Effect of human disturbance on the structure and regeneration of forests in the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico

Sample plots were established in the principal forest types in the the Nevado de Toluca National Park, Mexico including those domi- nated by Pinus hartwegii, Abies religiosa, Quercus laurina and Alnus jorullensis. The vertical structure was defined by three strata in the coniferous forests and two strata in the broadleaved forests. Timber harvesting in Abies religiosa and Quercus laurina forests and fires generated by humans in Pinus hartwegii forests impeded the recruitment of saplings. Mature trees were also heavily impacted by logging in Pinus hartwegii forests. On the contrary, Alnusjorullensis forests were increas- ing due to the disturbance of Pinus and Quercus forests, as well aban- doned crop lands within the park. A combination of logging, uncon- trolled fire, and grazing appears to be compromising the recruitment of important tree species in this national park. These factors, together with human settlements, have also increased the proportion of early succes- sional species. Changes in forest structure from human disturbance indicate a need to control these activities if conservation goals are not to be compromised.

Influence of Human Disturbance to the Small Mammal Communities in the Forests

Small mammals have been proposed playing an important role in the energy flow and regeneration of forest ecosystems. We compared species richness, diversity (H’) of small mammal communities and abundance of six dominant species of small mammals in disturbed and protected forests (four age classes: 6 - 10, 11 - 15, 16 - 20 and 31 - 40 years old) in China. We also investigated the structural variables (such as species richness, cover rate and abundance of shrubs and grasses) in the bottom layer, which considered to be important for small mammals and might be altered by human disturbance. The relationships between small mammals and these structural variables were examined to determine the potential effects of human disturbance on the small mammals in the restored forests. Our results indicated that the structure and composition of the vegetation in the bottom layer were simplified by human disturbance, while the abundance and cover rate of grasses were significantly increased. Although no significant differences were observed in species richness of small mammals between the protected and disturbed forests at the same age, the diversity index of small mammals in the protected forests was always significantly higher than in the disturbed forests. Regression showed that the species richness and diversity of small mammals increased with the species richness of shrubs, and was negatively correlated to the cover rate of grasses in the bottom layer. Human disturbance increased the total abundance of small mammals, and the increased cover rate of grasses in the bottom layer was beneficial to the abundance of small mammals. Obvious succession of small mammal communities occurred as the protected forest aged. In the protected forests, small ground-dwelling mammals (A. chevrieri, E. miletus and M. pahari) were the dominant species in the younger forests. Other mammals (T. belangeri, D. pernyi and C. erythraeus) gradually became the dominant species as the protected forests aged. However, in the disturbed forests, the smaller ground-dwelling mammals (T. belangeri, D. pernyi and C. erythraeus) were always the dominant species at all ages of the disturbed forests. Regression indicated that the cover rate of grasses in the bottom layer was beneficial to the three smaller body size and ground-dwelling small mammal species, while the shrubs were beneficial to the three bigger body size mammal species.

Human Disturbance Reduces Plant Species Diversity and Stability of Phyllostachys pubescens Forests

Plant species diversity is an important index reflecting the functional complexity and stability of ecosystems.Human activity can completely alter plant species diversity and cause serious degradation of ecosystems but its impact on bamboo forest still lacks of systematic evaluation.In this study,we performed a field investigation to reveal the influences of human disturbances on the plant diversity and stability of Moso bamboo forests at Southern China.The selected bamboo fields contained different intensities of human activities that could be classified as slight,moderate and severe disturbance level.Species richness index S,Shannon-Wienner index H,Simpson index D,Pielou index Jsw,community similarity index IS and community stability index were employed to quantitatively evaluate the plant species diversity and stability.The survey revealed that there were 203 species belonging to 83 families and 108 genera in Moso bamboo forests.The number of plant species in the Moso bamboo forests decreased with the increasing of disturbance intensity.The species diversity indexes generally followed the order of slight>moderate>severe disturbance,as well as the richness index S,Shannon-Wienner index H and Pielou index Jsw.The similarity and species stability of the bamboo forest communities also decreased with the increase of the disturbance intensity.Under the severe disturbance,plant species replacement occurred strongly.The obtained results provide some a guideline for the sustainable management of bamboo forest.

Resource selection of moose(Alces alces cameloides) and their response to human disturbances in the northwestern slope of Lesser Khingan Mountains, northeastern China

Moose （Alces alces cameloides） is typically representative of the fauna of the frigid temperate zone and has been put on the Chinese second priority list of protected animals. The moose of northeast China is on the southern most edge of its distribution in Asia. To study resource selection characteristics of moose and their response to human distur- bances and forest resource variables, the field work was conducted in Heilongiiang Provincial Shengshan Forestry Farm, which is located in the northwestern slope of Lesser Khingan Mountains, northeastern China, from January to March in both 2006 and 2007. A total of 428 plots were examined within the study area. Signs of moose use were found in 19 plots. Based on the analysis of resource selection function, we found that moose selected areas with higher densities of mixed deciduous broadleaf patch and mixed coniferous and broad leaf patch, and a higher NDVI value. Moose avoided settlement 6 km away and remained low probability of occurrence within 3 km from roads,

Effect of Human Disturbance on Species Diversity of Staphylidae

From July to September in 2005, the resources of Staphylinidae in four types of human disturbance regions （ human gathering area, grain for green re- gion, grazing region and rare disturbance region） in Erlang Mountain, Sichuan were investigated, and the individual number, species composition and diversity characteristics were analyzed. The result showed that the individual number, species diversity index （H＇） and the evenness index （J） decreased with the decrea- sing intensity of human disturbance. The species diversity index and the evenness index in human gathering area were the highest of 4.1301 6 and O. 850 2, respec- tively. Simpson predominant index （A） enhanced with the decreasing intensity of human disturbance, which reached the peak of 0. 199 6 in rare disturbance re- gion. The community similarity index/3 of Staphylinidae at different human disturbance regions ranged from 0 -0.25, indicating that the species compositions were extremely different among this four types of regions. Based on these results, it was found that human activities were closely related to individuals number and species dive^ity of Staphylinidae in Erlang Mountain, and human disturbance may add habitat heterogeneity and facilitate to the species diversity of Staphylinidae communi- ties.

Sand Dune Species Distribution and Size Variations in Two Areas Inside a Natural Protected Area Subjected to Different Human Disturbance

Sand dune species were analyzed across two areas included in the “Roman Coastal State Nature Reserve” (Italy): Ostia (O) and Marina di Palidoro (P). Significant variations in species distribution, dry mass and size over the gradient from the water-edge toward the inland between O and P were observed. Species colonize O, on an average, at 79 m from the water-edge extended along the gradient toward the inland over a length of 26 m. PD is 40.8 ± 9.9 plants.m-2. Ononis variegata and Elymus farctus have the highest PD (15.4 ± 1.3 plants.m-2), followed by Silene colorata and Sporobulus pungens (4.3 ± 3.9 plants.m-2), by Cakile maritima, Echinophora spinosa, Eryngium maritimum, Ammophila arenaria, Anthemis maritima, Cyperus capitatus, Medicago marina and Calystegia soldanella (.m-2), with C. soldanella having the lowest PD (0.02 plants.m-2). On an average, in P, the species colonize the dune at 17 m from the water-edge for a length of 46 m toward the inland, PD is on an average 21.5 ± 16.1 plants.m-2. S. pungens, E. farctus and O. variegata have the highest PD (6.0 ± <span

The Evolution of Theory of Mind in the Human Evolution

Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.

Impact of Human Disturbance on Fiddler Crab (<i>Uca tangeri</i>) Burrow Morphology, Distribution and Chemistry at Eagle Island, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Fiddler crabs are described as ecosystem engineers because of their burrow constructing ability. It was hypothesized that human activity will impact crab burrows. The study area was delineated into lowly, medium and highly impacted plots. Crab holes were randomly counted and their width, length and surface area estimated. Burrow soils were collected and analyzed for Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) using spectrophotometric method (HACH DR 890 colorimeter). The result indicates that burrow width was significantly different between impacted plots (P < 0.05). Lowly impacted plot had the largest width while highly impacted plot had the smallest width. In contrast, there was no significant difference in burrow length (P > 0.05), but highly impacted plot has the longest length while lowly impacted plot has the shortest length. Again, the surface area of crab burrow varies significantly (P < 0.05), and lowly impacted plot had the largest area (507.95 ± 61.84 cm2) followed by medium (390.30 ± 57.65 cm2) and high (265.16 ± 30.85 cm2) impacted plots. Similarly, lowly impacted area has more number of burrows (n = 55) followed by medium (n = 30) and highly (n = 23) impacted plots. Highly impacted plot had the highest Cd and Pb concentration whereas lowly impacted plot had the highest Zn concentration. This implies that burrow morphology and chemistry exemplify the level of anthropogenic impact.

中药直肠滴入联合乳果糖治疗热扰心神型肝性脑病的临床疗效及对血清内毒素、血氨和肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的中药直肠滴入联合乳果糖治疗热扰心神型肝性脑病(HE)的临床疗效及对血清内毒素、血氨和肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法选取2021年4月至2022年3月秦皇岛市第三医院收治的126例HE病人按随机数字表法分为乳果糖组、中药直肠滴入组和乳果糖联合中药直肠滴入组(联合组),每组各42例,均给予常规支持治疗后,乳果糖组采用单一乳果糖治疗,中药直肠滴入组采用单一中药直肠滴入治疗(大黄、黄连、黄芩各20g,加水800mL煎至150mL),联合组采用乳果糖联合中药直肠滴入治疗,均治疗1周,观察三组病人治疗前后血清内毒素水平、血氨水平、肝功能指标[天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBil)]水平、炎症因子[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平、肠黏膜屏障功能[二胺氧化酶(DAO)、D-乳酸(D-LA)]水平和中医症状评分等变化情况,并评估三组病人精神状态改善时间、临床疗效和不良反应。结果三组病人精神状态改善时间联合组(5.84±0.87)d<中药直肠滴入组(6.15±1.05)d<乳果糖组(8.24±1.21)d(P<0.001);三组病人临床治疗总有效率比较联合组95.24%>中药直肠滴入组92.86%>乳果糖组73.81%(P=0.005);治疗后,三组病人血清内毒素、血氨水平、TNF-α、IL-6、DAO、D-LA、AST、ALT、TBil水平水平,面赤、谵语、惊悸、失眠多梦、口干咽燥、心烦易怒等中医症状评分比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论三黄汤保留灌肠联合乳果糖治疗HE型肝性脑病疗效确切,可有效调节肠道内毒素,降低血氨水平,修复肠黏膜屏障,缩短神志恢复时间,改善肝功能,降低中医症状评分,且安全性高。

人为干扰对黄河湿地植物群落的影响及其机制

为了分析人为干扰类型对黄河湿地植物群落的影响差异及相关作用机制,在进行大量实地调查后,选择郑州段3个分别受农业种植、水库修建、建筑施工干扰下的湿地为对象,在对植物群落与相关环境因子指标进行测定后,结合人类压力指标评价体系进行冗余分析。结果表明:研究区湿地植物群落整体表现出明显的退化趋势,维持湿地生产力的内在功能降低;对于不同人为干扰类型下的样地,受到人为干扰的严重程度从大到小依次为建筑施工类干扰、农业种植类干扰、水库修建类干扰;随着人为干扰严重程度的加剧,不同湿地植物群落相似性系数依次下降,鸟类栖息地湿地和太平庄北湿地的物种丰富度指数较桃花峪湿地相比下降程度分别为15.98%和37.05%,整体湿地植物群落构建逐渐趋于简单化;在引起湿地退化的诸多因素中,土壤中铵态氮含量改变对物种多样性指数与物种均匀度指数呈显著负相关,是湿地植物退化的主要原因之一。

保护野性河流已刻不容缓——中国野性河流分布现状与保护建议

野性河流指未经人工拦蓄,隐藏于自然之中难以到达,其水域岸线及整个流域均保持原始自然状态,水体未受污染的河流或河段。由于其“原始”和未受干扰的特性,野性河流具有重要的生态环境、景观和科学研究价值。近几十年,由于经济社会发展需要,我国绝大部分河流受到筑坝、取水、排污等人类活动的影响,野性河流数量和长度锐减,其提供水生态环境基准、原生态景观、水生生物良好栖息地等功能大幅度削弱,开展和加强野性河流的保护已刻不容缓,亟须予以高度重视并制定专门措施开展保护工作。

思维导图结合口诀法在“人体寄生虫学”教学中的应用

“人体寄生虫学”是一门衔接基础医学与临床医学的医学基础课程,具有知识点繁杂、易混淆、难记忆的特点。思维导图是一种结合高维度思考与图文并茂的可视化工具,近年来在教学中应用广泛;口诀法是从大量信息中提炼出关键词,化繁为简,易于大脑存储和记忆,且不易混淆,可提高学生的记忆效果。将思维导图结合口诀法引入“人体寄生虫学”教学,不仅能帮助学生梳理并把握知识的整体结构,而且使学生对重点和难点记忆得更牢固,激发学习兴趣。这种新的教学方法可在有限课时内提高教学质量和效果。

人智交互情境中用户对生成式人工智能的心智感知及反应研究

[目的/意义]随着AI组成技术的发展及人智协作的日趋紧密,高阶的生成式人工智能(GAI)代理具备涌现能力,通过类人化特征与用户建立社会化连接。文章旨在丰富社会技术视角下人智交互发生机理的探索,并为人本人工智能背景下GAI设计提供参考。[方法/过程]爬取豆瓣社区1275条用户与ChatGPT对话的帖子,遵循建构主义范式,基于CASA范式和心智感知理论,采用系统性主题分析方法构建框架模型。[结果/结论]构建了GAI作为社会行动者的理论框架,得到人智交互情境下用户对于GAI的心智感知及社会化反应。心智感知包括GAI主体性感知和感受性感知两种。GAI主体性感知包括创造力、可靠性、运行规则、客观性、有用性;GAI感受性感知包括共情、沟通责任、趣味性、友善、文化适应性。这两种感知会相互影响。用户对GAI的社会化反应涉及认知加工、情感唤醒、行为强化三个方面。认知加工包括知识获得、态度转变;情感唤醒包括愉悦感、共鸣、社交连接;行为强化包括持续付费行为、准社会互动。用户的社会化反应与心智感知存在双向作用关系。

1995—2020年浙江省大陆岸线变化及驱动因素分析

随着沿海地区经济的快速发展,海岸带生态环境所面临的形势愈发严峻.为了掌握浙江省大陆岸线变迁特征及其驱动因素,实现海洋的可持续发展,选取其沿海27个区(县)为研究区,采用岸线变迁强度、人工化指数和开发利用强度等多种定量化分析手段研究其时空分布特征,并通过灰色关联度模型对浙江省大陆岸线演变的驱动因素进行了分析.结果表明:1)1995—2020年,浙江省的大陆岸线变迁强度逐渐加强,人工岸线逐渐增加,人工化指数由0.57增长到0.69,但增速逐渐趋于缓慢;2)研究区各时段的岸滩面积之和大于总时段的岸滩面积,说明浙江省大陆岸线在不断向海扩张的同时也发生了部分侵蚀;3)综合各项指标来看,1995—2020年,浙江省大陆岸线受人类干扰程度呈现先加剧后减缓的趋势;4)按选取的指标与岸线长度关联度平均值由大到小排序为年末人口总数、年平均温度、年降水量、渔业养殖面积、渔业生产总量、居民用地面积和GDP.

多元文化经历提升人类对机器人的利他行为及心智知觉的中介作用

人类步入人工智能时代,人工智能快速迭代、迅猛发展、不断变革,引发诸多伦理问题。其中一个核心关切便是在人类与AI和谐共生的指导思想之下,人类是否会对机器人持有与人类同等的道德关怀并对其做出利他行为。目前,鲜有研究探讨哪些文化心理因素提高人类对机器人的利他行为及其背后的深层心理机制。本研究旨在从多元文化经历的视角开展科学探索。基于中西两种文化样本的研究发现,个体的多元文化经历正向预测人类对机器人的利他行为,人对机器人的心智感知起部分中介作用。此中介模型在中西文化被试中不存在显著文化差异,表明该模型具备一定的文化普适性。最后,线上启动实验研究虽未能证实因果机制,但存在符合研究假设的总体趋势。本研究丰富了多元文化经历的下游效应,对探讨何种前因变量会提高人类对机器人的利他行为及其解释机制做出了一定的原创贡献。

贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区大中型兽类多样性的红外相机初步调查

2019—2021年通过红外相机陷阱法对四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区九龙片区进行了大中型兽类监测。共布设相机90台(正常工作71台),累计完成14495个相机工作日,获得大中型兽类独立有效照片1926张。共记录到大中型兽类4目12科20种;包括国家一级重点保护野生动物林麝Moschus berezovskii,以及13种国家二级重点保护野生动物。此外,在该地区首次记录到赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis。相对多度指数(RAI)居前3的为毛冠鹿Elapho‑dus cephalophus(RAI=8.058)、中华鬣羚Capricornis milneedwardsii(RAI=1.352)和岩羊Pseudois nayaur(RAI=1.338)。共有33台相机记录到以放牧和采集为主的人为活动,表明该地区人为干扰较为严重。本研究结果可为该区域大中型兽类物种多样性编目及保护区的管理提供基础数据。

人工智能与人类心智的深度互动

从本体论、方法论、价值论和认识论四个层面,探讨了人类心智与人工智能的深度互动。研究认为:在本体论上,对心智的科学界定为人工智能奠定了概念框架;在方法论上,对人类心智的技术建构实现了人工智能对人类心智的功能模拟;在价值论上,人工智能对“意义”的理解需要借鉴人类心智的意向性机制;在认识论上,作为主体与世界之中介的知觉范畴是整合人类心智与人工智能的认知基础。提出了未来人工智能的深度发展将会实现两个转变:一是从“拟脑”到“拟人”的转变;二是从“合理地思考与行动(算法)”到“像人一样思考与行动”的转变。

从心脑同治探讨针灸治疗脑卒中后失眠

中医学认为心脑以血同源、共主神明、经脉相通,与现代生物学中脑、心息息相关,故有心脑同治理论。脑卒中后失眠病位在脑,与心紧密相关。脑损正虚、痰瘀阻窍是发病之根本,心神被扰、神无所倚是发病之关键。针灸治疗脑卒中后失眠优势凸显。从心脑同治理论出发,依据脑卒中后失眠心脑共患的病机特点,针灸治疗取穴宜以心脑穴位为主,调脑主取百会、印堂、神庭、四神聪,治心主取神门、内关。