Research on the Reform of"Separation of Three Rights"for Rural Homesteads in Juancheng County,Shandong Province

In order to realize rural revitalization in an all-round way and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society,China is committed to deepening the pace of building a new countryside with Chinese characteristics.The reform of the"Separation of Three Rights"of rural homesteads is a key measure,which aims to activate rural resources,enhance the vitality of rural economic development,and then promote the overall process of rural revitalization.This study selects Juancheng County,Heze City,Shandong Province as a typical case.Through an in-depth analysis of the relevant policy orientation of the national homestead reform and the specific practice of local promotion work,it systematically sorts out the registration of homestead rights,transfer of use rights and relevant policy measures adopted in paid use,qualification conversion,policy publicity and system establishment.After in-depth research on the system reform practice of the"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads in Juancheng County,this paper reveals the main problems existing in the current reform,including the lack of clear policy support for the mechanism of paid use of homesteads,difficulties in the process of identifying qualification rights and challenges,the imperfection of the transfer mechanism of use rights,and the lack or lag of relevant policies.A series of problem-oriented policy suggestions are put forward,including establishing and improving the system of paid use of rural homesteads,improving the income distribution mechanism,promoting the innovation of the mortgage guarantee system for the right to use homesteads,and optimizing the homestead qualification certification procedures.These suggestions aim to provide a useful reference for the Juancheng County Government in promoting the reform of"Separation of Three Rights"of homesteads,and then promote the rational allocation and efficient utilization of rural homestead resources.

A Summary of Research on the Realization Process of "Separation of Three Rights" of Rural Land

In order to comply with the needs of rural social and economic development,promote new industrialization,informatization,urbanization and agricultural modernization,and realize industrial transformation,the central government clearly puts forward that the traditional ' separation of two rights' mode of rural land( collectives have ownership and farmers have contracting management right) should be transformed into the ' separation of three rights' mode( collectives have ownership,farmers have contracting right,and operators have management right) to solve the problems of farmers’ financing difficulties and agricultural land abandonment,promote the moderate scale operation of agriculture,and improve land use efficiency. It is found that the following points should be noted in the later stage of realizing the ' separation of three rights' of rural land. Firstly,the transfer of farmland management right in the process of realizing the ' separation of three rights' faces market risk,system design flaws,policy coordination failures and other problems. Secondly,the impact of implementation of ' separation of three rights' on rural and social development should also be noted.

Analysis of Secondary Separation of China's Rural Land Rights from the Perspective of Analytical Jurisprudence

China's rural land rights are incomplete in structure of land rights and functions due to status restriction. Settling dispute and problem of status in rural land right and function structure is of great significance for determining and guaranteeing subjects of rural land rights. The point connecting and solving rural land circulation issue is demonstration and settlement of status. Separating the status right from rural land property right,namely the secondary separation of right,is to realize such purpose. Currently,China's rural land right is a bundle of rights,not the right described in property pedigree in strict sense. Using theory of rights of Hohfeld,this paper discussed and analyzed legal relationship of secondary separation of China's rural land rights,in the hope of realizing real return from practice to theory and to practice again.

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Farmer's Rights and Interests during Farmland Transfer——An Evaluation of Rights Safeguarding Effect of Farmland Transfer Contract

Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use:An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

The reform of mode idea of ＂separation of powers＂ for China＇s rural land property system

By briefly reviewing the history of farmland property right in China, it puts forwards the conception of separation of three powers, which is to divide it into ownership, fight of contract, right of use, of farmland property right. In addition, it specifies the practical operational methods to realize the reform that make peasants become the only owner of land in the category of public ownership. It expects to promote the communication and concentration of farmland, so that we can realize the industrialization of agriculture to promote the agricultural productivity level.

耕地保护补偿制度的定位反思与规范重构

研究目的:探析耕地保护补偿制度的立法定位,准确把握耕地保护补偿制度的调整范畴,为正在制定的《耕地保护法》关于“国家建立耕地保护补偿制度”提供具体的立法建议。研究方法:规范分析法和制度目标分析法。研究结果:(1)耕地保护补偿制度在认识论层面,耕地权利设限与补偿的法权基础模糊;在本体论层面,耕地保护补偿的内涵外延尚存争议;在价值论层面,生态供益与增益的激励属性无从彰显。(2)耕地具有资源利益和生态利益一体两面共存的属性,《耕地保护法(草案)》相关条款仍是在“资源—管制”立法理念下的产物,存在显著构造缺陷。(3)以补偿目的为基准,该制度涵盖耕地资源存续补偿与耕地生态保护补偿;以补偿属性为基准,该制度包括耕地保护填平补偿与耕地保护奖励补助。研究结论:建议通过“一般规定+具体制度群”的立法模式在《耕地保护法》中完善耕地保护补偿制度,从而实现该制度维护粮食安全和生态安全的目标定位、价值导向和功能预设。

“三权分置”路径下数据产权客体的类型谱系

“数据二十条”在表述数据产权“三权分置”时分别使用了“数据资源”“数据”“数据产品”三项表达来称谓“三权”的客体,从政策上肯认并确立了数据产权的客体对象。从法律视角审视,前述三项政策表达仍需经由学理阐释来论证其在法律上的定位及其相互关系,使之成为具有规范性的法律表达。“三权分置”路径下,“数据”的核心特征应包括信息属性、物理属性和集合属性,并在数据生产和流通使用的“价值链”上延展形成“数据资源”—“数据集合”—“数据产品”的类型层级。在分级分类构建原则下,作为产权客体的“数据”还可在横向上形成以公共数据与企业数据为一级子类型、公用/私用公共数据与公开/不公开企业数据为二级子类型的类型谱系。由此,便可在“三权分置”路径下阐明作为产权客体的数据的规范属性与类型谱系,为数据产权“三权分置”的法律化奠定基础和前提。

宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用方向与机制完善——基于三个改革试点典型实践的对比分析

宅基地“三权分置”是农村宅基地制度改革的重要内容,是乡村振兴的重要抓手。宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴具有特定的作用方向,理论上可通过加速农村产业发展、提升农村居住环境、促进城乡文化交流、优化乡村治理结构、增加农民财产收入等途径发挥推动作用,实践上改革试点地区已探索出诸多特色路径模式。基于对上海松江区、安徽金寨县、广西北流市三地典型实践的对比分析发现,宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴既与制度初衷和目标追求精准匹配,也存在作用发挥不充分的离散困境。为此,建议从联动设计相关配套政策、建立分级联动工作机制、相关职能部门协助好服务保障、搞好宣传咨询与跟进引导服务等方面完善相关机制,从而更好地提升宅基地“三权分置”助力乡村振兴的作用效果。

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革、司法裁判与实践创新

宅基地使用权依托农房转让的制度沿革经历了从允许到限制的转变,体现了政府政策的强制驱动和利益诱导的结合。宅基地使用权依托农房转让的司法裁判具有明显的被动性,农户在集体经济组织外部转让农房时,法院一般会认定该转让合同无效,但司法政策又为宅基地改革预留了政策空间,体现了原则性与灵活性的统一。在宅基地使用权依托农房转让的实践创新中,国家并没有直接废除宅基地使用权依托农房限制转让的既有路径,径行允许转让,而是秉持审慎原则,独辟蹊径。试点地区宅基地使用权依托农房转让下受让人范围拓展,与集体经营性建设用地入市衔接,与宅基地资格权退出耦合及与宅基地入股、合作打通,均体现了对宅基地使用权权能受限的克服。

“城乡两栖”视角下农村宅基地“三权分置”问题研究

“三权分置”改革有助于化解“城乡两栖”背景下宅基地的制度困境。在我国城镇化进程和乡村振兴过程中,城乡人口双向流动以及异地居住的“城乡两栖”现象日益明显。人口迁居带来了宅基地及其地上房屋所承载的居住功能弱化,而它们的财产功能和社会情感功能则逐渐增强。总体来看,现有部分制度抑制了宅基地的产权权能开发和资产价值挖掘,造成了闲置、低效利用与隐性流转共存的困局,需要合理推进“三权分置”改革。宅基地“三权分置”改革受到乡村治理机制不完善、产权边界不清晰、农民宅基地权属观念模糊等因素掣肘,面临所有权主体虚置、过度“资本化”等诸多问题,阻碍了相关体制机制创新。为此,“三权分置”改革需要清晰界定“三权”边界,明确宅基地的法权属性,在保障农户资格权的基础上适度拓展宅基地使用权,推动实现宅基地的财产价值;引入市场机制多元盘活闲置宅基地,进而提高土地资源利用效率。

基于集体所有制对农村体育的历史审视及学术反思

新中国成立后,在中国共产党领导下迅速形成的具有社会主义性质的集体所有制,既是组织农业生产的一项基本经济制度,也是治理农村社会的一项基本政治制度,还是改善农民生活的一项基本民生制度。因此,新中国成立后70多年来农村集体所有制的形成、改革与完善,必然左右着农村体育发展的方向和路径,决定着农村体育发展的组织与机制,制约着农村体育发展的规模与形式。该研究采用历史阐释和社会批判的方法,分析集体所有制在不同的历史时期对农村体育发展以何种原因和何种方式产生影响。结果显示:社会主义改造和“农业合作化运动”,使广大农民走上了集体化的合作道路,加速了农民对体育的社会主义认知;社会主义建设和人民公社体制,奠定了农村集体所有制的制度基础,为推动农村体育开展提供了基本的组织方式;改革开放和“家庭联产承包责任制”,重塑了农村的生产关系和社会结构,为农村体育提供了内在的需求与动力;新时代和农村土地制度改革的深化,推进了新型农业经营体系的形成,为农村体育提供了新的发展路径和走向。

乡村振兴战略下农村承包地“三权分置”的政策演进与研究综述

乡村振兴战略是新时代党对农村、农业、农民发展的新形势新任务新目标的重大判断,为新时代我国农业农村改革发展明确了重点、指明了方向。党的二十大报告进一步提出要“全面推进乡村振兴”。作为我国实现农业现代化建设和乡村振兴的必由之路,在乡村振兴战略实施的背景下“三权分置”制度的探索与实行必将得到深化。在乡村振兴战略下,明确实行“三权分置”的必要性,对乡村振兴和“三权分置”的政策演进和研究综述进行梳理,结合相关研究与实践中存在的问题,提出农村承包地“三权分置”研究的展望。

“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权 放活的运行机制研究 ——基于试点地区的多案例分析

以35个宅基地使用权放活试点地区案例为基础,运用扎根理论构建“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权放活运行机制的理论框架,从而探究试点地区宅基地使用权放活的内在逻辑,进一步推动“三权分置”下的宅基地使用权制度改革。研究表明,“三权分置”视角下宅基地使用权放活运行机制由运行目标、运行环境、制度安排、运行主体、运行路径五大主范畴构成,各个主范畴之间互相影响,共同推动宅基地使用权放活。具体而言,运行目标指明宅基地使用权放活的方向;运行环境为宅基地使用权放活提供经济、组织、区位等现实依托;制度安排通过加强规范约束,引导运行主体,规范运行路径;运行主体基于自身利益最大化的内生驱动,选择不同运行路径,推动运行机制在不同主体间联动运转;运行路径为宅基地使用权放活拓宽实现路径。为推动宅基地使用权放活,政府应充分界定宅基地使用权,加快推进宅基地“确权到户、确地到人”;注重因地制宜,多元化宅基地使用权放活路径;充分考虑主体诉求,制定宅基地流转的利益分配机制。

农地产权的结构变化·权能功效和规模经营

运用文献研究法、对比分析法和制度分析法等研究方法,从产权结构角度阐释其变化历程和权能功效,进而揭示农地产权结构与农地经营模式的互馈。研究发现:农地产权结构的变化经历了所有权与使用权一体,所有权与使用权初步分离,所有权、资格权及使用权再分离等发展阶段,权能划分越来越细、权能内涵界定更趋清晰。农地产权正持续进行合理性变革,农地权能的分解具有中国特色,更加注重农民权能利益保护,并与农地经营模式关联紧密。未来农地产权结构和农地经营模式的创新需要国家从政策措施、经济措施、法律措施等方面进一步完善和予以保障。

农地经营权属性如何影响规模经营户耕地质量保护行为?

基于常州市1532个规模经营户样本数据,采用两阶段估计策略,实证分析农地经营权属性对规模经营者耕地质量保护行为的影响。结果表明:农地经营权债权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性与完整性相对较低,规模经营户更倾向于采取耕地质量保护行为;农地经营权物权属性占优时,农地产权稳定性、完整性较强,规模经营户采取耕地质量保护行为的概率反而较低。此外,农技培训、农地经营规模、参与农业经营组织与农业保险等经历对农地经营者耕地质量保护行为具有促进作用。据此,建议采取农地经营权属性分类引导的耕地质量保护激励措施,促进农地经营权流转法律制度与耕地质量保护协同发展。

基于开发权的宅基地用途管制体系建构

“三权分置”是显化宅基地财产价值的重大制度改革。本文从开发权的视角,厘清宅基地开发权的法理依据,并在分析我国宅基地用途管制发展历程的基础上,发现其管制模式存在以下问题:一是标准化的宅基地开发权初始配置尚未建立;二是宅基地开发权的管制规则亟待优化;三是宅基地开发权市场尚未建立;四是宅基地开发权转移制度尚未形成。由此提出了以构建标准化的宅基地开发权初始配置、制定适度的宅基地用途管制规则、建立宅基地开发权市场、建构宅基地开发权转移体系为核心的宅基地用途管制体系。

农民专业合作社农地金融的法治保障研究

农民专业合作社农地金融实践的顺利展开,激发了农村土地资本运作功能,是助推农村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的题中应有之义。目前农民专业合作社农地金融的成效不如预期,究其本质原因在于既有立法对于实践探索自发形成的法秩序缺乏有效回应。确保农地金融法律关系主体的金融利益,并促进其所承载的社会公共利益之实现,亟待发挥法律对保障农民专业合作社农地金融实践顺利开展所具有的长效作用。实现农民专业合作社农地金融的法治化,必然要基于农地融资权的社会化向度,以完备农地金融的利益平衡机制为核心任务,以构建农民专业合作社的内部治理结构、完善风险防控和激励保障机制为关键进路。