The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

Monitoring Hospital Use in the Epidemic

This study reviewed developments in hospitalization in the metropolitan area of Syracuse, New York during the initial months of the Coronavirus epidemic. The study was based on the use of inpatient discharge data and information contained in daily utilization reports for the three hospitals in the community distributed by the Hospital Executive Council. The data demonstrated that the medical-surgical and critical care inpatient census, as well as the emergency department volume peaked in January 2020 and declined gradually during February and the first half of March as a result of the seasonal influenza season prior to the epidemic. The data showed that with the onset of the epidemic in mid-March, the data identified substantial reductions in the use of inpatient beds and the emergency departments. The medical-surgical and critical care censuses declined by 31.2 and 29.3 percent respectively. This resulted from provider and public efforts to free inpatient beds for coronavirus patients. During April and May 2020, the use of medical-surgical beds and emergency departments in the Syracuse hospital gradually increased as the Coronavirus epidemic plateaued. Subsequent data will identify whether the use of inpatient medical - surgical beds and emergency department visits in the Syracuse hospitals return to the levels before the epidemic.

Reducing Hospital Lengths of Stay in the Epidemic

The need for efficiency has been a major challenge for hospitals in the United States. The efficiency of these providers is directly related to their inpatient lengths of stay. The coronavirus epidemic has challenged the ability of hospitals in the United States to reduce stays and provide efficient care. This study described the impact of the epidemic on inpatient lengths of stay in the hospitals of Syracuse NY between March-November 2020 compared with the same periods in previous years. It demonstrated that, during this period, adult medicine lengths of stay increased by 4.5 percent and adult surgery stays increased by 5 - 6 percent. These increases were not large;however, they challenged the ability of hospitals to provide efficient care at a time when additional capacity was needed to deal with the epidemic. The results of the study suggested that the coronavirus epidemic should not limit the effectiveness of hospital programs that support efficiency and protect needed health care resources at the community level.

Clinical Research of Pre-Hospital Emergency Care, Nursing, Infection Prevention and Control for Senile Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture during Epidemic Period

Background: Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF) are the high incidences of diseases in the elderly. During the epidemic period, if not treated in time, the complications are high and the mortality is high. If we do not pay attention to infection prevention and control in pre-hospital emergency care, it will lead to the first time infection of medical staff and in-hospital cross infection in emergency outpatient receiving area. The correct consideration of both and the establishment of perfect pre-hospital emergency treatment and infection prevention and control synchronous strategy is an important premise to ensure the stable, orderly and safe medical treatment. Objective: To explore the effect of synchronous implementation of pre-hospital emergency care, nursing and infection pre-vention and control for senile OVCF during the epidemic. In order to improve the efficiency of pre-hospital emergency care and prevent the spread of infection. Method: A total of 92 elderly patients with OVCF who received pre-hospital treatment in 18 hospitals in Zhangjiakou City during the epidemic prevention and control period from January 2020 to November 2022 and met the inclusion criteria were selected as research objects, including 24 males and 68 females, aged 65 - 82 (74.2 ± 2.2) years. All patients were associated with concomitant injuries and underlying diseases. All patients in this group underwent predictive pre-hospital rescue and infection prevention and control procedures. Results: All the 92 elderly patients with OVCF received timely pre-hospital treatment during the epidemic period, and no aggravation occurred of the 92 patients, 35 were in the high risk area, 10 were in the medium risk area, and 47 were in the low risk area. Exclude OVCF for NCP Patients were treated according to the conventional diagnosis and treatment principles. Suspected and confirmed cases are transferred to designated surgical hospitals for treatment. All patients were followed up 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after treatment. There was no death rate, high satisfaction of pre-hospital first aid, high diagnostic accuracy, and good curative effect. None of the rescue personnel had any infection rate, and no hospital infection transmission and nosocomial cross infection occurred. Conclusion: It is the first step to safely treat patients and prevent cross infection to establish a perfect synchronous strategy of pre-hospital first aid and infection prevention and control.

Reacting to Epidemics:The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty

Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.

Discussion of Medicine and Religion:Study of Missionary Hospitals in Modern Shanghai,China

In modern times,15 missionary hospitals were established in Shanghai,including 6 Protestant hospitals and 9 Catholic hospitals.These hospitals were the products of Western missionaries in China.The establishment of missionary hospitals objectively introduced Western medicine into China and changed its original medical system.Based on documents and periodicals,Shanghai archives,Xujiahui library materials,hospital historical records,and domestic and foreign library historical materials,this paper systematically reviews the development of missionary hospitals in Shanghai,and discusses their balance between medicine and religion,to provide ideas and references for future research.

Development Path and Urgency of Further Strengthening Construction of Public Hospitals Based on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)in Wuhan,public hospitals have played an important role in intensive care,case guidance and scheme optimization.At the same time,it also faces unprecedented challenges and tests.Based on the treatment of severe patients in Wuhan,combined with the treatment practice in Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,this paper puts forward the urgency of further strengthening the construction of public hospitals,discusses the feasible path for promoting the development of public hospitals,so as to meet the growing medical needs of the people,improve the ability to respond to major public health emergencies,and effectively guarantee the safety of people's lives and the promotion of a healthy China construction.

Geo-environmental parametric 3D models of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulation in hospital ventilation systems

The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has the potential to cause natural ventilation systems in hospital environments to be rendered inadequate, not only for workers but also for people who transit through these environments even for a limited duration. Studies in of the fields of geosciences and engineering,when combined with appropriate technologies, allow for the possibility of reducing the impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the environment, including those of hospitals which are critical centers for healthcare. In this work, we build parametric 3D models to assess the possible circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the natural ventilation system of a hospital built to care infected patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Building Information Modeling(BIM) was performed, generating 3D models of hospital environments utilizing Revit software for Autodesk CFD 2021. The evaluation considered dimensional analyses of 0°, 45°, 90° and 180°. The analysis of natural ventilation patterns on both internal and external surfaces and the distribution of windows in relation to the displacement dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the air were considered. The results showed that in the external area of the hospital, the wind speed reached velocities up to 2.1 m/s when entering the building through open windows. In contact with the furniture, this value decreased to 0.78 m/s. In some internal isolation wards that house patients with COVID-19, areas that should be equipped with negative room pressure, air velocity was null. Our study provides insights into the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in internal hospital environments as well as external areas surrounding hospitals, both of which encounter high pedestrian traffic in cities worldwide.

上海市级医院静脉血栓栓塞症信息监测平台建设实践

为了提高医院内VTE规范化防治管理效能,上海申康医院发展中心基于医疗质量安全信息监管平台,建立VTE信息监测平台,通过制订统一的标准、流程和核心管理策略,统筹37家市级医院住院患者的VTE质控指标,实现了与多中心VTE信息互联互通,有效提升了VTE规范化防治水平。

住院儿童急性呼吸道感染常见病原体分布及流行病学特征分析

目的分析住院儿童急性呼吸道感染常见病原体在不同年龄阶段的感染情况及流行病学特征,为本地区ARI患儿的防治提供依据。方法收集2023年4月至2023年8月衢州市人民医院住院的ARI患儿鼻咽拭子标本1650份,采用实时荧光多重逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法进行6种常见呼吸道病原体检测。收集患儿一般信息,按性别和年龄(0~<12个月、1~<4岁、4~<7岁、7~14岁)分组,并分析病原体分布及流行特点。结果1650例患儿样本中有874例检出≥1种呼吸道病原体,检出率为53.0%。各病原体检出率:肺炎支原体(MP)28.1%、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)20.3%、人鼻病毒(HRV)4.7%、腺病毒(ADV)2.1%、甲型流感病毒(FluA)0.4%、乙型流感病毒(FluB)0.1%。有60例患儿以多重感染形式(≥2种病原体检出),多重感染最多的是RSV+HRV(30.0%),三重感染2例(3.3%)。不同年龄组间病原体检出差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。7~14岁年龄段病原体检出率最高(63.7%),各年龄组间病原体检出率差异明显。单一病原体感染中,RSV以1~<4岁组患儿检出率最高(27.7%),MP以7~14岁组患儿检出率最高(57.7%),四组患儿间MP、RSV差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各类常见病原体在每月均有检出。结论MP、RSV是导致ARI住院儿童的主要病原体,且不同病原体检出率与住院患儿年龄密切相关。病原体的存在形式以单纯感染为主,多重感染中以双重感染为主。加强对呼吸道病原体的监测和扩大监测范围对儿童ARI防治至关重要。

院前急救机构应对疫情防控转段阶段措施回顾性分析

目的总结院前急救机构针对疫情防控转段阶段的应对经验与存在的问题。方法对比疫情防控转段期间与2021年同期天津市急救中心电话呼入量、10 s接听率、派车量、急救反应时间、平均院内交接时间变化、病情分级患者变化等数据。结果疫情防控转段后120电话呼入量增加181.2%,10 s接听率由88.97%回升到100%,派车量增加125.2%;平均急救反应时间由18 min 4 s缩短到11 min左右;普通患者、急症患者、危重患者、濒危患者分别增加了176.7%、-30.0%、102.1%、227.9%,普通患者占比为71.03%,与2021年同期比较有统计学差异(P<0.01);院内交接时间延长至19 min 16 s后逐渐回落。结论院前急救机构通过提前布局扩充调派负荷能力、构建战时服务指挥体系、动态分类调配救治转运力量、畅通院前院内病员交接等措施,可有效应对突发工作量大幅增加的情况;但也暴露出在急救资源挤兑情况下,确保危重症患者优先得到救治及院前院内衔接方面有所欠缺。

2017—2022年天水市国家级某哨点医院流感监测结果分析

目的:分析2017—2022年天水市流感流行特征,为天水市制定流感防控措施提供科学依据。方法:收集“中国流感监测信息系统”中2017—2022年天水市某哨点医院流感病例及病原学监测数据,采用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果:2017—2022年共收集流感病例24479例,发病率为1.81%;各年份流感病例发病高峰整体集中在1月和12月;流感病例以0~4岁组人群占比最高(56.12%)。共采集4240份流感标本,阳性检出率为8.14%,2020—2022年阳性检出率均低于2017—2019年。各年份优势毒株呈交替流行,不同年龄组阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=32.904,P<0.05)。结论:天水市流感高峰主要出现在冬春季,夏秋季出现小高峰流行。天水市近两年流感以乙型Victoria毒株流行较多,应对其予以重点关注,并且应加强15岁以下人群的流感监测。

上海市公立医院收支结构研究

目的:分析上海市公立医院的收入与支出结构,提出优化建议。方法:对2015—2021年上海市各级各类公立医院的收入与支出数据进行描述性对比分析。结果:2015—2021年,上海市公立医院收支结构逐步优化,但卫生材料收入占比与检查化验收入占比上升,部分挤占医疗服务收入增长空间。结论:继续推进医疗服务价格改革,建立适应医疗行业特点的公立医院薪酬制度,深化医保支付方式改革,加强公立医院精细化运营管理。

优化新冠疫情防控措施对120救护服务影响及应对策略分析

目的 通过对新冠防控“新十条”实施后通州急救中心站执行院前急救任务进行回顾性分析,探讨突发疫情对院前急救产生的影响及应对策略,为院前急救系统应对突发公共卫生事件提供参考。方法 收集通州急救中心站2022年12月7日—2023年1月7日(2022年组)与2021年12月7日—2022年1月7日(2021年组)的两个时间段急救任务运行指标及疾病类别数据,对两组数据进行统计学分析。结果 2022年组出车总次数及救护车组数均较2021年组明显增长,90分钟内完成的救治任务占比明显下降(均p<0.05)。救援疾病分类中,2022年组患者的呼吸系统疾病、循环系统疾病数量较2021年组明显增长,而外伤任务占比较2021年组明显下降,且差异均有统计学意义(p<0.05)。结论 突发疫情对急救工作影响较大,通过优化急救流程、增加急救资源、加强医疗保障等措施,可以提高120救护服务的效率和质量,更好地满足人民群众的需求。

传染病医院设计研究——以旬邑县医院传染科设计为例

烈性传染性疾病的蔓延,对人民身体和社会造成了严重伤害,我国医疗系统加强了传染病医院的建设和研究,尤其增加了对中小城市医疗资源升级和传染病楼的建设。文章结合工程案例,通过新建传染科楼的选址、建筑内部功能分区、医患流线等多方面内容展开分析,对小城市医院内新建传染科建筑进行了全面探讨。

上海市崇明区6家基层医院理血剂处方合理性分析

目的分析上海市崇明区6家基层医院理血剂的用药合理性。方法抽取上海市崇明区6家基层医院医院信息系统2021年6月至2022年5月用药频度排前10位的理血剂门诊处方7200张,根据相关指南和药品说明书进行处方点评与合理性分析。结果7200张处方中,疾病诊断主要为冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(54.86%),其次为脑梗死(51.90%),再次为高血压(38.93%);与10种理血剂联用最多的中成药为血塞通(片/胶囊,2.81%),化学药品为阿司匹林肠溶片(11.82%)。按每种理血剂出现频次统计,涉及处方8184张,给药疗程集中于<2~>5周(65.42%)。不合理处方1099张,处方不合理率为15.26%;不合理问题出现总频数为1148张。其中,通心络胶囊、银杏叶(片/胶囊)、脑心通胶囊的不合理处方数排前3,分别占16.11%,14.63%,12.02%。不适宜处方中,不适宜问题出现频数为848张。其中,给药疗程不适宜272张(32.08%),联合用药不适宜252张(29.72%),重复给药210张(24.76%)。结论上海市崇明区6家基层医院理血剂门诊处方合理率有待提高。建议通过建立统一的处方点评标准,建设区域性处方审核中心,对全科医师加大中医药知识培训力度等途径,促进理血剂的合理应用。

上海市级医院专科能力评价与分析

目的对上海市级医院专科能力开展评价分析,展现各专科的发展水平,为医院专科建设和发展提供依据。方法基于“病例-DRG病种-专科”的统一归集路径对专科病例进行归集,采用上海申康医院发展中心研制的临床专科能力评价指标体系,应用变异系数(CV)比较专科能力集中度,中位数表示专科平均水平,偏离度表示同一专科内最好能力与最差能力的差异。结果19个专科得分的CV值在0.09~0.19之间、中位数在539.93分~671.92分之间、偏离度在40.56%~75.37%之间。医院的总体专科能力方面,综合性医院表现优于中医类医院,专科类医院特色突出。以心血管内科为例开展同一专科院际间比较,两家正向偏离超过25%,6家负向偏离超过-10%,各家医院能力差异较大。结论通过专科能力评价与分析,能够体现专科发展特点,实现专科之间、医院之间以及不同院际同一专科之间的全面比较,助推上海市级医院专科能力建设。

基于信息监管平台的上海市级医院抗菌药物使用统筹管理实践

基于上海申康医院发展中心搭建的医疗质量安全信息监管平台,对市级医院抗菌药物使用进行统筹管理,监测指标包括限定日剂量、累计限定日剂量数和抗菌药物使用强度等,实现了对辖属37家市级医院抗菌药物使用的信息化监管,使抗菌药物使用强度下降,提升了市级医院抗菌药物规范化管理水平。

后疫情时代下综合医院平疫结合病区设计研究——以江苏省某医院新建病房楼为例

如今,我们已经进入后疫情时代,考虑到传染病医院的运行能耗非常高,在非疫情期间无疑会造成能源的巨大浪费。本文以江苏省某大型综合医院新建病房楼为例,从平疫转换流程及空调通风系统设计两方面进行分析,探讨后疫情时代下综合医院平疫结合病区的设计要点及注意事项。

梅州市某传染病医院通风系统设计

以梅州市某传染病医院通风系统设计为例,探讨了传染病医院“三区两通道”机械送排风系统的设计原则。从空气处理、压力梯度、气流组织、风量平衡等方面介绍了传染病医院平疫结合下的通风系统设计,为类似项目设计提供参考。