Geodynamics of the South Balkan and Northern Aegean Regions Driven by the Westward Escape of Anatolia

The Plio-Quaternary deformation pattern of the northern Aegean and south Balkan regions is interpreted as an effect of the interaction between the Anatolian-Aegean-Pelagonian system (Tethyan belt), undergoing westward extrusion and strong deformation, and the surrounding plates (Nubia, Europe and Adriatic). Since the middle-late Miocene, the collision of the Tethyan belt with the continental Adriatic domain has caused strong E-W shortening in the outer Hellenides and Albanides, also involving the southward extrusion of the Peloponnesus wedge, at the expense of the Ionian oceanic domain. The roughly E-W extension recognized in the western South Balkan zones (Macedonia and eastern Albania) is related to the divergence between the Pelagonian belt (Albanides and Hellenides) and the Rhodope-Moesia domain. Stressed by the westward displacement of the central Anatolian plateau and by the southward bowing of the Cycladic Arc, the northern Aegean zone has contemporaneously undergone E-W compression and N-S extension, which has generated a series of dextral shear faults, delimiting a number of slats. The westward displacement and deformation of such slats can explain the morphological features of the northern Aegean zone. During this phase, the push of the central Anatolian plateau also caused the separation of the Rhodope massif from the Moesian European domain, with the consequent formation of the upper Thrace basin. This hypothesis can explain the Plio-Quaternary compressional deformations recognized in a sector of the North Anatolian fault system, the Ganos-Gelibolu zone. The proposed geodynamic/tectonic interpretation may help to explain some features of the time-space distribution of major earthquakes in the study area.

海外中国当代文学翻译与研究的理论反思

本文从“不可翻译”的“世界文学”全球史视野下的“欧洲地方化”和巴尔干与克里奥尔三个方面,对海外中国当代文学的翻译与研究展开理论反思。当代文学七十年的翻译经验是世界文学流动的某种面向,既是关于中国当代文学传播切实的翻译历史,更是牵一发而动全身的“翻译史”。而海外中国当代文学研究,则体现了学术共同体的理念,其中包含了西方理论与中国文本的关系等分歧性的话语。我们应该将中国文学或欧洲话语都视为相互关联的、既是地方化也是全球化的知识。海外与本土的中国当代文学研究,形成全球视野中并发与互文的研究形态。中国当代文学海外传播的复杂性,还可以借助于巴尔干化和克里奥尔化两种不同的权力构型加以阐释,从而努力发展出一种混杂化的当代文学海外传播研究论述范式。

奥运全球传播的发展、困境与前景

奥运全球传播是在全球体育传播的理论体系下发展出来的,是以奥运会为对象和介质,以奥运竞赛项目、奥运精神和奥运品牌等为核心传播内容,以商业化、媒介化为特色的全球体育传播类型。研究发现,奥运全球传播的发展包含奥运竞赛项目、奥运品牌、奥运民族主义与商业化、奥运去精英化与倡导性别平等以及奥运媒介技术的全球传播五方面内容。如今奥运全球传播面临泛政治化、过度商业化和唯媒介化带来的负面影响。研究认为,奥运全球传播有传播内容趋向异质化、传播影响趋于易染化、传播媒介趋近“巴尔干化”等发展前景。

From Cooperation to Confrontation:The Collapse of the Reform Concept Led by Austria-Hungary and Russia in Macedonia(1903-1908)

As two major Great Powers in the geopolitics of the Balkans,the relationship between Austria-Hungary and Russia directly affected the stability of the political situation in Europe and the Balkans.At the beginning of the 20th century,the Austro-Russian cooperation dominated the Macedonian reforms,but with the deepening of the reforms,the structural contradictions between the two countries were fully exposed,and the original cooperative relationship went to a rupture.This drastically changed relationship became an important factor in the restructuring of relations between the Great Powers and the Balkan states before the First World War.

Archaeological Mineralogy and the Dawn of Gemmology:Prehistoric(7th-5th Millennium BC)Gem Minerals and Gold from the Balkans（South-East Europe）

The territory of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe is reviewed, from the point of gemmology, as the cradle of gem and decorative minerals and metals in European prehistory. During the local Neolithic period (end of 7 th -6 th millennium BC), as material for tools or for beads, nephrite (with the earliest known Balkan nephrite culture), jadeite-omphacite and quartz (different varieties) were introduced to make pendants and idols. Large quantities of copper and gold artifacts are known since the Chalcolithic period (5 th millennium BC)(unique for the region;the largest in number of gold artifacts is the Varna I Chalcolithic necropolis in Bulgaria). The gemmological materials in the Balkans are known for malachite, antigorite serpentinite, turquoise, rock crystal, carnelian, jasper, jet and obsidian. In the Varna I necropolis (mid 5 th millennium BC) are recorded the first known complex faceted carnelian beads with 32 facets, as well as some of the most important gemmological techniques and procedures such as faceting, tumbling, annealing, miniaturization and standardization. As pigments for pottery, cinnabar, graphite and gold were used in different prehistoric sites. The earliest salt production in the Balkans is known from sites in Romania and Bulgaria, and because of its trade, salt is positively linked to a population rich with prestigious goods. The introduced possible Chalcolithic weight unit “van”(2 carats) is supposed to be the earliest known in prehistoric times.

Managing Health Risks during the Balkans Floods

Floods have always had and will continue to have significant consequences for society. In May 2014, there was widespread flooding in the Balkans affecting Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. The aim of this article is to show that resilient and proactive health systems that anticipate needs and challenges are more likely to reduce risks and respond effectively during emergencies, saving lives and alleviating human suffering. The method draws on multiple sources of information, including a Balkan case study questionnaire survey with public health professionals involved in response to floods (n = 18) from three affected countries, and focus group discussion results (n = 43) presented at the meeting on “Prevention, preparedness and response to reduce or avoid health effects of flood events”, held in Bonn, Germany, in October 2015. The proposed range of measures to protect population health, organized around flood prevention, preparedness, response and recovery listed issues and considerations largely corresponds to the identified needs by Member State requests, following the Balkan country experiences. The consideration of lessons for early warning, preparedness and response and the integration of research results would lead to improved preparedness measures to better prevent flooding risks. Experiences in the WHO European Region point to a need to shift the emphasis from disaster response to long-term risk management.

Transition Process in the Western Balkans: How Much Successful Is This Story?

The last enlargement of the European Union put Western Balkans countries into focus of integration, and thus the countries became an area where future integration is expected. Future enlargement of the European Union depends on the success of the previous EU accession, as well as on the achieved results of the transition process in the Western Balkans, since these countries are not on the same level as the developed European countries or new member states. The region contains small countries that are at different stages on their road towards membership. Transition is a comprehensive process of economic and political reforms that creates many shocks in the economy, and when this process occurs in a politically unstable and war environment, as the case being with the Western Balkans, the results may be very unfavorable. Formal agreements improved the relations between these countries and the European Union, thereby had an influence on risk reduction and increased business transparency, resulting in a growing interest of foreign investors for the region. Despite increased investments in the region and rapid economic growth, Western Balkan countries have only 21 (Albania) and 52% (Croatia) of the average European Union Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, indicating the need for faster implementation of reforms and individual involvement of countries into the process of European integration. There is a significant development gap between Western Balkan countries, so observing the region as a whole and applying a singular strategy in the sense of its economic leveling and the process of EU accession would have a negative impact on Croatia, as the most developed country of the region.

The Music in Uludag University From Asia to Balkans

This paper is about the results of the project, ＂The Music in Uludag University from Asia to Balkans＂. In this project, cultures and traditional music of foreign students who are educated in Uludag University were searched. The students who also play or sing their music were chosen from Indonesia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, and Bosnia Herzegovina. They had studied and practiced music for six weeks. In May 2015, they introduced their music with big organization host in campus concert hall organized by Uludag University, Turkish State and Relatives Community Applications and Research Center. These chosen students introduced their countries with their music and at the end of the concert in this research the outcomes and results of multicultural activity were examined. This paper was presented at 2015 West East Institute Academic Conference and the full paper was published at proceeding book.

The Territory and the Respect for Borders,as a Condition for the Peace and Stability in the Balkans

States cannot be considered as such,if lacking these two elements:their population and their territory.The territory of a state consists of what is called the opportunity for development,advancement,and well-being of its citizens.But territories cannot be considered occupied or not,unless people live in them.Thus,people,not territories,are the object and subject of conquests and rulers,of governance and self-governance.All Balkan conflicts are caused by disputes over territories.They are often referred to as ethnic or religious conflicts,but,in fact,they were and they still remain conflicts over territories.These conflicts neither were nor appeared as civil wars for social or religious reasons,but they were ethnic wars.Therefore,the establishment and continuation of the peace process depends both on mutual respect of the Balkan states for their territorial integrity,as well as on respect for minorities.The current discussion on the modification of the Kosovo borders,as well as the tendency that Serbia gains territories from Kosovo in exchange for resolving the Albanian-Serbian conflict,is a precedent for a new chain of conflicts in the Balkans.The reasons why there can be no such solution to the conflict between Kosovo and Serbia are numerous.But the main one is that all states would gain the right to change borders in favor of creating ethnically purified societies.Any change of borders in Europe,but also elsewhere sets a precedent for further changes.The aim of this paper is to lay the argument why the modification of borders between Kosovo and Serbia has no ground in the international law and,to make clear the danger that such modification produces for the peace,stability,and security in the Balkans and beyond.

Mimis Souliotis： A Poet with Balkan Historical Coordinates

Mimis Souliotis, who was a poet, belongs to the lyrical generation of the 70＇s, a typically ＂urban＂, literary period in the sense that poetry is part of a neo-realist framework along the lines of its great ancestors, Cavafy and Karyotakis. M. Souliotis deviates from the ＂urban poetry＂ of his prominent fellow-craftsmen. Despite of his having been brought up and nurtured in big cities （Athens, Thessaloniki）, his poetry has northwestern coordinates and focuses on Florina, his long-term domicile. As part of the northwest region of the Balkanian Macedonia, Florina is the main spacial work stream of his poetry, a reference field that is not only geographical but also deeply historical and existential. The provincial heartland of the Balkanian Macedonia enlarges upon his work repeatedly＇either as a geophysical landscape and as a river network, or as a climatic reality, as a historical reference and cultural tradition at times and, more often than not, as a linguistic impact, provided that there are several Slavic place names in his poetry. The Balkanian province is neither M. Soulioti＇s nostalgic reminiscence nor a painful flashback and, simultaneously, a redeeming feature in the past. It is nothing but his vividly experienced era, across his whole space-time fluidity. The ubiquitous use of rural area in M. Soulioti＇s poetry is not either a sightseeing ＂aspect＂ or a self- governed geographic entity but pure History and Language. He is interwoven with historical experiences and linguistic idioms from The Dust of Time＇an ontology and existence, not bound to national geographical lines. It is a perpetual and indissoluble Balkan anthropology experienced as part of an everyday reality

Beginnings of Modern Urbanity and Architectural Expression： The Balkan Tale of Northern Greece

The urban consciousness under foreign domination is a complex issue, especially when the reporting period is the 19th century, the century of great social, ethnic, and economic changes in Europe. The issue is further complicated in the case of the Balkans, during the latter period of Ottoman rule. But how did certain cities manage to emerge from rural or suburban enslaved routine and develop a European urbanity？ An urbanity expressed itself as lifestyle （habits, costumes, entertainment）, as art and as formation of the urban environment and architecture. The State pushed for modernization by the Great Powers, ethnic communities with parent countries seeking to differentiate themselves from their “backward” conquerors, economic opportunities through trade and new visual observations by penetration of European countries and companies： all this would create suitable conditions for an unprecedented urbanization. This shift in the quality of life was clearly expressed in the new architecture, which always continued, as ever, to reflect the cultural activity. The transition from vernacular architecture to historicism and eclectism would capture the most characteristic moment of the beginning of urbanization in northern Greece.

The Evolution of the EU‟s Security Model Through the Lenses of the Balkans

As the world stage evolves,the EU has faced multiple security challenges in terms of instability and geostrategic competition starting in its back yard.Since the end of the Cold War,the security model of Europe has been evolving as a response to internal as well as to external challenges.The Balkans has since played a key role in the European security system and governance.However,the Western Balkans remains fragile,and the external pressures and internal divisions could deliver fresh instability to the region.Thus,this scenario forms a fit-for-purpose case study to test the EU‟s future security model.It can be argued that the EU has the power of adaptation and growth,although its internal malfunctions have scrutinised its influence in the region and beyond,while other great powers urge to fill the power vacuum.As a result,a quantum leap forward in EU leadership appears to be critical.This article first outlines the EU‟s deepening and widening security sector.Second,it examines the weaknesses and strengths of the EU‟s current security model.It then observes the role and perspectives of the region's key strategic allies and competitors:the United States,Russia,and China.Finally,it discusses the EU‟s future model.

Seeing the Balkan War Through the Memoirs of the Battle of Gallipoli

The twentieth century features numerous phenomena remarkable for Turkish history. Such wars as the Trablusgarp （Turco-ltalian） War （1911）, the Balkan War （1912-1913）, World War I （1914-1918）, and National War of Independence （1919-1922） caused traumas that remain vivid in the minds of Turkish people and at the time devastated their psychological well-being and social lives. However, military and social disappointment caused by the Balkan War played an important part in invigorating and motivating soldiers to fight in the Battle of Gallipoli, which cleansed the taint caused by the Balkan defeat and reminded Turkish soldiers of their glorious past. The current study attempts to reveal how the shame caused by the Balkan defeat disappeared in the trenches at the Battle of Gallipoli. To this end, wartime writings, memoirs, and diaries were analyzed and evaluated. The primary concern of this study is comparison of how these two battles featured in the memoirs and/or reports or columns written by officers, soldiers, and intellectuals who participated in and witnessed the two wars.

西巴尔干次区域合作的演进与评估:以欧洲一体化为中心

冷战结束后较长一段时间里,由于缺乏内部条件和外部推力,西巴尔干次区域合作几无进展。在欧盟1996年开始调整地区政策特别是2003年将西巴尔干成员整体纳入扩大进程后,西巴尔干次区域合作机制显著增多。在约64个次区域合作机制中,有欧盟主导并促其与欧洲一体化趋同的合作机制,也有欧盟成员国倡导并使其与欧洲一体化协同的合作机制,还有由部分成员自主创设、与欧洲一体化进程不完全同步的合作机制,如开放巴尔干倡议和西巴尔干四方机制。西巴尔干次区域合作深受地区内部问题和外部国际环境的双重影响,欧盟的意愿和能力起到联结作用。换言之,在欧洲乃至全球地缘政治加剧博弈的情形下,西巴尔干次区域合作的形态还会不断演化和分化,其与融入欧洲一体化的关系也将变得更加复杂。

欧盟西巴尔干政策与阿尔巴尼亚加入欧盟的进程及前景

冷战结束以后,欧盟就如何与西巴尔干地区这个巴尔干半岛的次级区域国家建立联系一度没有清晰的战略。1999年科索沃战争爆发后,出于维护欧洲大陆安全和稳定的考虑,欧盟启动了与西巴尔干国家的稳定与联系进程,决心以共同价值理念、经济援助和提供入盟前景等手段,将西巴尔干地区作为一个整体纳入欧洲一体化进程。阿尔巴尼亚地处西巴尔干地区,自冷战结束以来,阿尔巴尼亚一直以“回归欧洲”、加入欧盟为目标,在民主化转型之路上不断实现现代化国家的构建。阿尔巴尼亚从2009年开始申请加入欧盟,但在满足欧盟设定的“条件性”要求上还存在诸多障碍。尽管阿尔巴尼亚进行了一系列改革,但与以哥本哈根标准为主的一系列欧盟条件性原则仍相距甚远,始终徘徊在欧盟的边缘。阿尔巴尼亚最终何时入盟不仅取决于欧盟自身扩大和吸纳的能力,还在于阿尔巴尼亚自身的“达标”程度。

Buildingtypolo of Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans

This paper aims to establish a unified typology for the culturally significant kulla stone houses built in the cross-border region of Kosovo,Albania,and Montenegro during the 18th and 19th centuries.Despite some attempts at typological categorisation on the national level,a joint typology for this region currently needs to be improved.Based on existing literature and field research,the paper identifies the specificities of different geographical locations while validating the core attributes common to all typological variations.The findings suggest that the joint typological classification of kulla in the Balkans should primarily be based on architectural elements and,to some extent,setting,building materials and techniques,while functional composition is consistent across all types.The paper argues that defining a common typology for the Albanian kulla stone houses in the Balkans is crucial for evaluating,preserving,and developing kulla as serial properties and for their future regional development.

信息空间巴尔干化现象探析

以互联网技术为代表的信息逻辑空间,呈现出类似于地理空间的各种巴尔干化现象。文章在对目前信息空间的巴尔干化研究综述的基础上,系统分析了各种巴尔干化现象,将信息空间巴尔干化划分为正面效应和负面效应并分别进行研究,为今后构建和谐、健康和有序的信息传播、扩散和共享生态系统对策的制定指明了方向。

信息技术的社会巴尔干因果分析

以因特网为代表的信息、通讯技术消除了地理壁垒,使处于远距离的个体或群体之间的沟通成为可能,即信息技术消除了传统的地理空间巴尔干。然而,由于人类存在有限理性,以及信息凸增长、乃至大爆炸的出现,通讯、信息技术并不能真正地形成一个全球性的沟通网络。相反,信息技术在成功消除地理空间巴尔干的同时,却不可避免地生成了逻辑空间巴尔干;并且这种逻辑空间巴尔干是基于个体兴趣、学科专业、社会地位以及观点的。本质上,个体偏好关系是导致生成逻辑空间巴尔干的原因。本文描述了空间巴尔干隶属度、信息资源相似度,介绍了逻辑空间巴尔干生成的条件。

美国大都市区政治的巴尔干化与政府体制改革

自 2 0世纪初以来 ,美国城市的郊区化发展十分迅猛 ,郊区政府实体急剧增多 ,造成了美国大都市区政治上的巴尔干化 ,从而为解决大都市区的各种问题产生了不利的影响。为了解决巴尔干化所造成的问题 ,美国学术界乃至政府机构进行了大量的研究 ,提出了各种改革方案 ,许多地方政府还采取了各种改革措施。但由于问题的复杂性 ,这些改革收效甚微 ,目前仍然处于探索之中。