Gradient‑Layered MXene/Hollow Lignin Nanospheres Architecture Design for Flexible and Stretchable Supercapacitors

With the rapid development of flexible wearable electronics,the demand for stretchable energy storage devices has surged.In this work,a novel gradient-layered architecture was design based on single-pore hollow lignin nanospheres(HLNPs)-intercalated two-dimensional transition metal carbide(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene)for fabricating highly stretchable and durable supercapacitors.By depositing and inserting HLNPs in the MXene layers with a bottom-up decreasing gradient,a multilayered porous MXene structure with smooth ion channels was constructed by reducing the overstacking of MXene lamella.Moreover,the micro-chamber architecture of thin-walled lignin nanospheres effectively extended the contact area between lignin and MXene to improve ion and electron accessibility,thus better utilizing the pseudocapacitive property of lignin.All these strategies effectively enhanced the capacitive performance of the electrodes.In addition,HLNPs,which acted as a protective phase for MXene layer,enhanced mechanical properties of the wrinkled stretchable electrodes by releasing stress through slip and deformation during the stretch-release cycling and greatly improved the structural integrity and capacitive stability of the electrodes.Flexible electrodes and symmetric flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors capable of enduring 600%uniaxial tensile strain were developed with high specific capacitances of 1273 mF cm^(−2)(241 F g^(−1))and 514 mF cm^(−2)(95 F g^(−1)),respectively.Moreover,their capacitances were well preserved after 1000 times of 600%stretch-release cycling.This study showcased new possibilities of incorporating biobased lignin nanospheres in energy storage devices to fabricate stretchable devices leveraging synergies among various two-dimensional nanomaterials.

The Application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Landscape Architecture Engineering

With the recently rapid development of engineering information construction in China, building information modeling(BIM) has become increasingly widely used in engineering field, but its application in landscape architecture engineering is still in its infancy, which needs further research. This study introduced the operating mechanism of BIM, focused on the application of BIM in the whole life cycle of landscape architecture engineering, and pointed out the problems of the application of BIM in landscape architecture engineering, with a view to providing theoretical support for the scientific construction management of landscape architecture engineering.

ARCHITECTURE MODEL AND RESOURCE GRAPH BUILDING ALGORITHM FOR DETAILED FPGA ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA architecture description model is proposed based on an easy-to-use file format known as YAML. This format permits the description of any detailed architecture of hard blocks and channels. Then a general algorithm of building FPGA resource graph is presented. The proposed model is scalable and capable of dealing with detailed architecture design and can be used in FPGA architecture evaluation system which is developed to enable detailed architecture design. Experimental results show that a maximum of 16.36% reduction in total wirelength and a maximum of 9.34% reduction in router effort can be obtained by making very little changes to detailed architectures, which verifies the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Neuroscience for Architecture:How Building Design Can Influence Behaviors and Performance

The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent findings in neuroscience that can be useful to architecture.Knowing the working patterns of the brain and how space affects cerebral functions can help architects design buildings that improve the user’s behavior,performance and well-being.The built environment has a direct impact on the human brain.Social relations,focus,cognition,creativity,memory and well-being can be influenced by the surrounding physical space.Although it is not possible to create the perfect room,the space can be used in a strategic way,depending on the task that individuals are supposed to do there and depending on the people(age,gender,culture)who will make use of the space.Schools can be designed in a way to improve cognition,learning and memorization;hospital buildings can help improving recovery;workspaces can improve performance,creativity and collaboration.Above all,all spaces of long occupation should be designed in a way to improve well-being.How can architecture change automatic behaviors and nudge people to behave in a healthier way?Can architects create buildings and cities that improve socialization and happiness?Can criminality levels drop due to changes on the way the environments are designed?These are some of the questions that will be discussed in this paper.

A Brief Analysis of Energy Conservation Ways by Building Materials for Ecological Architecture

The development of society and economy in China is bringing growth to all industries. In particular, the development of China’s building industry has attracted much attention. Building materials are an important part of and widely used in the building industry. Energy conservation by building materials has become an inevitable way of sustainable development. Centering on the building industry, this paper mainly discusses in detail the energy conservation ways by ecological architecture and building materials.

Environmental Strategies for Design of Sustainable Buildings in Technique of Green Eco-Architecture

Architecture is defined as a symbiosis of function, aesthetics, technology and economics. This paper introduces the concept of development of technology in architecture for a sustainable society. The concept is based on a systemic link building-climate-energy. The scientific analysis of this link allows us to define three technical levels of modern architecture. The lowest level is represented by low energy architecture that gives priority to the element of energy. Climate is defined only by physical parameters here. It is characterized by the production of emissions that deplete the Biocapacity of the Earth. Higher level of architecture is represented by green architecture which gives equal priority to both energy and ecology. Climate is defined by physical and chemical parameters here. It is characterized by the tendency of reduction of emissions production and move towards environmentally clean energy, material and water sources. Sustainable architecture represents the target program of development of human settlements in the interaction of society-energy-ecology. It is characterized by the balance of categories nature-man-technology and by minimizing the emissions production to the extent of their coverage by the Earth＇s ecosystems. This paper introduces design strategy for green building. The basic structure of the strategy defines, and internal structure of the strategy emphasizes, principles and concepts of green buildings. In this strategy, the vital role is played by renewable energy sources as a production technology of the capital provided to man by nature.

Preparation, Structure and Properties of 3D Supramolecular Architecture, on the Basis of Hydrogen Bonds and π-π Stacking Between 2D Layers, with Windmill Building Blocks

A novel three-dimensional（3D） supramolecular architecture, {[Nd（OH-BDC）（OH-HBDC）（H2O）2]·2HaO）n（1） （OH-H2BDC=5-hydroxyisophthalic acid）, which was formed through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking between two-dimensional（2D） layers, was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Windmill building blocks, which consist of two nine-coordinated metal centers and four OH-H2BDC groups are connected through two carboxyl groups, to lead to a one-dimensional infinite inorganic chain（… M--O--C--O--M…） along the [100] direction. An observed intense blue luminescence with an emission band peaked at 390 nm for compound 1 may results from ligand-to-metal charge transfer（LMCT）. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility of compound 1 was investigated and the value was deviated from the Curie-Weiss law.

Conservation of Building and Decorative Elements of Ottoman Architecture in the Medieval City of Rhodes

The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.

Future of Architecture: Buildings as Power Plants

After the energy crisis in 1970s,buildings began to be used as a platform for the elements which produce energy from renewable energies to return them into energy producing power plants.This is a safe,clean and economic way to produce energy since the energy is produced where it is needed and they use renewable energy resources.So,it promises hope for the future energy production.Therefore,the aim of this study is to examine buildings which produce electricity by using renewable energy resources and to show that this is one of the safest,cleanest and most economic ways to be used to produce energy in the future.This is done by describing power plants and how buildings are used as power producing stations by the use of renewable energy resources or other energy producing materials,then by examining case studies which are constructed and already being used,case studies which are just a design that have not yet been constructed,and by making projections to the future energy producing techniques that are just a proposal in 2021.In the conclusion,buildings are proposed as the future power plants,either here on earth or on another planet like Mars.

Application of Traditional Building Materials in Modern Architecture

This paper elaborates the application value of traditional building materials in modem architecture and analyzes the specific application modes of traditional building materials in modem architecture, so as to make traditional building materials advance with the times, better express their unique value, serve modem architecture, and realize combined application with modem architecture.

Architecture Water-saving Design and Building Technique of Sponge Yard

The reclaimed water that we can use in daily life accounts for as much as 35 %,but we do not give it enough concern.The authors focus on the design methods and approaches of green buildings,which refer to water saving and environmental protection.In this paper,the authors illustrate the generating channels of reclaimed water in architecture design:rainwater collection integration design,sewage zero discharge of reclaimed water reused by biological technology,and sponge yard,thereby protecting environment.

The Ambiguous Boundary between Buildings and Environment: Exploring the Interpretation of Traditional Aesthetic in Contemporary Japanese Architecture

At present, nature is becoming more and more important in people’s mind. It is a very popular way to combine nature and humanity in architecture. Japanese architects have deep research and attainments in this respect, and combined with Japan’s unique humanistic care characteristics, can make the whole architectural style more lifelike. This paper will analyze the architectural style of Japan from several aspects and put forward its own views.

Analysis of Remotely Sensed Imagery and Architecture Environment for Modelling 3D Detailed Buildings Using Geospatial Techniques

The use of three-dimensional maps is more effective than two-dimensional maps in representing the Earth’s surface. However, the traditional methods used to create digital surface models are not efficient for capturing the details of Earth’s features. This is because they represent only three-dimensional objects in a single texture and do not provide a realistic representation of the real world. Additionally, there is a growing demand for up-to-date and accurate geo-information, particularly in urban areas. To address this challenge, a new technique is proposed in this study that involves integrating remote sensing, Geographic Information System, and Architecture Environment software to generate a highly-detailed three-dimensional model. The method described in this study includes several steps such as acquiring high-resolution satellite imagery, gathering ground truth data, performing radiometric and geometric corrections during image preprocessing, producing a 2D map of the region of interest, constructing a digital surface model by extending the building outlines, and transforming the model into multi-patch layers to create a 3D model for each object individually. The research findings indicate that the digital surface model obtained with comprehensive information is suitable for different purposes, such as environmental research, urban development and expansion planning, and shape recognition tasks.

ARCHITECTURE AND HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING AT GEORGIA TECH:TEACHING DESIGN+TECHNOL OGY IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

Integrative approaches to architectural design+environmental technology pedagogy are essential in educating future generations to respond to impending building energy use challenges.This paper will describe new approaches to incorporating building physics and building technology in the design studio via a diverse cohort of students and faculty,with strong emphasis placed on the development of innovative architectural strategies operating at the intersection of urban demographics,house and housing design,building performance,and sustainability.The United States Department of Energy reports that our buildings account for forty percent of all energy consumed nationally.Our focus on high performance buildings at the Georgia Tech College of Architecture aims to reduce that percentage and meet the rising demand for design and building performance professionals to evaluate the environmental impact of design decisions.Continuing a twenty-five-year trajectory of research leadership,Tech students and faculty are leading the way in digital design,building simulation,engineering,and construction integration.Over the past four years,students from various schools across campus have been working together in a seminar and design studio setting to expand 21st century housing options.Changing urban demographics,sustainability targets,and alternative energy requirements are investigated through smartly researched and elegantly designed housing and public space propositions.The move from an ecologically aware architecture towards an architecture immersed in the emerging debates about carbon footprint and energy consumption is in part driven by increasing international concern over resource availability and delivery.Through reduced costs of alternative energy capture,higher efficiencies,rapid evolution of upstream technologies and applications and more robust software platforms along with growing social,political and economic debate,the definition of sustainability is evolving - moving to transform integral parts of archi-tectural practice and education from a primarily aesthetic and assembly oriented tra-jectory to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between design thinking and building performance.

Integrating Highly Spatial Satellite Image for 3D Buildings Modelling Using Geospatial Algorithms and Architecture Environment

The growing demand for current and precise geographic information that pertains to urban areas has given rise to a significant interest in digital surface models that exhibit a high level of detail. Traditional methods for creating digital surface models are insufficient to reflect the details of earth’s features. These models only represent three-dimensional objects in a single texture and fail to offer a realistic depiction of the real world. Furthermore, the need for current and precise geographic information regarding urban areas has been increasing significantly. This study proposes a new technique to address this problem, which involves integrating remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Architecture Environment software environments to generate a detailed three-dimensional model. The processing of this study starts with: 1) Downloading high-resolution satellite imagery; 2) Collecting ground truth datasets from fieldwork; 3) Imaging nose removing; 4) Generating a Two-dimensional Model to create a digital surface model in GIS using the extracted building outlines; 5) Converting the model into multi-patch layers to construct a 3D model for each object separately. The results show that the 3D model obtained through this method is highly detailed and effective for various applications, including environmental studies, urban development, expansion planning, and shape understanding tasks.

3D building modeling： A critical investigation practice to learning, analyzing and deconstruting architecture

The research deal with the reconstruction through digital 3D CAAD （Computer Aided Architectural Design） modeling of masterpieces of modem and contemporary architecture. The charm of reconstruction through digital modeling is far less than that of work done on traditional maquette, indeed, makes much deeper level of detail and specificity from knowing. We had to know many technical characteristics of the buildings beyond size, like static-structural features, physical features, economic features and others. In this way＇ the model become real-simulation, a simulated architectural model in all aspects. In addition to these aspects we deeply analyze also the formal, morphological, historical and architectural aspects. The idea is to revitalize and re-discover the logics and the rules of the projected constructions that the designer architect have invented for each masterpiece of architecture, through the comprehension of how is done. The proportional analysis of the modularity on which the design is based is mandatory subject of investigation.

Application of Prefabricated Building Model in Practical Teaching of Architecture Specialty in Vocational Colleges

In order to transmit more application-oriented talents to the society,and to give full play to the value of vocational college training and education in the society,by taking the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as an example,this paper analyzes the form of teaching in vocational colleges and the application value of prefabricated building model in the practical teaching.Additionally,the application of the prefabricated building model combined with BIM Technology in the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as a reference was analyzed in this paper.

被遗忘的主角——评《BuildinginChina:HenryK.Murphy's"AdaptiveArchitecture",1914-1935》

改革开放至今，中国建筑界的现实状部从某种角度上看与鸦片战争后的近代中国有许多相似的地主。当时困扰着近代建筑师的问题今天依然没有得到解决，我们仍然在努力寻找一种中国特色的现代性。研究近代建筑师面对传统与现代的挑战所做出的种种尝试，总结其中的正反经验才识，无疑将会对当前的建筑创作提供帮助。中国近代的建筑活动是复杂多样的，中与西，新与旧，民族化与现代化相互交织、碰撞。在中国近代建筑史上，最先尝试将中国传统建筑风格与西方现代化建筑史上，最先尝试将中国传统建筑风格与西方现代建筑技术相结合的是外国人。其中，毕业于耶鲁大学的Henry Killam Murphy无疑是其中的佼佼者。但由于种种原因，Murphy一直被国内外的建筑史学家忽略，我们对这位以复兴中国建筑传统为使命的美国建筑师知之甚少。Jeffery W.Cody博士的这本书向我们展示了在东西文化冲突的环境中Murphy的探索实践。

EXPLORATION OF CRITICAL EXTERNAL PARTNERS OF ARCHITECTURE/ENGINEERING/CONSTRUCTION (AEC) FIRMS FOR DELIVERING GREEN BUILDING PROJECTS IN SINGAPORE

Green Building involves many parties and has attracted attention recently. In this paper, the main external actors for Green Building were explored based on literature review. Then, a structured questionnaire was developed to facilitate systematic data collection. Finally, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied and “clients,” “government,” “qualified/certified materials and products suppliers,” and “good green consultants” were found to be significant external partners of Architecture/Engineering/Construction (AEC) firms for successful delivery of Green Mark certified projects. The research findings will help AEC firms understand how to achieve competitive advantages in the Green Building market in Singapore by using external resources.

Design between Architecture and Structure: Case Studies of Pilot Interventions on Italian Monumental Buildings

Two case studies,referring to historic Italian buildings housing city halls,provide an opportunity to investigate the design of non-standard elements aimed at protecting masonry vaults,with particular reference to the preliminary works prior to the actual structural restoration work.There is in fact a phase in which it is a priority to secure the vault to avert possible risks to the users of that portion of the building.This phase is temporarily intermediate between the detection and aggravation of injuries and the renovation and consolidation project.Although these are provisional works,they are intended for buildings that are often public and therefore intended for a wide range of users,such as schools,offices or monumental buildings.In analyzing traditional techniques and systems used in similar cases,the possibility of developing evolutionary aspects with respect to,above all,simple shoring techniques emerged.In these areas,hybrids between a structural and architectural project,it is possible to reconcile static requirements with architectural techniques of space management,attentive to the quality of the interior and the integration of the provisional work with the reference context.