This paper mainly studies the Japanese policy, especially the Positive List System and Health Quarantine System, on the Chinese agricultural products exports, taking the frozen vegetable for example. The authors carry...This paper mainly studies the Japanese policy, especially the Positive List System and Health Quarantine System, on the Chinese agricultural products exports, taking the frozen vegetable for example. The authors carry out studies on the related polices, consider the non-policy factors, making comparative analysis among the three countries: China, the USA and Thailand, utilizing trade gravity model. Finally the authors present suggestions to the breaking of the trade barriers.展开更多
Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right...Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.展开更多
The dual agency relation and lack of effective incentive and restraint mechanism make stock right structure of China's listed companies special.This special stock right structure will inevitably exert direct and p...The dual agency relation and lack of effective incentive and restraint mechanism make stock right structure of China's listed companies special.This special stock right structure will inevitably exert direct and profound influence on formulation of cash dividend policies.Based on the 2007 to 2010 data of China's agricultural listed companies and focusing on the stock right structure,this paper selected 6 indicators and the BP ANN to build the cash dividend policy identification model,in the hope of helping investors accurately predict influence of stock right structure on cash dividend policies,so as to reduce investment risk to some extent.展开更多
Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered...Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered by the United Network of Organ Sharing(UNOS),a not-for-profit organization governed by the United States human health services.We reviewed the evolution of liver transplant allocation policies.Prior to 2002,UNOS used Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to list and stratify patients for liver transplantation(LT).After 2002,UNOS changed its allocation policy based on model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.The serum sodium is the independent indicator of mortality risk in patients with chronic liver disease.The priority assignment of MELD-sodium score resulted in LT and prevented mortality on waitlist.MELD-Sodium score was implemented for liver allocation policy in 2016.Prior to the current and most recent policy,livers from adult donors were matched first to the status 1A/1B patients located within the boundaries of the UNOS regions and donor-service areas(DSA).We reviewed the disadvantages of the DSA-based allocation policies and the advantages of the newest acuity circle allocation model.We then reviewed the standard and non-standard indications for MELD exceptions and the decision-making process of the National Review Liver Review Board.Finally,we reviewed the liver transplant waitlist,donation and survival outcomes in the United States.展开更多
This study evaluated the impacts of food safety policies on Japan's Simultaneous Buy and Sell rice imports through measuring tariff equivalents of food safety policies.In order to construct an estimated model,a Ja...This study evaluated the impacts of food safety policies on Japan's Simultaneous Buy and Sell rice imports through measuring tariff equivalents of food safety policies.In order to construct an estimated model,a Japanese consumer's utility function is introduced and developed with consumer's preference parameters and elasticity of substitution.In the empirical study part,Japan's positive list system and rice traceability were analyzed and assessed as critical food safety policies.Results showed that after the implementation of the positive list system,consumers'preference for foreign rice and the substitution elasticity diminished.This decreasing tendency was quite similar to the results after the enforcement of rice traceability.The tariff equivalents of food safety policies on imported rice fluctuated around ¥50 yen/kg from fiscal year 2000 to 2005 and decreased because of the global grain price hike after 2006.The tariff equivalents soared in 2010,which was induced by the traceability regulation,and then dulled during Japan's earthquake and tsunami in 2011.Subsequently,after the recovery from natural disasters,the tariff equivalents of food safety policies became higher.Therefore,food safety policies had made imported rice less attractive,weakened the competitive power of rice exporting countries,and had statistically significant impacts on Japan's rice importation.展开更多
文摘This paper mainly studies the Japanese policy, especially the Positive List System and Health Quarantine System, on the Chinese agricultural products exports, taking the frozen vegetable for example. The authors carry out studies on the related polices, consider the non-policy factors, making comparative analysis among the three countries: China, the USA and Thailand, utilizing trade gravity model. Finally the authors present suggestions to the breaking of the trade barriers.
文摘Human rights refer to the basic rights to which every person is entitled based on his or her nature and dignlty under certain social and historical circumstances. Simply put, the term means that everyone has the right to live and develop in a free and equal manner.
文摘The dual agency relation and lack of effective incentive and restraint mechanism make stock right structure of China's listed companies special.This special stock right structure will inevitably exert direct and profound influence on formulation of cash dividend policies.Based on the 2007 to 2010 data of China's agricultural listed companies and focusing on the stock right structure,this paper selected 6 indicators and the BP ANN to build the cash dividend policy identification model,in the hope of helping investors accurately predict influence of stock right structure on cash dividend policies,so as to reduce investment risk to some extent.
文摘针对四旋翼无人机的悬停控制及轨迹跟踪问题,利用近端策略优化算法来控制四旋翼飞行器,通过强化学习训练神经网络,将状态直接映射到四个旋翼,是一种用于在未知动态参数和干扰下控制任何线性或非线性系统的技术。基于回报塑形技术(The reward shaping of RL),提出了一种新颖的奖励函数,相比传统的PID算法,可以使无人机飞行更迅速且平稳。实验表明,四旋翼无人机可以以高精度高平稳的性能从三维中的定点悬停及轨迹跟踪,精度高达97.2%;文中的位置控制器具有泛化性和鲁棒性。
文摘Liver transplant allocation policies in the United States has evolved over 3 decades.The donor liver organs are matched,allocated and procured by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network which is administered by the United Network of Organ Sharing(UNOS),a not-for-profit organization governed by the United States human health services.We reviewed the evolution of liver transplant allocation policies.Prior to 2002,UNOS used Child-Turcotte-Pugh score to list and stratify patients for liver transplantation(LT).After 2002,UNOS changed its allocation policy based on model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score.The serum sodium is the independent indicator of mortality risk in patients with chronic liver disease.The priority assignment of MELD-sodium score resulted in LT and prevented mortality on waitlist.MELD-Sodium score was implemented for liver allocation policy in 2016.Prior to the current and most recent policy,livers from adult donors were matched first to the status 1A/1B patients located within the boundaries of the UNOS regions and donor-service areas(DSA).We reviewed the disadvantages of the DSA-based allocation policies and the advantages of the newest acuity circle allocation model.We then reviewed the standard and non-standard indications for MELD exceptions and the decision-making process of the National Review Liver Review Board.Finally,we reviewed the liver transplant waitlist,donation and survival outcomes in the United States.
基金This work was supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CUMT(Project No.2017WA02).
文摘This study evaluated the impacts of food safety policies on Japan's Simultaneous Buy and Sell rice imports through measuring tariff equivalents of food safety policies.In order to construct an estimated model,a Japanese consumer's utility function is introduced and developed with consumer's preference parameters and elasticity of substitution.In the empirical study part,Japan's positive list system and rice traceability were analyzed and assessed as critical food safety policies.Results showed that after the implementation of the positive list system,consumers'preference for foreign rice and the substitution elasticity diminished.This decreasing tendency was quite similar to the results after the enforcement of rice traceability.The tariff equivalents of food safety policies on imported rice fluctuated around ¥50 yen/kg from fiscal year 2000 to 2005 and decreased because of the global grain price hike after 2006.The tariff equivalents soared in 2010,which was induced by the traceability regulation,and then dulled during Japan's earthquake and tsunami in 2011.Subsequently,after the recovery from natural disasters,the tariff equivalents of food safety policies became higher.Therefore,food safety policies had made imported rice less attractive,weakened the competitive power of rice exporting countries,and had statistically significant impacts on Japan's rice importation.
