How Presence Affects College Students’Online Learning Outcomes:Unveiling Its Underlying Mechanism

Over the past few years,China’s higher education institutions have experienced remarkable growth in online teaching.However,it remains uncertain whether and how the sense of presence perceived by students affects their online learning outcomes when teachers use online teaching media for communication.This sense specifically pertains to the extent to which students perceive themselves as“real persons”and establish connections with others.Therefore,this study constructs a conceptual model elucidating the impact of presence on students’online learning outcomes and empirically examines the mechanism through which three types of presence influence students’online learning.The test results of the structural equation modeling(SEM)indicate that:(a)teaching presence,social presence,and cognitive presence all exhibit significantly positive outcomes on students’online learning outcomes;(b)these three types of presence can also indirectly and positively influence students’online learning outcomes through the mediating effect of flow experience and learning satisfaction;and(c)flow experience and learning satisfaction play a sequential mediating role in the process by which presence impacts students’online learning outcomes.We hope that the relevant research findings may contribute to unveiling the“black box”of the impact of presence on students’online learning outcomes and offer valuable insights for college educators to overcome online teaching constraints and enhance online teaching quality.

Spatial Multi-Presence System to Increase Security Awareness for Remote Collaboration in an Extended Reality Environment

Enhancing the sense of presence of participants is an important issue in terms of security awareness for remote collaboration in extended reality.However,conventional methods are insufficient to be aware of remote situations and to search for and control remote workspaces.This study pro-poses a spatial multi-presence system that simultaneously provides multiple spaces while rapidly exploring these spaces as users perform collaborative work in an extended reality environment.The proposed system provides methods for arranging and manipulating remote and personal spaces by creating an annular screen that is invisible to the user.The user can freely arrange remote participants and their workspaces on the annular screen.Because users can simultaneously view various spaces arranged on the annular screen,they can perform collaborative work while simultaneously feeling the presence of multiple spaces and can be fully immersed in a specific space.In addition,the personal spaces where users work can also be arranged through the annular screen.According to the results of the performance evaluations,users participating in remote collaborative works can visualize the spaces of multiple users simultaneously and feel their presence,thereby increasing their understanding of the spaces.Moreover,the proposed system reduces the time to perform tasks and gain awareness of the emergency in remote workspaces.

Beyond Video Quality:Evaluation of Spatial Presence in 360-Degree Videos

With the rapid development of immersive multimedia technologies,360-degree video services have quickly gained popularity and how to ensure sufficient spatial presence of end users when viewing 360-degree videos becomes a new challenge.In this regard,accurately acquiring users’sense of spatial presence is of fundamental importance for video service providers to improve their service quality.Unfortunately,there is no efficient evaluation model so far for measuring the sense of spatial presence for 360-degree videos.In this paper,we first design an assessment framework to clarify the influencing factors of spatial presence.Related parameters of 360-degree videos and headmounted display devices are both considered in this framework.Well-designed subjective experiments are then conducted to investigate the impact of various influencing factors on the sense of presence.Based on the subjective ratings,we propose a spatial presence assessment model that can be easily deployed in 360-degree video applications.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first attempt in literature to establish a quantitative spatial presence assessment model by using technical parameters that are easily extracted.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can reliably predict the sense of spatial presence.

Absent in melanoma 2 attenuates proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis of human colorectal cancer cells by activating P38MAPK signaling pathway

Colorectal cancer(CRC)stands among the top prevalent cancers worldwide and holds a prominent position as a major contributor to cancer-related mortality globally.Absent in melanoma 2(AIM2),a constituent of the interferoninducible hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear antigens with 200 amino acid repeats protein family,contributes to both cancer progression and inflammasome activation.Despite this understanding,the precise biological functions and molecular mechanisms governed by AIM2 in CRC remain elusive.Consequently,this study endeavors to assess AIM2’s expression levels,explore its potential antitumor effects,elucidate associated cancer-related processes,and decipher the underlying signaling pathways in CRC.Our findings showed a reduced AIM2 expression in most CRC cell lines.Elevation of AIM2 levels suppressed CRC cell proliferation and migration,altered cell cycle by inhibiting G1/S transition,and induced cell apoptosis.Further research uncovered the participation of P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(P38MAPK)in AIM2-mediated modulation of CRC cell apoptosis and proliferation.Altogether,our achievements distinctly underscored AIM2’s antitumor role in CRC.AIM2 overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis of CRC cells via activating P38MAPK signaling pathway,indicating AIM2 as a prospective and novel therapeutic target for CRC.

The Contribution Margin due to a Limiting Factor in the Presence of Several Sales Options: Actuality Is Not Always As It Appears at the Beginning of the Analysis

The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sales options for one or more products in the presence of a limiting factor.The continuation of the investigation often denies the initial analysis.Not everything is as it appears,therefore,at the beginning of the deepening of the data useful for economic decisions.As it is well known,the choices of profitability concerning the planning of the sale of company products take place,at least in the majority of cases,through the determination of the contribution margin,i.e.the profitability margin connected to the individual goods/services sold by the companies(selling price net of variable costs).The contribution margin can be determined with four objectives:(1)Determination of the yield of the single product,net of variable costs only.In this case,the margin defines unitary,from net product yield to unitary contribution margin.(2)Determination of the return on total sales of an individual product,net of variable costs.In this hypothesis,reference is made to the first level(or gross)contribution margin.(3)Determination of the ability of the individual product to contribute to the coverage of fixed costs common to the company.This margin is determined net of special product variable and fixed costs.This aggregate is defined as a Level II(or semi-gross)margin.(4)Determination of the useful value in the planning choices in case of presence of scarce productive factors.In this case,it must identify the so-called unitary margin for low factor.Here we will only deal with the problem of the use of the contribution margin in the presence of rare factors.To complete the analysis,below are some very brief considerations regarding,respectively,the unitary,level I,and level II contribution margin in order to better understand where the problem of the most convenient choice of income is located in the event of the presence of rare production factors,especially in an environment characterized by a plurality of sales options.

一种新的Presence建模方法

在分析Presence信息特征的基础上，提出了Presence模型的建模需求和功能目标，并指出：信息共享、隐私保护以及信息融合要求对信息提供一致的管理方式，可通过建立Presence信息模型来解决这一问题，信息模型的建立应该直观和易用。根据建模需求对适用的建模方法进行了比较，建立了一种新的面向普通应用开发者的混合建模方法，结合图形化建模和本体建模的优点，在建模过程引入了模型驱动结构（MDA）方法和工程化思想，标准化的表达方式和规范的建模步骤保证了建模的质量。

面向移动互联网的Presence/IM机制研究

以Presence/IM为代表的OTT业务具有实时在线、随时随地沟通的便利性成了移动互联网时代的应用热点.在当前电信标准体系中,Presence/IM实现机制分为SIMPLE和XMPP两大类,但这两类协议制定较早,在流量、功耗及传输上都没考虑移动互联网的特点,本文将在分析SIMPLE和XMPP协议的基础上,提出一种基于订阅/发布模型的移动互联网Presence/IM机制并给出具体实现,并重点阐述多终端同时在线情况时的消息路由机制.最后将本文提出的协议与SIMPLE和XMPP进行了对比分析.

基于SIP协议的Presence服务的研究

Presence服务是多媒体会议、即时消息等网络应用中的一项重要服务。SIP协议可以很好的作为一种Presence协议来实现presence服务,本文通过SIP协议的SUBSCRIBE、NOTIFY和扩展的PUBLISH方法,使用SIP协议的事件通知机制设计了一个基于SIP协议的Presence服务系统。

3G网络中的Presence业务

在介绍Presence业务总体特征的基础上,通过业务场景说明业务的具体应用,简单阐述了Presence业务的网络结构,最后介绍了目前国内外研究情况以及展望Presence业务发展前景。

Presence服务中授权机制的研究

随着IP通信业务的发展,Presence业务在通信系统中起着越来越重要的作用。用户发布的Presence信息包含越来越多的私人信息和敏感信息,Presence服务器需要经过发布者授权后才能把Presence信息发布给观察者。针对授权规则问题IETF提出了两种解决方法:Watcher Info机制和XCAP机制。本文主要介绍基于SIMPLE的Presence服务系统中两种机制的实现方法,对比分析两种机制的优缺点,在此基础上分析两者的发展前景。

基于P2P-SIP的Presence业务

即时通信作为一种通信形式受大众喜爱。本文简单说明了当前即时消息软件的不足,通过分析标准SIP协议的技术优势和P2P网络的良好特性。提出了较为稳定、安全、易于扩充的Presence业务模型。

Robotic Electrotactile Feedback Glove for Tele Presence System

Progress is described regarding the development of a new electrotactile feedback glove designed for application to dexterous robot. The sensitivity of operator's finger against electrical stimulus pulse is considered. It is found that frequency, duty ratio, and voltage amplitude of electrical stimulus pulse determine the sensitivity of finger. The effects of materials, sizes, arrangements and shapes of electrodes on sensitivity of finger are analyzed. Finally, the tactile tele presence system is designed to experimentally confirm that the robot with electrotactile feedback glove can manipulate dexterous robotic multi fingered hand and identify and classify three sorts of objects.

基于IMS的Presence服务器的设计及实现

介绍了IMS中Presence业务体系架构,以及在该架构中的Presence服务器的位置和功能要求,并提出了一个设计方案,介绍了实现过程中的关键问题的解决思路和实现算法。

IMS中基于Presence生活导航系统的设计与实现

生活导航系统LPS(Life Presence System)是将Presence的机制扩展到呈现日常生活相关的事物状态变化的应用中,并提供交互式的操作完成用户行为的导航。文章描述了生活导航系统的主要应用场景以及应用的前景,介绍了IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem)中基于Presence业务能力的生活导航系统的网络结构以及功能,提出了LPS系统的详细实现方案,并对系统实现的关键技术进行了分析。

基于SIP协议的Presence/IM技术研究与进展

随着互联网的迅速发展和IMS系统的逐渐成熟,基于SIP协议的Presence/IM业务研究和应用日趋增多.Presence/IM业务的需求带来了一系列的问题,而标准的制定工作更是首当其冲.IETF提供了很多规范来支持基于SIP协议的Presence/IM功能,这些规范被称为SIMPLE.本文详细分析了SIMPLE所涉及的规范和标准,并结合SIP事件扩展和IMPP协议总结了SIMPLE提供的具体功能,同时按照规范的功能进行了分类,并说明了这些规范之间的关系.论文还讨论了Presence/IM技术未来的研究方向和发展趋势.

Small-Scale Self-Focusing of Intense Laser Beams In the Presence of Vector Effect

We extend Bespalov-Talanov (B-T) theory on small-scale self-focusing (SSSF) to include vector effect of a very narrow intense laser beam with application of the vector self-focusing model. The gain spectrum for perturbations is obtained by using the standard linear instability analysis. It is shown that the influence on SSSF of vector effect is closely related to the beam width. For a very narrow beam, the role played by vector effect becomes significant, it reduces the fastest growing frequency and the maximum growth rate, and shortens the frequency range for perturbation growing, and thus deviates the gain spectrum from that of B-T theory.

Presence服务中资源列表业务模型的设计与实现

随着终端个数的增多,呈现(Presence)服务中的点对点订阅会引起数据量偏大、终端频繁订阅等诸多问题。资源列表服务通过订阅列表的方式很好的解决了这个问题。在参考SIMPLE标准的基础上提出一种资源列表业务模型实现框架,详细讨论了列表订阅机制及其设计原理,设计并实现了一种资源列表服务器(RLS)。经过测试,该服务器能正确完成列表订阅,性能良好,很好地解决了终端频繁订阅的问题。

Presence of Antibodies to Heat Stress Proteins and its Possible Significance in Workers Exposed to High Temperature and Carbon Monoxide

Antibodies to the ubiquitous group of stress proteins known as heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been found to be associated with a number of diseases in humans. Hsps are known to be induced by certain xenobiotics, some of which are common in the working environment. The biological significance of the presence of such autoantibodies is presently unclear. In the present study, we used immunoblotting to investigate the presence of antibodies against the different stress proteins, Hsp27, Hsp60, Hsp71, Hse (heat shock cognate ) 73 and Hsp89a and D in groups of workers exposed to high temperature or carbon monoxide. These data were related to a detailed clinical evaluation and to various laboratory measurements including electrocardiogram (ECG), B echogram, white blood cell counts and typing, the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lymphocyte DNA damage. Antibodies to Hsp27 and Hsp71 were found more frequently in the high temperature and carbon monoxide-exposed groups than in controls (P (0.05 ). The carbon monoxide-exposed group showed the highest incidence of anti-Hsp antibodies. Anti-Hsp60 antibodies were only detected in workers exposed to high temperature or carbon monoxide. The percentage of workers with abnormal ECG, B echogram changes and displaying hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg ) was higher in the carbon monoxide group than in the control group (P＜0.05 ).There was a significant inerease in the activity of ALT in the high temperature and carbon monoxide groups and in the activities of ACP and ALP in the carbon monoxide group (P＜0.05 ). The extent of DNA damage measured in lymphoeytes was higher in workers from the high temperature and carbon monoxide-cxposed groups. We suggest that the increased frequeney of antibodies to Hsps is the result of these damages, of the release of denatured Hsps and of a decrease in the phagocytic ability of macrophages in these workers. The data gathered in the present study show a statistical relation between the occurrence of antibodies against Hsps and the frequency of health problems in workers and suggest a potential role for the antibodies as useful biomarkers to assess whether workers are experieneing environmental stress

Investigating Social Presence in Audio and Text Online Interaction for Language Learning

This study aimed at comparing the level of social presence generated in a voice-based chat room and a text-based forum when learners tried to build personal relationships and form an online community for learning on an online language course in China. A mixed-method approach was taken for the study, drawing on data from questionnaires to find out about student perception of social presence, and postings of text messages and audio messages in the communication of the student learning process to search for students’ projected social presence in terms of affective, interactive and cohesive features. Interviews were also conducted to supplement additional information with the hope of forming a complete picture of social presence in the reality of an online learning environment. The text-based forum and the voice-based chat room were found to have a different impact on student social presence. In terms of student perception, most of them were more likely to get to know peers in the text-based forum and thus developed a sense of community in their learning process of the online course. Yet they believed that the voice-based chat room had the advantage of helping them with course learning. In the actual interaction, the voice-based chat room was more interactive although the text-based forum was more affective and cohesive. But in terms of the affective category, the problem with the existing framework in literature was that there were no prosodic features included. Therefore, in future more research is needed to probe for the relationship between prosodic sound features and social presence, and the present theoretic framework must be extended. In interviews, students explained that in the voice-based chat room prosodic features led to higher peer awareness, which further reinforced this need.

Social Presence and Implications for Designing Online Learning Communities

With the rapid global proliferation of the Internet and telecommunication networks, online education, one form of distance education is currently becoming the fastest growing trend of domestic and international education. A major challenge to designing online learning is the development of appropriate means to facilitate the social environment that is critical for higher order learning in many disciplines. In many online learning designs, the majority of resources are channeled to web interface design and technology, while little or no resources are devoted to facilitating the teaching and learning process, the negotiation of meaning and the validation of knowledge among peers and instructors that depends on a conducive socio-cultural environment and adequate learner support.