Radial mixing and segregation of granular bed bi-dispersed both in particle size and density within horizontal rotating drum

Taking simultaneous variations in both particle volume and density into account, the radial mixing and segregation of binary granular bed in a rotating drum half loaded were investigated by a 3D discrete element method. Then, based on the competition theory of condensation and percolation, radial segregation due to differences in particle volume and/or density was analyzed. The results show that if either percolation effect induced by volume difference or condensation effect induced by density difference dominates in the active layer of moving bed, separation will occur. Controlling the volume ratio or density ratio of the two types of particles can achieve an equilibrium state between percolation and condensation, and then homogenous mixture can be obtained. When the percolation balances with the condensation, the relationship between volume ratioand density ratiopresents nearly a power function. Scaling up a rotating drum will not affect the mixing degree of the granular bed so long as the volume ratio and density ratio are predefined.

TC4表面TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为研究及第一性原理计算

目的综合评估涂层性能、延长压气机叶片的使用寿命,进行TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的热腐蚀行为机制研究。方法进行了完整TiN/Ti涂层及冲蚀后TiN/Ti涂层300℃/120h的热腐蚀实验,腐蚀介质为95%(质量分数)Na_(2)SO_(4)+5%(质量分数)NaCl。冲蚀实验采用形状不规则的SiO_(2)颗粒,冲蚀角为45°,冲蚀速度为130 m/s,供砂速率为6.4 g/min。建立了完整TiN涂层、表面具有孔洞的TiN涂层及表面具有Ti液滴的TiN涂层3种第一性原理腐蚀计算模型。结果TiN/Ti涂层热腐蚀后,液滴处发生氧化并且变得疏松;样品切割边缘产生腐蚀锈迹,最终出现鼓包和裂纹;冲蚀后,涂层表面的完整性受到破坏,相较于未冲蚀区域,冲蚀坑周围更容易出现腐蚀。在热腐蚀过程中,SO_(4)^(2-)中的O和完整TiN涂层中的Ti以及液滴中的Ti电子云团接触,存在电荷转移及成键倾向,具体为Ti失电子、O得电子,腐蚀主要发生在SO_(4)^(2-)中的O与Ti之间。结论第一性原理计算结果与热腐蚀的实验结果相一致,第一性原理计算结果可以从微观上反映液滴和孔洞等缺陷对涂层热腐蚀行为的影响,能够为分析涂层的热腐蚀机制提供理论依据。

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.

IN718镍基高温合金熔体脱氮和TiN析出热力学研究

低氮含量可控制TiN夹杂物生成,从而提高镍基高温合金冶金质量和综合性能。通过比较镍基和铁基金属液中标准吉布斯自由能和合金元素对N、Ti活度相互作用系数的差别,指出镍基和铁基中两套不同的热力学数据,二者不能混用。以目前已有的镍基高温合金的热力学参数建立了IN718合金脱氮热力学模型,得出在满足其他冶炼条件的前提下,适当降低温度和提高真空度以降低氮气分压是降低合金液中氮含量的直接手段,以及不同合金元素加入对脱氮的不同影响。同时,建立TiN析出的热力学模型以及偏析模型,计算结果得出,在IN718的生产温度1450℃条件下,控制合金液中的w[N]在43.69×10^(-6)以下,凝固过程中溶质元素N、Ti在液相中富集TiN析出,计算析出温度为1468 K,此时固相分率fs为0.829。若要控制固相分率fs分别在90%或95%以上才会析出TiN夹杂物,w[N]需分别控制在25.00×10^(-6)和15.00×10^(-6)以下。

Factors affecting thin coal seam shearer drum coal-loading performance by a model test method

To solve the problem of a low coal-loading rate being exhibited by the drum shearer on Chinese thin coal seams,systematic tests and research were performed to study the pivotal factors’influences on drum coal-loading rate using a model test method.The effects of the drum hub diameter,cutting depth,vane helix angle,drum rotation speed and hauling speed on drum coal-loading rate were determined under circumstances of coal-loading with drum ejection and pushing modes,and reasons for these phenomena were analyzed.The results indicate that the influence of the drum cutting depth on the drum coal-loading rate is the most significant.The parameters of hub diameter,drum rotation speed and hauling speed can influence the drum coal-loading rate by cutting the coals’filling rate in the drum.The parameters of vane helix angle and drum rotation speed can influence drum coal-loading rates by influencing the ratio of cutting coals’tangential and axial speed in the drum.The coal-loading rate with drum ejection is clearly higher than that observed with drum pushing.Research in this study can provide support to design the drum structure and select drum operational parameters for a thin coal seam shearer.

Effect of moving baffle on average velocity and mixing of binary particles in rotating drums

Adding a moving baffle to the drum is a new way to enhance the motion and mixing of particles in rotating drums.To obtain its influence on binary particles,horizontal rotating drums provided with a moving baffle were investigated by discrete element method(DEM).AtΩ=15 r/min,increasing the length of moving baffle can increase the fluctuation amplitude of average particle velocity.AtΩ=60 r/min,the influence of the moving baffle on the average velocity fluctuation tends to be more random.At both rotational speeds,the moving baffle causes the average particle velocity to fluctuate more sharply.The moving baffle can enhance particle mixing.AtΩ=15 r/min,the moving baffle with length ofδ=1/3 can best enhance particle mixing.However,atΩ=60 r/min,only the moving baffle with a specific length(δ=1/4)can enhance mixing.This basic research has a positive reference value for the application of the moving baffle in industry.

基于机械干态颗粒涂层技术制备cBN@TiN粉体

采用机械干态颗粒涂层技术分别制备了cBN@TiO_(2)(TiO_(2)包覆立方氮化硼)粉体和cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)(TiO_(2)+碳包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,然后在1600℃、N_(2)气氛下进行高温热处理制备cBN@TiN(TiN包覆立方氮化硼)粉体,研究了高温热处理前后粉体的物相组成与微观形貌以及高温反应机理。结果表明:机械干态颗粒涂层技术可以使纳米TiO_(2)和纳米TiO_(2)+C颗粒均匀包裹在cBN颗粒表面。在高温热处理过程中,TiO_(2)与cBN反应生成液相B_(2)O_(3),促进了cBN相变成六方氮化硼(hBN),cBN的高温稳定性差,以cBN@TiO_(2)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成由TiN相和hBN相组成的片状结构层;当存在碳时,TiO_(2)会优先与碳发生还原反应生成TiN,抑制B_(2)O_(3)的生成,从而降低cBN相变量,此时cBN的高温稳定性好,以cBN@(TiO_(2)+C)为原料制备的cBN@TiN粉体颗粒表面形成主要为TiN相的颗粒结构层。

Analysis on vertical steering vibration of drum shearer cutting part

The impact of the load on the shearer is mainly transmitted through cutting part.In this paper,in order to get the vertical steering vibration characteristics of the cutting part of the drum shearer,the working condition of coal mining machine is simplified.A simplified vertical steering model and the simplified vibration model of the whole cutting part of shearer are established.The vertical steering vibration process of the cutting unit is simplified into a single freedom and one forced vibration system under harmonic excitation.The dynamic response of the cutting part under sine excitation is obtained by using Matlab/Simulink for modeling and simulation.The influence of the support rigidity and damping of the high oil cylinder on the vertical steering vibration characteristics of the cutting part is analyzed.The results show that the damping of the cylinder can reduce the vibration of the system and the stability of the swing process of cutting the part is improved.

镁处理对TiN液析行为的影响

为研究镁处理对钛微合金钢在凝固过程中TiN液析行为的影响,采用真空感应炉冶炼了试验钢.利用SEM-EDS结合图像处理软件,分析铸坯径向不同位置处镁处理钢对比非镁处理钢中夹杂物的成分和尺寸变化,并用FactSage软件对夹杂物的形成和析出进行了计算.结果表明:钢中TiN夹杂均在凝固前沿的液相中生成.氮含量增加,凝固过程中TiN的析出温度升高和析出量增加,并对后续Ti4C2S2和MnS的析出产生影响.非镁处理条件下,铸坯1/4处和中心处TiN夹杂的平均粒径分别为2.48和2.11μm,镁处理后,尺寸分别降为1.50,1.45μm和1.48,1.38μm,数密度也有所增大.添加微量Mg,MgO·Al_(2)O_(3)即可稳定存在于钢中并在钢液降温过程中成为TiN的凝固核心,促使TiN夹杂分布弥散,减少了大尺寸TiN的生成.

不同黏度合成油下CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学特性研究

目的探究在不同黏度合成酯润滑油的作用下,CrN/TiN多层薄膜的摩擦学性能及协同润滑机制。方法选用聚α烯烃(PAO)与三羟甲基丙烷辛癸酸酯(TME)复配,得到不同黏度梯度的合成油。利用全自动黏度测定仪、倾点测试仪、开口闪点测定器和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分别对合成油的运动黏度(40、100℃)、倾点、闪点和表面官能团进行表征。利用反应磁控溅射技术在316不锈钢和单晶硅片基底表面制备CrN/TiN多层薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪和FIB-TEM表征手段对薄膜的微观结构进行分析,并用纳米压痕仪和划痕仪测试了薄膜的力学性能。利用球-盘式摩擦试验机表征薄膜在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,利用XPS对摩擦实验后的磨痕元素价态进行表征。结果CrN/TiN薄膜具有典型的面心立方结构(FCC)、异质多层结构,且其硬度可达32.2 GPa。在干摩擦条件下,与裸316基体相比,经表面镀制CrN/TiN薄膜后平均摩擦因数由0.95降至0.71,磨损深度由25.0μm降至16.8μm。在合成油作用下,316不锈钢-GCr15钢球(钢-钢摩擦副)、CrN/TiN多层薄膜-GCr15钢球(CrN/TiN多层薄膜-钢摩擦副)2种摩擦配副的摩擦因数和磨损率随着合成油黏度的增加均呈现降低趋势,且在同一黏度条件下薄膜试样的磨损率更低。结论CrN/TiN多层薄膜在PAO与TME复配获得的一系列不同黏度合成油的作用下,随着合成油黏度的增加,薄膜的磨损率和磨损深度逐渐下降,其减摩抗磨性能得到显著提升。通过磨痕表面的XPS分析可知,合成油中极性的酯基吸附在滑动界面,增强了油膜的承载性能,从而减缓了对偶间的摩擦阻力。

Investigation of solids segregation of binary mixtures in a rotating drum at various Froude numbers

To investigate the effect of the Froude number(Fr)on solid segregation in a rotating drum,a two dimensional mathematical modelling on solids behaviour in horizontally oriented rotating drums operated in rolling,cascading and cataracting modes has been carried out by using Euler-Euler multi-fluid model in Fluent6.2 environment.Small particles and big particles are used in the work as binary mixtures to investigate segregation characteristics.The effect of Froude number(rotating velocity)on the flow field is investigated.It is found that the model captures the main features of solids motion and segregation in the drum and numerical results agree well with limited experimental data for solid velocity.

Power Generation Systems Using Continuous Blowdown Waste Heat from Drum Boilers Driving an Organic Rankine Cycle

提出了一种利用汽包锅炉排污系统余热的有机朗肯循环发电系统,有机工质回收扩容器疏水的热量,并通过气轮机发电。建立了系统的热力性能分析模型,并对R227ea、RC318、R236ea、R245fa、R245ca、R123和R113等7种工质的热力性能进行了优化。结果表明,临界温度高的工质,其o2循环的最佳主气温度（蒸发温度）反而低；亚临界循环采用干流体时,过热不利于余热的利用；超临界循环可以改善热源与工质间的温度匹配,有利于增大系统输出功,但是其运行压力高、大比热区的传热恶化等问题是实际运行和设计需要考虑的因素；R236ea的热力性能优于其余6种工质。

稀土Ce对BT700L钢中TiN夹杂物形成的热力学分析

汽车大梁钢主要用作重卡汽车底盘上的纵梁、衬梁、横梁等结构件,钢的综合性能对整车的行驶安全和使用寿命至关重要。大尺寸的TiN夹杂物严重危害BT700L钢的加工和使用性能,而稀土能够改善钢中夹杂物数量、形态,提高钢的低温冲击、耐腐蚀性能等。文章基于工业试验和热力学计算,研究了稀土Ce对BT700L钢中TiN夹杂物形成的影响。研究结果表明,不加Ce的BT700L钢中形成的主要是纯TiN夹杂物和复合Al-O+TiN夹杂物,而加Ce后BT700L钢中形成的主要是纯TiN夹杂物和复合Ce-Al-O(-S-Ca)+TiN夹杂物。热力学计算结果表明BT700L钢中随Ce含量增加,TiN夹杂物的析出温度会降低,从而抑制了TiN夹杂物的析出。可采取降低钢中氮和钛含量、增大凝固速率等方式降低TiN夹杂物的尺寸。

TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13微观组织和力学性能影响

为细化ZGMn13的组织,并提升其使用效果。采用TiN纳米陶瓷作为添加剂,以ZGMn13为基体材料,采用吹氩法制备了添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样,并对试样进行了固溶处理;使用扫描电子显微镜观察了TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13试样微观组织的影响;使用布氏硬度、冲击和磨粒磨损等试验设备,对试样的力学性能、摩擦磨损性能进行测试与研究。结果表明:通过吹氩法加入的TiN纳米陶瓷对ZGMn13的晶粒起到了明显的细化作用,同时组织中的连续网状碳化物也被明显地分散和隔断。添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样的冲击吸收能量和硬度均有所提升。在试验条件下,添加TiN纳米陶瓷的ZGMn13试样的磨损量降低21.1%,耐磨性明显提高,摩擦磨损性能得到改善。

磁过滤电弧离子镀TiN与N离子注入性能研究

目的研究磁过滤电弧离子镀TiN与N离子注入对金属基体的保护效果。方法采用磁过滤电弧离子镀和离子注入在不锈钢表面分别制备了TiN薄膜与N注入改性层,以及二者的复合膜层。对薄膜的相结构、微观形貌进行了表征,对薄膜进行了极化曲线测试,同时在半球样品表面制备涂层并进行盐雾测试。结果所制备的TiN涂层为(111)晶面择优取向,离子注N预处理后沉积的TiN薄膜,仍保持(111)面的择优取向;电化学测试结果显示,TiN和N离子注入能够使不锈钢基体自腐蚀电位分别提高0.64、0.25 V,TiN薄膜具有最低的维钝电流密度4.9×10^(-6) A/cm^(2),N离子注入+TiN复合薄膜的维钝电流密度与N离子注入样品接近;盐雾试验结果表明,TiN以及N离子注入+TiN复合薄膜样品能够保证铜半球在12h的中性盐雾试验中无明显腐蚀痕迹。结论N离子注入预处理对MFAIPTiN涂层耐蚀性能的提升效果有限,单一的MFAIP TiN涂层便可应用于复杂形状的工程材料表面镀膜,可以增强其抗腐蚀能力,延长使用寿命。

Taxonomic Study of Five Parasitic Polypores of the Hymenochaetaceae Family of TIN Vegetation in Western Burkina Faso

The aim of this work is to inventory and study the lignicolous parasitic macrofungi of the Tin plant formation. The mycological outings from July to September 2018 and 2019, collected forty-four (44) basidiomes through a random sampling device over an area of 40,000 m2 including 1000 m long by 40 m2 wide. The standard methods and techniques used in mycology for taxonomic studies were used to describe and classify the carpophores collected in three families: Hymenochaetaceae, Ganodermataceae and Polyporaceae, into eight genera: Onnia (4.55%), Amauroderma (4.55%), Ganoderma (20.45%), Phellinus (52.27%), Inonotus (4.55%), Phellinopsis (6.82%), Grammothele (2.27%) and Trametes (4.55%). The genera Phellinus and Ganoderma were the most abundant. Finally, eight species were identified: Inonotus cf. ochroporus, Inonotus cf. pachyphloeus, Phellinus cf. cryptarum, Phellinus cf. hartigii, Phellinus cf. hippophaecola;Phellinus cf. robustus, Phellinus cf. igniarius, et Amauroderma cf. fasciculatum. Seven fungal species belong to the family Hymenochaetaceae and only the species Amauroderma cf. fasciculatum is a Ganodermataceae. However, all these fungal species are shown to be parasites of trunks and/or branches of the following woody: Parkia biglobosa (50%), Anogeissus leiocarpus (25%), Annona senegalensis (12.5%) and Mangifera indica (12.5%). Authors attest that the presence of phytoparasitic polypores in a plant formation is an indicator of aging hence the urgency to put in place the appropriate measures to safeguard and restore Tin’s plant formation.

TiN/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层的优化设计及热稳定性评价

目的太阳能选择性吸收涂层是太阳能热利用的核心材料。方法采用磁控溅射法制备Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)太阳能选择性吸收涂层,测定红外反射层Ti N、吸收层Ti NO的折射率n、消光系数k,对Ti N层建立Tauc-Lorentz模型进行数据迭代优化拟合,对Ti NO层建立Drude模型进行数据迭代优化拟合。通过TFCalc光学镀膜设计软件,设置连续目标在300~1500 nm光谱区反射率低于5%,得到软件优化的反射率曲线、各层的最优厚度,确定优化的工艺参数。利用UV-VIS-NIR、FTIR、SEM、XRD、EDS、AFM和XPS表征优化涂层的光学性能、评价热稳定性。结果优化后的涂层,吸收率为0.906、发射率为0.0852;经265℃、600 h热处理后,涂层的吸收率和发射率分别为0.933和0.1033,PC值小于0.01。随热处理时间的增长,α有小幅上升;热处理时间对ε的影响较小;这与表面Si O_(2)氧化物薄膜层在一定程度上阻止了晶粒的长大有关。热处理后,发现涂层表面局部位置有少量的小坑,但涂层的表面成分不变。非晶基质Si O_(2)和Ti O_(2)的再结晶是吸收率提高的主要原因;热处理后的涂层表面非常致密,粗糙度的降低有利于阻碍氧原子向内层的扩散,可以有效提高涂层的热稳定性。结论优化的Ti N/TiNO/SiO_(2)涂层,选择性吸收性能及热稳定性得到有效提高,具有较好的实际应用前景。

烧结温度对无压液相烧结TiN陶瓷组织与性能的影响

以微米级TiN粉体为原料,纳米级Y2O3和Al2O3粉体为液相烧结助剂,采用无压液相烧结工艺制备TiN陶瓷,研究了烧结温度(1700~1850℃)对TiN陶瓷显微组织、力学性能和电学性能的影响。结果表明:不同烧结温度下陶瓷均由TiN、YAG(Y3Al5O12)和YAM(Y4Al2O9)三相组成;当烧结温度低于1800℃时,TiN相分布均匀,YAG和YAM相较少,当烧结温度为1800℃时,TiN晶粒长大,YAG和YAM相增多。随着烧结温度的升高,TiN陶瓷的相对密度、维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度均先增大后减小,开口气孔率和电阻率均先减小后增大。当烧结温度低于1800℃时,陶瓷的断裂方式以沿晶断裂为主,当烧结温度不低于1800℃时以穿晶断裂为主。当烧结温度为1800℃时,TiN陶瓷的综合性能最佳,其相对密度、维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度均最大,分别为98.3%,13 GPa,420 MPa,6.1 MPa·m^(1/2),开口气孔率和电阻率均最小,分别为0.12%和3.04×10^(-7)Ω·m。

真空热处理对不锈钢表面TiN薄膜结构及性能的影响

为提高不锈钢材料在海洋环境中的耐腐蚀能力,采用磁控溅射技术在304不锈钢表面沉积TiN薄膜,并在不同温度下对其进行真空热处理,研究热处理温度对TiN薄膜结构及性能的影响。结果表明:适当的真空热处理可提高304不锈钢表面TiN薄膜的结晶度及致密性,缓解其残余应力。与未处理薄膜相比,500℃真空热处理后薄膜内部应力可降低87%,与基底的结合强度提高78%,其腐蚀电流密度由2.42×10^(-6)A/cm^(2)降低到4.43×10^(-7)A/cm^(2),腐蚀电位由-0.247 V提高到-0.044 V,耐腐蚀性能明显提升。

喷砂时间对TiCN/α-Al_(2)O_(3)/TiN涂层金属陶瓷刀片表面状态和磨损性能的影响

采用化学气相沉积法在金属陶瓷基体表面沉积了MT-TiCN/α-Al_(2)O_(3)/TiN涂层,再对CVD涂层金属陶瓷刀片进行喷砂处理,分析经不同喷砂时间处理后的涂层金属陶瓷刀片的表面形貌、力学性能以及耐磨性能。结果表明:喷砂时间对涂层金属陶瓷刀片表面的冲蚀程度影响较大。未经喷砂处理的涂层表面粗糙度较高且存在较大的残余拉应力,而喷砂处理后的涂层金属陶瓷刀片的表面粗糙度与表面残余应力大幅下降,且表面硬度和耐磨性大幅提高。当喷砂时间为10s时,涂层金属陶瓷刀片获得了最低的表面粗糙度,与未喷砂的涂层刀片相比,表面残余拉应力降低了85%。基于不同喷砂时间处理后的涂层表面粗糙度、硬度、残余应力以及后刀面磨损形貌,得到的最佳喷砂时间为10s。