Comprehensive analyses of the proteome and ubiquitome revealed mechanism of high temperature accelerating petal abscission in tree peony

Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews)is a well-known ornamental plant with high economic value,but the short fluorescence is a key obstacle to its ornamental value and industry development.High temperature accelerates flower senescence and abscission,but the associated mechanisms are poorly understood.In this study,the tandem mass tag(TMT)proteome and label-free quantitative ubiquitome from tree peony cut flowers treated with 20℃for 0 h(RT0),20℃or 28℃for 60 h(RT60 or HT60)were examined based on morphological observation,respectively.Totally,6970 proteins and 1545 lysine ubiquitinated(Kub)sites in 844 proteins were identified.Hydrophilic residues(such as glutamate and aspartate)neighboring the Kub sites were in preference,and 36.01%of the Kub sites were located on the protein surface.The differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)and Kub-DEPs in HT60 vs RT60 were mainly enriched in ribosomal protein,protein biosynthesis,secondary metabolites biosynthesis,flavonoid metabolism,carbohydrate catabolism,and auxin biosynthesis and signaling revealed by GO and KEGG analysis,accompanying the increase of endogenous abscisic acid(ABA)accumulation and decrease of endogenous indoleacetic acid(IAA)level.Additionally,the expression patterns of six enzymes(SAMS,ACO,YUC,CHS,ANS and PFK)putatively with Kub modifications were analyzed by proteome and real-time quantitative RT-PCR.The cell-free degradation assays showed PsSAMS and PsACO proteins could be degraded via the 26 S proteasome system in tree peony flowers.Finally,a working model was proposed for the acceleration of flower senescence and abscission by high temperature.In summary,all results contributed to understanding the mechanism of flower senescence induced by high temperature and prolonging fluorescence in tree peony.

As a Cultural and Spiritual Homeland:Pai Hsien-yung and His Kunqu Peony Pavilion:The Young Lovers’Version

As a Cultural and Spiritual Homeland,Pai Hsien-yung and His Kunqu Peony Pavilion:The Young Lovers’Version,the new version of The Jade Hairpin,how to be the most aesthetic version,cross-border version and young version,as a sustainable development model.

Study on Thick Translation in Three English Versions of The Peony Pavilion

Thick translation is a mode of translation in which the translator seeks with annotation and accompanying glosses to help readers better understand the rich culture and language of source text. This paper attempts to analyze the degree of thick translation in three English versions of the Peony Pavilion. In comparison, different translators have adopted different degrees of thick translation according to their translation purpose. But thick translation should be proper and helpful rather than arbitrary and superfluous.

An Overview of the Achievements of Modern Research on the Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial

The current academic research on the Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial founded in 1884 has been perfected,but there is very little research on the Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial,which can be said to be derived from Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial terms of both content and form,and which was founded by the Haiist painter Wu Youru in 1890 in order to reward the increasing number of admirers,but it is still in the initial stage.Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial consisted of four parts:pictures of ladies in Shanghai costumes,news about current affairs,pictures of animals,and compilations of women,each of which was accompanied by the then popular notebooks,which were popular at the time among the then readers because of the matching of pictures with text and the mixing of narratives and discussions.This paper takes Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial as the main object,summarizes the existing literature about Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial,points out the deficiencies of the current research on this basis,and points out the development trend of Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial in the future research.

Effects of Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Fluorescence Characteristics in Peony

[ Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics in peony under water stress. [ Method ] The two peony varieties Huhong and Luoyanghong were treated by different water stress for determining the photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. [ Result ] With the aggravation of water stress, the net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and stomatal conductance （Gs） decreased, while the intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） increased. Drought could decrease Pn, constrain gas exchange and change the daily photosynthesis. Fo of peony leaf increased and Fv/Fm decreased under water stress especially water logging, causing the inactivation of the PS II reaction center, and the chlorophyll fluorescence characters gradually recovered until afternoon. [ Conclusion] The 75% soil relative water content （SRWC） is the best condition for growth of peony. Compared with drought, water logging is more unfit for the growth of peony. For the two varieties, Huhong assumed more tolerance to drought, accordingly more adaptability.

Compensatory Growth Responses to Defoliation of Peony under Different Intensity and Frequency Conditions

[Objective] It aimed to find an optimum condition for compensatory growth of peony.[Method] The different defoliation intensies and frequencies of penoy were implemented to observe accumulated aboveground biomass, regenerated bud number,stem-leaf ratio and the chlorophyll concentration change in residual leaves.[Result] When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliaton intensity was from 40%-60%,the accumulated biomass was biggest, when the defoliation frequency was conducted every 10 d once and defoliation intensity was from 60%-80% the regenerated bud number was maximum.The stem-leaf ratio of mild and moderate defoliation intensities(20%-60%) was significantly lower than that of control group.When the defoliation frequency was conducted every 20 d once and defoliation intensity was from 40%-60%,the chlorophyll concentration in residual leaves was obviously higher than that of control group.[Conclusion] The proper defoliation intensity(60%) and lower defoliation frequency(defoliation was conducted every 20 d once) were most favorable to the growth and regenerated of peony which was the compensatory growth.

Research on Current Situation,Symptoms and Protection Technological Measures of Ancient Trees in Surging Waves Pavilion,China

The paper had studied growth situation and disease symptoms of ancient trees in Surging Waves Pavilion.There were 14 ancient trees belonging to 10 genera of 9 families,with tree age of 120-260 years.These trees had been well protected generally.There were 9 ancient trees growing well,occupying 64.29%,which were Ginkgo biloba,Cupressus funebris Endl.,Podocarpus macrophyllus,Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz,Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl,Buxus sinica,and Wisteria sinensis(Sims)Sweet.There were 5 ancient trees needing to be protected preferentially,occupying 35.71%,including Ligustrum lucidum,Osmanthus fragrans and Pterocarya stenoptera.The disease symptoms were trunk rot and hollow structure.Based on these symptoms,the paper had proposed protective measures for Ligustrum lucidum and Osmanthus fragrans:① enclosing eroding holes on the trunk;② clearing up eroded woodiness on the surface of trunk,disinfecting and applying anti-corrosion protectants;③ filling eroded holes of the trunk.Protective measures for Pterocarya stenoptera included:① clearing up the inner part and interior walls;② disinfecting the inside and interior walls of holes;③ applying anti-corrosion protectants.

Construction and Cultural Analysis of Pavilion in Garden Landscape

Pavilion is a significant architectural component in traditional Chinese garden,which can not only provide a rest space for people appreciating garden views,but also play a particular aesthetic role due to its flexible architectural forms.In this study,cultural connotations and construction laws of pavilion in traditional Chinese garden were specifically analyzed,and it was believed that different cultural connotations should be given to pavilions on the basis of diversified cultural orientations.Cultural orientations are mainly to show natural functions,enhance personal quality and create poetic atmosphere.In addition,diversified styles reflect different aesthetic tastes,which should be dealt with based on construction principles,that is to say,regional and geographical differences should be fully understood;the location of pavilion should be properly designed;pavilion design should be put into the general layout of garden.Therefore,pavilion requires not only rich styles and beautiful appearances,but also full consideration about coordinated components(such as color and materials) and environment,which can achieve the organic integration of its functions and arts.

Landscape Plants Selection and Design in the Peony Garden of Xibaipo

Peony is a traditional famous flower in China.With the peony garden of Xibaipo as an example,the landscaping planning of functional divisions,the selection and design of landscaping plants for the peony garden are introduced in this study,then the landscaping plants selection and design principles are summarized.

Peony Tour in China from the Cultural and Aesthetic Perspectives

Natural and social cultural factors responsible for the popularization of peony in China were analyzed.Peony was favored by Chinese because of not only its beauty and fragrance,but also its implication of nobility and auspiciousness,thus it has always been a representative of Chinese mainstream culture and traditional aesthetic standards.Peony breeding and cultivation in 3 peony centers of China(Luoyang in Henan,Heze in Shandong and Pengzhou in Sichuan) were introduced as well as festivals regularly held in these centers.Status of peony in Chinese culture and its influence on modern flower tourism was introduced to more people,and help them to understand the relationship among peony,Chinese aesthetic complex and national personality.

Study on Nutritional Characteristics of Dianjiang Peony at Different Growth Stages

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Dianjiang peony at different growth stages.[Method] The yield,nutrient content and nutrient uptake of Dianjiang peony at different growth stages and available nutrient content in soil were investigated by field survey and indoor chemical analysis.[Resuit] The results showed that biomass,leaf weight,tender stem weight and cortex moutan weight （yield） of 1-4 years old peony exhibited a significant quadratic regression relationship with the cultivation duration.The average content and uptake of 12 nutrients in leaves exhibited an overall order of Ca＞N＞K＞Mg＞S＞P＞Fe＞Mn＞ Zn＞Cu,which was consistent to that in tender stems.However,the average content and uptake of various nutrient elements in cortex moutan exhibited an overall order of N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞P＞S＞Fe＞Zn＞Cu＞Mn,which was different from that in leaves and tender stems.In addition,the average content and uptake of various nutrient elements in petioles exhibited an overall order of Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞S＞P＞Fe＞Mn＞Zn＞Cu.The content of organic matter in soil of Dianjiang peony at different growth stages varied greatly; to be specific,contents of N,S,Mn and Zn were higher.[Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for the production of high-quality and high-yield peony.

审美“东方式”在Peonies and Ponies中的运用略观

哈罗德·阿克顿爵士在抗日战争前来华,国内评论界对他的Peonies and Ponies(《牡丹与马驹》)关注鲜少,且多从其特殊时代寓意与文化救赎观着手分析。在Peonies and Ponies的行文背后,隐藏着一种审美"东方式"写作模子,带着来自异域的"他者"眼光,将西方价值观哺育而成的观照系渗入对中国风物的摹写中。将以文本细读方式对审美"东方式"的运用、及阿克顿对它的个性化表现形式进行阐析,并探析该写作模子与现实断层背后所荫蔽的文化思想成因。

Microencapsulation of Peony Oil

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the microencapsulation of peony oil. [Method] Using [5-cyclodextrin, Arabic gum and soy protein as the wall materials and by the preparation technology of peony oil through spray drying, we conducted single factor experiments and orthogonal experiment analysis of the tech- nical parameters of peony oil microencapsulation. [Result] The optimal parameters of peony oil microcapsule preparation were acquired. The ratio of three wall materials （~5-cyclodextrin, Arabic gum, and soy protein） is 3：1：2, the solid content is 35%, the ratio of core-wall material is 3：1, emulsifier dosage is 0.2%, and the embedding rate of peony oil reaches 92%. [Conclusion] This technology produced the highest em- bedding rate and it laid the foundation for further development of peony oil.

Effect of exogenous GA3 on flowering quality, endogenous hormones, and hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression in forcing-cultured tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）

Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression.Exogenous GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering quality.Exogenous GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)levels.To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also performed.The results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other species.Phylogenetic trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of P.suffruticosa was closely related to Vitis vinifera.The expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also investigated.Most of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 treatment.The results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of GAs.Furthermore,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.

Light shading improves the yield and quality of seed in oil-seed peony(Paeonia ostii Feng Dan)

Tree peony seed is unique for its super-high content of unsaturated fatty acid and is thus considered as an important source of woody oil. However, photosynthetic production is greatly reduced under high light intensity and air temperature during the seed filling period, which negatively affects seed yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine if appropriate shading improves yield and quality of seed in oilseed peony. In this study, oilseed peony trees were shaded by different density polyethylene nets from four weeks after flowering to harvest stages to form light, moderate, and severe shadings, equivalent to about 80, 40, and 20% of full solar exposure, respectively. The effects of different shadings on some physiological parameters, yield and yield components, and nutritional composition of seed were examined. Averaged across two years, light shading increased the actual net photosynthetic rate（P_n） by 16.8%, the maximum net photosynthetic rate（P_（max）） by 81.4%, chlorophyll（Chl） content by 52.8%, auxin（IAA） content by 38.1%, and gibberellic acid（GA_3） content in leaves by 6.3%; it decreased the accumulation of H_2O_2 in leaves by 24.8%, malondialdehyde（MDA） by 22%, and endogenous abscisic acid（ABA） by 8.8%, indicating that leaf senescence in late season was considerably delayed. Light shading increased seed yield, and contents of crude fat and unsaturated fatty acids by 9.7, 5.6, and 9.6%, respectively, while moderate or severe shading significantly reduced all the three parameters. Light shading increased seed weight, but moderate or severe shading reduced seed weight or follicle density. The improved seed yield under light shading was mainly due to increased seed weight, while the reduced seed yield under moderate or severe shading was mainly attributed to reduce follicle density and seed weight. The improved seed weight and content of unsaturated fatty acids under light shading was possibly due to the delayed leaf senescence. The overall results indicated that light shading is beneficial to yield and quality parameters of seed in oilseed peony. Cultivating oilseed peony under a light shading environments such as partially closed forests would better increase total output and income per unit land area than that under full solar exposure.

Molecular characterization of chalcone isomerase (CHI) regulating flower color in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)

Chalcone isomerase （CHI） is a key enzyme that converts yellow chalcone to colorless naringenin, playing an important regulatory role in color formation of ornamental flowers. We determined the coding sequence of CHI in herbaceous peony using rapid-amplification of cDNAends （RACE） technology, and subsequently detected the expression pattern of CHI in the inner and outer petals at different developmental stages using qRT-PCR. We cloned the upstream promoter sequences of CHI using genome walking technology and predicted the location of CpG islands and 5＇ truncation. In addition, we con- structed five dual-luciferase reporter gene carriers and detected the promoter activities of different fragments. Our results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of CHI was 898 bp, and the 5＂-upstream core promoter was located at -1 651 to -2050 bp region, where contained one CpG island （-1 897 to -2010 bp） and several important binding sites of transcription factor, such as Spl, serum response factor （SRF）, activating protein （AP）-2alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein （C/ EBP）alpha. Expression results showed that the expression of CHI at different developmental stages was generally higher in inner petals than those in outer petals, and the maximum at the bud stage （S1）. Thus, this study will provide theoretical basis for an in-depth study of CHI gene function and expression regulation.

RAPD-PCR Analysis on Genetic Relationships Between Cultivars of Tree Peony

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze genetic polymophism of 35 Tree Peony cultivars with 7 different color groups. Thirty four primers amplified 418 DNA fragments and 337 polymorphic bands (80.6%), including specific DNA markers for 18 cultivars that could be used to differentiate cultivars. The UPCMA method was used to analyze the genetic relationship among cultivars. The results showed that 35 Peony cultivars could be divided into 2 cluster groups when using similarity criteria of 1.5, and into 4 cluster groups when using similarity criteria of 1.0. The result confirmed that the flower color has no relation to the genetic clusters and the Tree Peony cultivars originated from the same area has close genetic relationship. Therefore, genetic background has no large effect on the genetic relationship. The sequence based on polymorphic rate from high to low was Blue groups > Yellow groups > Bark red groups > Blake groups > White groups>Green groups>Red groups.

Effects of total glucosides of peony on immunological hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To study the effects of total glucosides of peony (TGP) on immunological hepatic fibrosis induced by human albumin in rats.METHODS: Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: Normal group, model group, TGP (60 and 120 mg/kg) treatment groups and colchicines (0.1 mg/kg) treatment group. On the day before the rats were killed, those in TGP or colchicine groups received TGP or colchicine as above from the first day of tail vein injection of human albumin. The rats in normal and model groups were only administered with the same volume of vehicle. At the end of the 16th wk, rats in each group were killed. Blood and tissue specimens were taken. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), nitric oxide (NO), content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), were measured by biochemical methods. Serum procollagen type Ⅲ (PC Ⅲ) and laminin (LN) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Liver collagen level was determined by measuring hydroxyproline content in fresh liver samples. Hepatic tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined under a light microscope.RESULTS: Histological results showed that TGP improved the human albumin-induced alterations in the liver structure, alleviated lobular necrosis and significantly lowered collagen content. The antifibrotic effect of TGP was also confirmed by decreased serum content of LN and PCⅢ in TGP-treated group. Moreover, the treatment with TGP effectively reduced the hydroxyproline contentin liver homogenates. However, the level of ALT and AST increased in fibrotic rat but had no significance compared with normal control, whereas the ratio of A/G decreased without significance. TGP had no effect on level of ALT, AST and the ratio of A/G. Furthermore, TGP treatment significantly blocked the increase in MDA and NO, associated with a partial elevation in liver total antioxidant capacity including SOD and GSH-px.CONCLUSION: TGP has beneficial effects on hepaticfibrosis in rats by inhibition of collagen synthesis and decreasing oxidative stress.