BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication rates have declined with the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains in recent years.Although highly effective with a low prevalence of resistance,standard dose tetracy...BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication rates have declined with the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains in recent years.Although highly effective with a low prevalence of resistance,standard dose tetracycline is associated with frequent adverse events.The efficacy and safety of low-dose tetracycline as part of tetra-cycline and amoxicillin-containing bismuth quadruple therapy are not well described.AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose compared to standard dose tetracycline with combined amoxicillin-containing bismuth quadruple therapy in patients with H.pylori infection.METHODS Consecutive patients with H.pylori infection receiving tetracycline,amoxicillin,proton pump inhibitor,and bismuth for 14 days at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital(1/2022-6/2023)were evaluated.The low-dose tetracycline group received tetracycline 500 mg twice daily(bid)while the standard dose group received 750 mg bid or 500 mg three times daily(tid).Primary endpoints were H.pylori eradication rate and treatment-related adverse events.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although highly effective as a component of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)treatment regimen,tetracycline is associated with a high incidence of medicationrelated adverse events.Modified dosing of tetracyclin...BACKGROUND Although highly effective as a component of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)treatment regimen,tetracycline is associated with a high incidence of medicationrelated adverse events.Modified dosing of tetracycline as part of quadruple therapy may improve safety while providing comparable eradication rates.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified dosing of tetracycline in patients receiving tetracycline and furazolidone-containing quadruple therapy in patients with H.pylori infection.METHODS Consecutive patients(10/2020-12/2021)who received tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for H.pylori infection at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital were identified.All patients received tetracycline,furazolidone,proton pump inhibitor,and bismuth for 14 d as primary or rescue therapy.Modified tetracycline dose group received tetracycline 500 mg twice daily while standard group received 750 mg twice daily or 500 mg three times daily.RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-four patients[mean age=46.3±13.9,male=137(34.8%),and 309(78.4%)primary therapy]completed tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for H.pylori infection including those who received modified tetracycline dose in 157 and standard doses in 118(750 mg twice daily)and 119(500 mg three times daily).Eradication rates in the modified tetracycline dose group were 92.40%and in the standard groups,eradication rates were 93.20%for 750 mg twice daily group and 92.43%for 500 mg three times daily group,respectively,without statistical difference(P=0.959).The incidence of adverse events was lower in the modified tetracycline dose(15.3%vs 32.3%and 29.4%;P=0.002)compared to the standard dose group.CONCLUSION In a real-world experience,modified tetracycline dosing as part of tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for 14 d demonstrated high efficacy,comparable to standard tetracycline dose regimens,with a favorable safety profile.展开更多
AIM: To compare the effectiveness of standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication in a randomized, double-blinded, comparative clinical trial in C...AIM: To compare the effectiveness of standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication in a randomized, double-blinded, comparative clinical trial in China. METHODS: A total of 215 H. pylori -positive patients were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into three groups: group A (n = 72) received a 10-d bismuth pectin quadruple therapy (20 mg rabeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , 100 mg bismuth pectin qid , and 500 mg levofloxacin qd ); group B (n = 72) received the sequential therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , in 5 d, followed by 20 mg omeprazole bid , 500 mg tinidazole bid , 500 mg clarithromycin bid , for another 5 d); group C (n = 71) received a standard 1-wk triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , 500 mg clarithromycin bid ). After all these treatments, 20 mg omeprazole bid was administrated for 3 wk. H. pylori status was assessed by histology, 13C-urea breath test and rapid urease test at baseline and 4-6 wk after completion of treatment. Ulcer cicatrization was assessed by gastroscopy. χ 2 test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the eradication rates and ulcer cicatrisation rates among the three groups. RESULTS: The eradication rate was 83.33% (60/72) in group A, 88.89% (64/72) in group B, and 80.56% (58/71) in group C. The ulcer cicatrisation rate was 86.44% (51/59) in group A, 90.16% (55/61) in group B, and 84.91% (45/53) in group C. The sequential therapy yielded a higher eradication rate and ulcer cicatrisation rate than the standard triple and bismuth pectin quadruple therapies. Statistically, the eradication rate of group B was significantly different from groups A and C (P < 0.05), but the difference of ulcer cicatrisation rate and side effects was not statistically significant among the three groups (P > 0.05). The three protocols were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The sequential therapy has achieved a significantly higher eradication rate, and is a more suitable first-line alternative protocol for anti-H. pylori infection compared with the standard triple and bismuth pectin quadruple therapies.展开更多
AIM: To compare the effectiveness of triple, standard quadruple and ampicillin-sulbactam-based quadruple therapies for Hpylori eradication in a comparative three-armed randomized clinical trial. METHODS: A total of ...AIM: To compare the effectiveness of triple, standard quadruple and ampicillin-sulbactam-based quadruple therapies for Hpylori eradication in a comparative three-armed randomized clinical trial. METHODS: A total of 360 H pylori-positive patients suffering from dyspepsia and aging 24-79 years with a median age of 42 years were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into the following three groups: group A (n = 120) received a standard 1-wk triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole b.i.d., 1000 mg amoxicillin b.i.d., 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d.), group B (n = 120) received a 10-d standard quadruple therapy (20 mg omeprazole b.i.d., 1000 mg amoxicillin b.i.d., 240 mg colloidal bismuth subcitrate b.i.d., and 500 mg metronidazole b.i.d.), group C (n = 120) received the new protocol, i.e. 375 mg sultamicillin (225 mg ampicillin plus 150 mg sulbactam) b.i.d. (before breakfast and dinner), instead of amoxicillin in the standard quadruple therapy for the same duration. Chi-square test with the consideration of P 〈 0.05 as significant was used to compare the eradication rates by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses in the three groups.RESULTS: The per-protocol eradication rate was 91.81% (101 patients from a total of 110) in group A, 85.84% (97 patients from a total of 113) in group B, and 92.85% (104 patients from a total of 112) in group C. The intention-to-treat eradication rate was 84.17% in group A, 80.83% in group B, and 86.67% in group C. The new protocol yielded the highest eradication rates by both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses followed by the standard triple and quadruple regimens, respectively. However, the differences were not statistically significant between the three groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide further support for the equivalence of triple and quadruple therapies in terms of effectiveness, compliance and sideeffect profile when administered as first-line treatment for H pylori infection. Moreover, the new protocol using ampicillin-sulbactam instead of amoxicillin in the quadruple regimen is a suitable first-line alternative to be used in regions with amoxicillin-resistant Hpylori strains.展开更多
The Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee(Rural Dibao)is an important unconditional cash transfer program to alleviate poverty in rural China.Despite the importance of children’s nutrition in breaking poverty cycle...The Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee(Rural Dibao)is an important unconditional cash transfer program to alleviate poverty in rural China.Despite the importance of children’s nutrition in breaking poverty cycles,little is known about the impact of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes.Using China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),this paper examines the effects of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes and investigates potential pathways and heterogeneous effects.We exploit propensity score matching and difference-in-differences techniques to evaluate the effects of the Rural Dibao program on child nutrition outcomes.Our results suggest that Rural Dibao significantly impacts the nutrition outcomes of children up to 15 years of age.Specifically,our results suggest that Rural Dibao improves child height-to-age z-scores by 1.05 standard deviations and lowers the probability of stunting by 11.9 percentage points.Additional analyses suggest that increased protein intake is the main pathway through which Rural Dibao participation contributes to better nutrition outcomes.We also find that the effect of the program is more pronounced among girls,children who are non-left-behind or live with highly educated mothers,and those from low-income families and poor areas.Our findings suggest that Rural Dibao participation helps improve child nutrition outcomes through improving diet quality.展开更多
Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symp...Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.展开更多
Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti-HP quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP infectious gastritis with spleen deficiency and ...Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti-HP quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP infectious gastritis with spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation. Methods: From January 2020 to December 2021, 223 patients with laboratory-confirmed HP infection who were admitted to the Outpatient and Inpatient Department of Internal Medicine in our hospital were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into two groups. 101 patients in the control group were given standard anti HP quadruple therapy;122 cases in the treatment group were given traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy. The two groups were rechecked carbon breath test after the designed course of treatment, and the curative effects of the two groups were compared. Results: 113 cases in the treatment group were cured by traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy, and the cure rate was 92.62%. 84 cases in the control group were cured by standard anti HP quadruple therapy, and the cure rate was 83.17%, χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.7955, P = 0.0285, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP infectious gastritis with spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation is one of the best treatment schemes for HP infection. The results of this study achieve the best clinical treatment effect, and provide a more valuable and reliable method for the treatment of gastropathy in clinical internal medicine, which is worthy of popularization and application.展开更多
Stomach Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the common gastric diseases. Helicobacter pylori infectious gastritis of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation is a relatively intractable chronic disease. In recent...Stomach Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the common gastric diseases. Helicobacter pylori infectious gastritis of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation is a relatively intractable chronic disease. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine methods have emerged one after another in the treatment of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. By collecting references, the author reviewed the clinical characteristics of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection and the new progress of traditional Chinese medicine treatment.展开更多
Objective:To study the therapeutic efficacy of patients with ulcerative colitis receiving Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets.Methods:49 cases were selected from ulcerative colitis patients who attended the clini...Objective:To study the therapeutic efficacy of patients with ulcerative colitis receiving Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets.Methods:49 cases were selected from ulcerative colitis patients who attended the clinic from February 2021 to November 2022,and were randomly grouped into group A for addition of Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets treatment,and group B for conventional medication.The efficacy,inflammatory factors,nutritional indexes,and adverse reactions were compared between the groups.Results:The efficacy of UC patients in group A was higher than that in group B(P<0.05);the inflammatory factors in group A were lower than that in group B(P<0.05);nutritional indicators in group A were higher than that in group B(P<0.05);and the adverse reactions of medication in UC patients in group A were lower than that in group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:The treatment of UC patients with the addition of Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets can improve the nutritional status of the organism,inhibit the progression of inflammation,and is safe and efficient in treating ulcerative colitis.展开更多
The induction motor,which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy,has been recognized as the cornerstone of industrialization.The rotor of an induction motor can be either a squirrel cage rotor or a wound-ty...The induction motor,which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy,has been recognized as the cornerstone of industrialization.The rotor of an induction motor can be either a squirrel cage rotor or a wound-type rotor,both existing as magnetless topologies.Three-phase squirrel cage induction motors are frequently utilized in industrial drives because they are dependable,have high starting torque,are selfstarting and affordable.Single-phase induction motors,on the other hand,are commonly used for small loads such as domestic appliances in form of modest fans,pumps and electric power tools.In South Africa,there have been reports of fires and explosions resulting in live and property loss because of induction motors that have not been thoroughly tested or are incorrectly labelled in terms of ratings,electrical safety and performance.The goal of this study is targeted at preventing end-user injuries and failures caused by non-compliant induction motors,by evaluating locally manufactured/imported induction motors based on tests and evaluation from standards(IEC and SANS).The study is conducted using experimental procedures at the Explosion Prevention Technology and Rotating Machines(EPT and RM)laboratory,South African Bureau of Standards(SABS),South Africa.The main finding from the study shows differences in the nameplate characteristics of various induction motors which could have detrimental effects such as production and operational downtime in their end-use industries,at later stages.展开更多
Background Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein(CP)and amino acid(AA)digestibility of soybean meal(SBM)from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows.Seven solvent-extracte...Background Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein(CP)and amino acid(AA)digestibility of soybean meal(SBM)from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows.Seven solvent-extracted SBMs from soybeans produced in the USA,Brazil,and China were selected.In Exp.1,eight different diets were created:a nitrogen(N)-free diet and 7 experimental diets containing SBM from different origins as the only N source.Eight non-pregnant,multiparous sows were arranged in an 8×8 Latin square design(8 periods and 8 diets).In Exp.2,the diet formula was the same as in Exp.1.Eight gestating sows(parity 3)were assigned to 4 different diets in a replicated 4×3 Youden square design(three periods and four diets)in mid-gestation and again in late-gestation stages.Results When fed to non-pregnant and late-gestating sows,the standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of CP and most AAs from different SBM were not significantly different(P>0.05).When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for Arg,His,Lys,Phe,Cys,Gly,Ser,and Tyr in SBM 1 were lower than in SBM 4 and 5(P<0.05),whereas SID for Leu from SBM 5 was higher than in SBM 1 and 4(P<0.05).SID values for Ile,Ala,and Asp from SBM 4 were lower than in SBM 1 and 5(P<0.05).Sows had significantly greater SID values for Lys,Ala,and Asp during mid-gestation when compared with late-gestation stages(P<0.05).Mid-gestating sows had greater SID value for Val and lower SID value for Tyr when compared with non-pregnant and late-gestating sows(P<0.01),whereas non-pregnant sows had significantly greater SID value for Met when compared with gestating sows(P<0.01).Conclusions When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for most AAs varied among SBM samples.The SID values for Lys,Met,Val,Ala,Asp,and Tyr in SBM were affected by sow gestation stages.Our findings provide a cornerstone for accurate SBM use in sow diets.展开更多
This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to ach...This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to achieve synchronous,rapid,and accurate measurement of elements in a large number of samples,namely,SC-assisted CF-LIBS.Al alloy standard samples,divided into calibration and test samples,were applied to validate the proposed method.SC was built based on the characteristic line of Pb and Cr in the calibration sample,and the contents of Pb and Cr in the test sample were calculated with relative errors of 6%and 4%,respectively.SC built using Cr with multiple characteristic lines yielded better calculation results.The relative contents of ten elements in the test sample were calculated using CF-LIBS.Subsequently,the SC-assisted CF-LIBS was executed,with the majority of the calculation relative errors falling within the range of 2%-5%.Finally,the Al and Na contents of the Al alloy were predicted.The results demonstrate that it effectively enables the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of multiple elements after a single-element SC analysis of the tested samples.Furthermore,this quantitative analysis method was successfully applied to soil and Astragalus samples,realizing an accurate calculation of the contents of multiple elements.Thus,it is important to advance the LIBS quantitative analysis and its related applications.展开更多
Introduction: Resistance to antituberculosis drugs and adverse drug reactions remain the leading causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure globally. Despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combina...Introduction: Resistance to antituberculosis drugs and adverse drug reactions remain the leading causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure globally. Despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity of knowledge on their combination effect. Aim: This research aimed to determine combination activity of standard antituberculosis drugs with extracts of Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia L., the two common antituberculosis medicinal plants in Uganda, against pansensitive (H37Rv) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Materials and Methods: Two reference MTB strains (H37Rv and MDR strain) were inoculated on Middlebrook 7H11 medium containing a combination of standard antituberculosis drugs and methanol extracts of Z. leprieurii and R. cordifolia at varying concentrations. The number of colonies on the plates was observed and counted weekly for up to 8 weeks. In vitro combination activity was determined using proportion method. Mean percentage inhibition was calculated for the reduction of number of colonies on drug-extract combination medium in relation to drug-extract-free control medium. Results: Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains when compared with individual standard anti-TB drugs. This was more exhibited against MDR strain. There was however a reduction in percentage inhibition when extracts were combined with ethambutol and streptomycin against H37Rv strain. Conclusions: Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially MDR-TB strain. This justifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis especially in resistant cases in Uganda.展开更多
The finals of the “Mo Gan Shan” National Standardization Olympiad of College Students were held on October 12-13 in Huzhou city, Southeast China's Zhejiang province.The competition was guided by SAMR, and hosted...The finals of the “Mo Gan Shan” National Standardization Olympiad of College Students were held on October 12-13 in Huzhou city, Southeast China's Zhejiang province.The competition was guided by SAMR, and hosted by the China Association for Standardization(CAS), China Jiliang University, and the National Standardization League of Universities. Themed “Standards lead the future, innovation fulfills dreams”, the competition aims to stimulate college students' interest and enthusiasm for standardization knowledge, and cultivate standardization talents with international vision and innovation capability.展开更多
AIM:To develop normative data for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)parameters,using non-contact meibography technique of Sirius Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici(CSO)machine,in an Egyptian population sample.METHODS:Obser...AIM:To develop normative data for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)parameters,using non-contact meibography technique of Sirius Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici(CSO)machine,in an Egyptian population sample.METHODS:Observational,cross-sectional,analytic study,in which 104 Egyptian volunteers were included.Both upper lids were examined,using“Sirius CSO”machine.Each eyelid was given a degree of meibomian gland loss(MGL),which was calculated by the software of the machine.RESULTS:Mean percentage MGL in right upper lid was of 30.9%±12.6%,and that of left upper lid was 32.6%±11.8%.Thirty-four volunteers(32.7%)had first-degree MGL in their right upper lid,and 67.3%had second-degree loss.One volunteer(1%)had zero-degree MGL in left upper lid,28(26.9%)had first-degree loss,and 75(72.1%)had second-degree loss.Degree of MGL in right upper eyelid was not related to age,but degree of MGL in left upper eyelid increased with age.There was statistically significant difference between both genders for degree of MGL in right eye(P=0.036)and in left eye(P=0.027).CONCLUSION:Noncontact meibography is a useful non-invasive tool for diagnosing MGL.MGL is diagnosed in 100%of apparently normal individuals;26.9%-32.7%of which have first-degree MGL,and 67.3%-72.1%have second-degree MGL.展开更多
Sichuan province is home to rich traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)resources.Recent years have seen unremitting efforts of TCM standardization in the province.By analyzing the measures and existing problems,this paper ...Sichuan province is home to rich traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)resources.Recent years have seen unremitting efforts of TCM standardization in the province.By analyzing the measures and existing problems,this paper provides recommendations to boost TCM development through standardization.展开更多
A numerical approach is an effective means of solving boundary value problems(BVPs).This study focuses on physical problems with general partial differential equations(PDEs).It investigates the solution approach throu...A numerical approach is an effective means of solving boundary value problems(BVPs).This study focuses on physical problems with general partial differential equations(PDEs).It investigates the solution approach through the standard forms of the PDE module in COMSOL.Two typical mechanics problems are exemplified:The deflection of a thin plate,which can be addressed with the dedicated finite element module,and the stress of a pure bending beamthat cannot be tackled.The procedure for the two problems regarding the three standard forms required by the PDE module is detailed.The results were in good agreement with the literature,indicating that the PDE module provides a promising means to solve complex PDEs,especially for those a dedicated finite element module has yet to be developed.展开更多
The Pudong New Area has followed the standardization polices of the country,vigorously implemented the standardization strategies,and fulfilled the historical mission of“serving as a pioneer of reform&opening-up ...The Pudong New Area has followed the standardization polices of the country,vigorously implemented the standardization strategies,and fulfilled the historical mission of“serving as a pioneer of reform&opening-up and innovative development”.展开更多
Given the rapid development of China’s new urbanization,cities with different locations and varying functional positioning,resource endowments,and development stages have insufficient scientific and applicable techni...Given the rapid development of China’s new urbanization,cities with different locations and varying functional positioning,resource endowments,and development stages have insufficient scientific and applicable technical tools for implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).City managers and policymakers must urgently establish SDG benchmarks to diagnose city development.Moreover,successful experiences from similar cities regarding sustainable development and self-improvement must be learned from to promote diversified,sustainable development across the country.Furthermore,emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things,big data and 5G are widely used in smart cities.Therefore,there is a growing need for“knowledge-based,personalized and intelligent”technologies to support monitoring,evaluation,and decision-making processes facilitating sustainable development in cities.This paper uses standardization as the theoretical support and technical basis.This approach can help clarify the sustainable development processes in China and clarify the evaluation results of and provide data on horizontal city comparisons,which can be used to develop evaluation technology for sustainable development in cities and construct a standardized system.The results provide a standard framework for intelligent assessment and decision-making regarding cities’sustainable development capabilities in China.Evaluating major international standardization institutions reveals that the practices of Chinese national standards should be fully absorbed and integrated to guide the evaluation of smart,resilient,and low-carbon cities.To this end,an indicator library of city sustainable development is proposed to provide standard evaluation technology methods.Finally,analyzing the response relationship of the indicator library to SDGs reveals the need for a standardized knowledge map of sustainable development assessment techniques and methods from the perspective of integrated management for sustainable development in cities.展开更多
The symposium will bring together industry leaders,policymakers,researchers and stakeholders to explore the crucial role of standards in promoting sustainable ICT practices.Standards guide the development of technolog...The symposium will bring together industry leaders,policymakers,researchers and stakeholders to explore the crucial role of standards in promoting sustainable ICT practices.Standards guide the development of technologies that minimize environmental impact and enhance energy efficiency.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication rates have declined with the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains in recent years.Although highly effective with a low prevalence of resistance,standard dose tetracycline is associated with frequent adverse events.The efficacy and safety of low-dose tetracycline as part of tetra-cycline and amoxicillin-containing bismuth quadruple therapy are not well described.AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose compared to standard dose tetracycline with combined amoxicillin-containing bismuth quadruple therapy in patients with H.pylori infection.METHODS Consecutive patients with H.pylori infection receiving tetracycline,amoxicillin,proton pump inhibitor,and bismuth for 14 days at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital(1/2022-6/2023)were evaluated.The low-dose tetracycline group received tetracycline 500 mg twice daily(bid)while the standard dose group received 750 mg bid or 500 mg three times daily(tid).Primary endpoints were H.pylori eradication rate and treatment-related adverse events.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,No.LY23H160016Zhejiang Medical Association,No.2019ZYC-A88.
文摘BACKGROUND Although highly effective as a component of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)treatment regimen,tetracycline is associated with a high incidence of medicationrelated adverse events.Modified dosing of tetracycline as part of quadruple therapy may improve safety while providing comparable eradication rates.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified dosing of tetracycline in patients receiving tetracycline and furazolidone-containing quadruple therapy in patients with H.pylori infection.METHODS Consecutive patients(10/2020-12/2021)who received tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for H.pylori infection at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital were identified.All patients received tetracycline,furazolidone,proton pump inhibitor,and bismuth for 14 d as primary or rescue therapy.Modified tetracycline dose group received tetracycline 500 mg twice daily while standard group received 750 mg twice daily or 500 mg three times daily.RESULTS Three hundred and ninety-four patients[mean age=46.3±13.9,male=137(34.8%),and 309(78.4%)primary therapy]completed tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for H.pylori infection including those who received modified tetracycline dose in 157 and standard doses in 118(750 mg twice daily)and 119(500 mg three times daily).Eradication rates in the modified tetracycline dose group were 92.40%and in the standard groups,eradication rates were 93.20%for 750 mg twice daily group and 92.43%for 500 mg three times daily group,respectively,without statistical difference(P=0.959).The incidence of adverse events was lower in the modified tetracycline dose(15.3%vs 32.3%and 29.4%;P=0.002)compared to the standard dose group.CONCLUSION In a real-world experience,modified tetracycline dosing as part of tetracycline and furazolidone quadruple therapy for 14 d demonstrated high efficacy,comparable to standard tetracycline dose regimens,with a favorable safety profile.
文摘AIM: To compare the effectiveness of standard triple, bismuth pectin quadruple and sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) eradication in a randomized, double-blinded, comparative clinical trial in China. METHODS: A total of 215 H. pylori -positive patients were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into three groups: group A (n = 72) received a 10-d bismuth pectin quadruple therapy (20 mg rabeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , 100 mg bismuth pectin qid , and 500 mg levofloxacin qd ); group B (n = 72) received the sequential therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , in 5 d, followed by 20 mg omeprazole bid , 500 mg tinidazole bid , 500 mg clarithromycin bid , for another 5 d); group C (n = 71) received a standard 1-wk triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole bid , 1000 mg amoxicillin bid , 500 mg clarithromycin bid ). After all these treatments, 20 mg omeprazole bid was administrated for 3 wk. H. pylori status was assessed by histology, 13C-urea breath test and rapid urease test at baseline and 4-6 wk after completion of treatment. Ulcer cicatrization was assessed by gastroscopy. χ 2 test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the eradication rates and ulcer cicatrisation rates among the three groups. RESULTS: The eradication rate was 83.33% (60/72) in group A, 88.89% (64/72) in group B, and 80.56% (58/71) in group C. The ulcer cicatrisation rate was 86.44% (51/59) in group A, 90.16% (55/61) in group B, and 84.91% (45/53) in group C. The sequential therapy yielded a higher eradication rate and ulcer cicatrisation rate than the standard triple and bismuth pectin quadruple therapies. Statistically, the eradication rate of group B was significantly different from groups A and C (P < 0.05), but the difference of ulcer cicatrisation rate and side effects was not statistically significant among the three groups (P > 0.05). The three protocols were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The sequential therapy has achieved a significantly higher eradication rate, and is a more suitable first-line alternative protocol for anti-H. pylori infection compared with the standard triple and bismuth pectin quadruple therapies.
文摘AIM: To compare the effectiveness of triple, standard quadruple and ampicillin-sulbactam-based quadruple therapies for Hpylori eradication in a comparative three-armed randomized clinical trial. METHODS: A total of 360 H pylori-positive patients suffering from dyspepsia and aging 24-79 years with a median age of 42 years were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into the following three groups: group A (n = 120) received a standard 1-wk triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole b.i.d., 1000 mg amoxicillin b.i.d., 500 mg clarithromycin b.i.d.), group B (n = 120) received a 10-d standard quadruple therapy (20 mg omeprazole b.i.d., 1000 mg amoxicillin b.i.d., 240 mg colloidal bismuth subcitrate b.i.d., and 500 mg metronidazole b.i.d.), group C (n = 120) received the new protocol, i.e. 375 mg sultamicillin (225 mg ampicillin plus 150 mg sulbactam) b.i.d. (before breakfast and dinner), instead of amoxicillin in the standard quadruple therapy for the same duration. Chi-square test with the consideration of P 〈 0.05 as significant was used to compare the eradication rates by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses in the three groups.RESULTS: The per-protocol eradication rate was 91.81% (101 patients from a total of 110) in group A, 85.84% (97 patients from a total of 113) in group B, and 92.85% (104 patients from a total of 112) in group C. The intention-to-treat eradication rate was 84.17% in group A, 80.83% in group B, and 86.67% in group C. The new protocol yielded the highest eradication rates by both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses followed by the standard triple and quadruple regimens, respectively. However, the differences were not statistically significant between the three groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide further support for the equivalence of triple and quadruple therapies in terms of effectiveness, compliance and sideeffect profile when administered as first-line treatment for H pylori infection. Moreover, the new protocol using ampicillin-sulbactam instead of amoxicillin in the quadruple regimen is a suitable first-line alternative to be used in regions with amoxicillin-resistant Hpylori strains.
基金The authors are grateful for support from the National Social Science Fund of China(21AJL015).
文摘The Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee(Rural Dibao)is an important unconditional cash transfer program to alleviate poverty in rural China.Despite the importance of children’s nutrition in breaking poverty cycles,little is known about the impact of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes.Using China Family Panel Studies(CFPS),this paper examines the effects of Rural Dibao on child nutrition outcomes and investigates potential pathways and heterogeneous effects.We exploit propensity score matching and difference-in-differences techniques to evaluate the effects of the Rural Dibao program on child nutrition outcomes.Our results suggest that Rural Dibao significantly impacts the nutrition outcomes of children up to 15 years of age.Specifically,our results suggest that Rural Dibao improves child height-to-age z-scores by 1.05 standard deviations and lowers the probability of stunting by 11.9 percentage points.Additional analyses suggest that increased protein intake is the main pathway through which Rural Dibao participation contributes to better nutrition outcomes.We also find that the effect of the program is more pronounced among girls,children who are non-left-behind or live with highly educated mothers,and those from low-income families and poor areas.Our findings suggest that Rural Dibao participation helps improve child nutrition outcomes through improving diet quality.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFF0702402National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:32070531。
文摘Background:The Mongolian gerbil is an excellent laboratory animal for preparing the cerebral ischemia model due to its inherent deficiency in the circle of Willis.However,the low incidence and unpredictability of symptoms are caused by numerous complex variant types of the circle.Additionally,the lack of an evaluation system for the cer-ebral ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)model of gerbils has shackled the application of this model.Methods:We created a symptom-oriented principle and detailed neurobehavioral scoring criteria.At different time points of reperfusion,we analyzed the alteration in locomotion by rotarod test and grip force score,infarct volume by triphenyltetrazo-lium chloride(TTC)staining,neuron loss using Nissl staining,and histological charac-teristics using hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)straining.Results:With a successful model rate of 56%,32 of the 57 gerbils operated by our method harbored typical features of cerebral I/R injury,and the mortality rate in the male gerbils was significantly higher than that in the female gerbils.The suc-cessfully prepared I/R gerbils demonstrated a significant reduction in motility and grip strength at 1 day after reperfusion;formed obvious infarction;exhibited typi-cal pathological features,such as tissue edema,neuronal atrophy and death,and vacuolated structures;and were partially recovered with the extension of reperfu-sion time.Conclusion:This study developed a new method for the unilateral common carotid artery ligation I/R model of gerbil and established a standardized evaluation system for this model,which could provide a new cerebral I/R model of gerbils with more practical applications.
文摘Objective: To explore the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti-HP quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP infectious gastritis with spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation. Methods: From January 2020 to December 2021, 223 patients with laboratory-confirmed HP infection who were admitted to the Outpatient and Inpatient Department of Internal Medicine in our hospital were selected as the research objects and randomly divided into two groups. 101 patients in the control group were given standard anti HP quadruple therapy;122 cases in the treatment group were given traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy. The two groups were rechecked carbon breath test after the designed course of treatment, and the curative effects of the two groups were compared. Results: 113 cases in the treatment group were cured by traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy, and the cure rate was 92.62%. 84 cases in the control group were cured by standard anti HP quadruple therapy, and the cure rate was 83.17%, χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.7955, P = 0.0285, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Traditional Chinese medicine Jianpi Qushi powder combined with standard anti HP quadruple therapy in the treatment of HP infectious gastritis with spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation is one of the best treatment schemes for HP infection. The results of this study achieve the best clinical treatment effect, and provide a more valuable and reliable method for the treatment of gastropathy in clinical internal medicine, which is worthy of popularization and application.
文摘Stomach Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the common gastric diseases. Helicobacter pylori infectious gastritis of spleen deficiency and dampness stagnation is a relatively intractable chronic disease. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine methods have emerged one after another in the treatment of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. By collecting references, the author reviewed the clinical characteristics of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection and the new progress of traditional Chinese medicine treatment.
文摘Objective:To study the therapeutic efficacy of patients with ulcerative colitis receiving Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets.Methods:49 cases were selected from ulcerative colitis patients who attended the clinic from February 2021 to November 2022,and were randomly grouped into group A for addition of Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets treatment,and group B for conventional medication.The efficacy,inflammatory factors,nutritional indexes,and adverse reactions were compared between the groups.Results:The efficacy of UC patients in group A was higher than that in group B(P<0.05);the inflammatory factors in group A were lower than that in group B(P<0.05);nutritional indicators in group A were higher than that in group B(P<0.05);and the adverse reactions of medication in UC patients in group A were lower than that in group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:The treatment of UC patients with the addition of Bifidobacterium quadruple viable tablets can improve the nutritional status of the organism,inhibit the progression of inflammation,and is safe and efficient in treating ulcerative colitis.
基金supported in part by Explosion Prevention Technology and Rotating Machines(EPT&RM)laboratory,South African Bureau of Standards(SABS),Pretoria,South Africa.
文摘The induction motor,which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy,has been recognized as the cornerstone of industrialization.The rotor of an induction motor can be either a squirrel cage rotor or a wound-type rotor,both existing as magnetless topologies.Three-phase squirrel cage induction motors are frequently utilized in industrial drives because they are dependable,have high starting torque,are selfstarting and affordable.Single-phase induction motors,on the other hand,are commonly used for small loads such as domestic appliances in form of modest fans,pumps and electric power tools.In South Africa,there have been reports of fires and explosions resulting in live and property loss because of induction motors that have not been thoroughly tested or are incorrectly labelled in terms of ratings,electrical safety and performance.The goal of this study is targeted at preventing end-user injuries and failures caused by non-compliant induction motors,by evaluating locally manufactured/imported induction motors based on tests and evaluation from standards(IEC and SANS).The study is conducted using experimental procedures at the Explosion Prevention Technology and Rotating Machines(EPT and RM)laboratory,South African Bureau of Standards(SABS),South Africa.The main finding from the study shows differences in the nameplate characteristics of various induction motors which could have detrimental effects such as production and operational downtime in their end-use industries,at later stages.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFD1300202)the nutritional value evaluation and parameter establishment of protein feedstuffs for sowsthe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China(125D0203-16190295)the Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Sichuan Province(No.2021ZDZX0009)。
文摘Background Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein(CP)and amino acid(AA)digestibility of soybean meal(SBM)from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows.Seven solvent-extracted SBMs from soybeans produced in the USA,Brazil,and China were selected.In Exp.1,eight different diets were created:a nitrogen(N)-free diet and 7 experimental diets containing SBM from different origins as the only N source.Eight non-pregnant,multiparous sows were arranged in an 8×8 Latin square design(8 periods and 8 diets).In Exp.2,the diet formula was the same as in Exp.1.Eight gestating sows(parity 3)were assigned to 4 different diets in a replicated 4×3 Youden square design(three periods and four diets)in mid-gestation and again in late-gestation stages.Results When fed to non-pregnant and late-gestating sows,the standardized ileal digestibility(SID)of CP and most AAs from different SBM were not significantly different(P>0.05).When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for Arg,His,Lys,Phe,Cys,Gly,Ser,and Tyr in SBM 1 were lower than in SBM 4 and 5(P<0.05),whereas SID for Leu from SBM 5 was higher than in SBM 1 and 4(P<0.05).SID values for Ile,Ala,and Asp from SBM 4 were lower than in SBM 1 and 5(P<0.05).Sows had significantly greater SID values for Lys,Ala,and Asp during mid-gestation when compared with late-gestation stages(P<0.05).Mid-gestating sows had greater SID value for Val and lower SID value for Tyr when compared with non-pregnant and late-gestating sows(P<0.01),whereas non-pregnant sows had significantly greater SID value for Met when compared with gestating sows(P<0.01).Conclusions When fed to mid-gestating sows,the SID values for most AAs varied among SBM samples.The SID values for Lys,Met,Val,Ala,Asp,and Tyr in SBM were affected by sow gestation stages.Our findings provide a cornerstone for accurate SBM use in sow diets.
基金supported by the Major Science and TechnologyTechnol-ogy Projects in Gansu Province(No.22ZD6FA021-5)Industrial Support Project of Gansu Province(Nos.2023CYZC-19 and 2021CYZC-22)+1 种基金Science and Technol-ogy Project of Gansu Province(Nos.23YFFA0074,22JR5RA137,and 22JR5RA151)Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Projects(No.23ZYQA293).
文摘This study proposes a batch rapid quantitative analysis method for multiple elements by combining the advantages of standard curve(SC)and calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(CF-LIBS)technology to achieve synchronous,rapid,and accurate measurement of elements in a large number of samples,namely,SC-assisted CF-LIBS.Al alloy standard samples,divided into calibration and test samples,were applied to validate the proposed method.SC was built based on the characteristic line of Pb and Cr in the calibration sample,and the contents of Pb and Cr in the test sample were calculated with relative errors of 6%and 4%,respectively.SC built using Cr with multiple characteristic lines yielded better calculation results.The relative contents of ten elements in the test sample were calculated using CF-LIBS.Subsequently,the SC-assisted CF-LIBS was executed,with the majority of the calculation relative errors falling within the range of 2%-5%.Finally,the Al and Na contents of the Al alloy were predicted.The results demonstrate that it effectively enables the rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of multiple elements after a single-element SC analysis of the tested samples.Furthermore,this quantitative analysis method was successfully applied to soil and Astragalus samples,realizing an accurate calculation of the contents of multiple elements.Thus,it is important to advance the LIBS quantitative analysis and its related applications.
文摘Introduction: Resistance to antituberculosis drugs and adverse drug reactions remain the leading causes of tuberculosis therapeutic failure globally. Despite the increasing acceptance of medicinal plant use in combination with conventional antituberculosis drugs in treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, there is paucity of knowledge on their combination effect. Aim: This research aimed to determine combination activity of standard antituberculosis drugs with extracts of Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. & Perr. and Rubia cordifolia L., the two common antituberculosis medicinal plants in Uganda, against pansensitive (H37Rv) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Materials and Methods: Two reference MTB strains (H37Rv and MDR strain) were inoculated on Middlebrook 7H11 medium containing a combination of standard antituberculosis drugs and methanol extracts of Z. leprieurii and R. cordifolia at varying concentrations. The number of colonies on the plates was observed and counted weekly for up to 8 weeks. In vitro combination activity was determined using proportion method. Mean percentage inhibition was calculated for the reduction of number of colonies on drug-extract combination medium in relation to drug-extract-free control medium. Results: Drug-extract combinations showed good combination activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains when compared with individual standard anti-TB drugs. This was more exhibited against MDR strain. There was however a reduction in percentage inhibition when extracts were combined with ethambutol and streptomycin against H37Rv strain. Conclusions: Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Rubia cordifolia in combination with standard anti-TB drugs exhibited increased in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially MDR-TB strain. This justifies the local use of these plants in traditional treatment of tuberculosis especially in resistant cases in Uganda.
文摘The finals of the “Mo Gan Shan” National Standardization Olympiad of College Students were held on October 12-13 in Huzhou city, Southeast China's Zhejiang province.The competition was guided by SAMR, and hosted by the China Association for Standardization(CAS), China Jiliang University, and the National Standardization League of Universities. Themed “Standards lead the future, innovation fulfills dreams”, the competition aims to stimulate college students' interest and enthusiasm for standardization knowledge, and cultivate standardization talents with international vision and innovation capability.
文摘AIM:To develop normative data for meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)parameters,using non-contact meibography technique of Sirius Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici(CSO)machine,in an Egyptian population sample.METHODS:Observational,cross-sectional,analytic study,in which 104 Egyptian volunteers were included.Both upper lids were examined,using“Sirius CSO”machine.Each eyelid was given a degree of meibomian gland loss(MGL),which was calculated by the software of the machine.RESULTS:Mean percentage MGL in right upper lid was of 30.9%±12.6%,and that of left upper lid was 32.6%±11.8%.Thirty-four volunteers(32.7%)had first-degree MGL in their right upper lid,and 67.3%had second-degree loss.One volunteer(1%)had zero-degree MGL in left upper lid,28(26.9%)had first-degree loss,and 75(72.1%)had second-degree loss.Degree of MGL in right upper eyelid was not related to age,but degree of MGL in left upper eyelid increased with age.There was statistically significant difference between both genders for degree of MGL in right eye(P=0.036)and in left eye(P=0.027).CONCLUSION:Noncontact meibography is a useful non-invasive tool for diagnosing MGL.MGL is diagnosed in 100%of apparently normal individuals;26.9%-32.7%of which have first-degree MGL,and 67.3%-72.1%have second-degree MGL.
文摘Sichuan province is home to rich traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)resources.Recent years have seen unremitting efforts of TCM standardization in the province.By analyzing the measures and existing problems,this paper provides recommendations to boost TCM development through standardization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant Nos.12372073 and U20B2013)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2023-JC-QN-0030).
文摘A numerical approach is an effective means of solving boundary value problems(BVPs).This study focuses on physical problems with general partial differential equations(PDEs).It investigates the solution approach through the standard forms of the PDE module in COMSOL.Two typical mechanics problems are exemplified:The deflection of a thin plate,which can be addressed with the dedicated finite element module,and the stress of a pure bending beamthat cannot be tackled.The procedure for the two problems regarding the three standard forms required by the PDE module is detailed.The results were in good agreement with the literature,indicating that the PDE module provides a promising means to solve complex PDEs,especially for those a dedicated finite element module has yet to be developed.
文摘The Pudong New Area has followed the standardization polices of the country,vigorously implemented the standardization strategies,and fulfilled the historical mission of“serving as a pioneer of reform&opening-up and innovative development”.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under the theme“Research on urban sustainable development interactive decision-making and management technologies”[Grant No.2022YFC3802904].
文摘Given the rapid development of China’s new urbanization,cities with different locations and varying functional positioning,resource endowments,and development stages have insufficient scientific and applicable technical tools for implementing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).City managers and policymakers must urgently establish SDG benchmarks to diagnose city development.Moreover,successful experiences from similar cities regarding sustainable development and self-improvement must be learned from to promote diversified,sustainable development across the country.Furthermore,emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things,big data and 5G are widely used in smart cities.Therefore,there is a growing need for“knowledge-based,personalized and intelligent”technologies to support monitoring,evaluation,and decision-making processes facilitating sustainable development in cities.This paper uses standardization as the theoretical support and technical basis.This approach can help clarify the sustainable development processes in China and clarify the evaluation results of and provide data on horizontal city comparisons,which can be used to develop evaluation technology for sustainable development in cities and construct a standardized system.The results provide a standard framework for intelligent assessment and decision-making regarding cities’sustainable development capabilities in China.Evaluating major international standardization institutions reveals that the practices of Chinese national standards should be fully absorbed and integrated to guide the evaluation of smart,resilient,and low-carbon cities.To this end,an indicator library of city sustainable development is proposed to provide standard evaluation technology methods.Finally,analyzing the response relationship of the indicator library to SDGs reveals the need for a standardized knowledge map of sustainable development assessment techniques and methods from the perspective of integrated management for sustainable development in cities.
文摘The symposium will bring together industry leaders,policymakers,researchers and stakeholders to explore the crucial role of standards in promoting sustainable ICT practices.Standards guide the development of technologies that minimize environmental impact and enhance energy efficiency.