市场也存在着较大的泡沫。基于分析结果,本文从房价控制、市场活跃性和包容性的角度提出相关建议,为楼市软着陆和房地产业长期可持续发展提供建议。