Trump Administration’s Foreign Policy:Structure, Causes and Impacts

The US administration's foreign policy embodies the strategic framework of great power competition,the slogan of“America First,”and fragmented decision-making.An alignment of factors such as the response to changes in international and domestic environments,the reconstruction of US national identity,the electoral political pressure that Donald Trump faces,and the confluence of Trump and establishment elites creates complex outcomes.Inherently political and partisan,Trump's foreign policy may already have had some irreversible negative impacts,and it is certain that US foreign strategy and policy have entered a major directional adjustment phase.

Biden Administration’s Foreign Policy for the Middle Class

The Biden administration’s political platform,set during the 2020 US presidential campaign,called for"a foreign policy for the middle class"and this has subsequently been instituted as a policy commitment.The new administration’s economic and trade policy targets enhancing US competitiveness,setting rules for economic globalization and keeping good relations with democratic states.Security policy emphasizes diplomatic means over military practices.The foreign policy for the middle class aims to resolve differences in the Democratic Party between traditional Democrats and progressives.It is also crafted to solve domestic and international problems and burnish America’s international image,but it faces an uphill battle if it wishes to restructure foreign policy to serve the needs of the American middle class.

Effects of electrostimulation and administration of succinylcholine on the expression of Fos protein in mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter of rats after simulated weightlessness

BACKGROUND： Expression of Fos in neurons of periaqueductal gray （PAG） is used to reflect the excitability. However, changes of expression of Fos in neurons of PAG are caused by injured electrostimulation after simulated weightlessness, and the relationship between pretreatment and injection of succinylcholine has not been determined yet. OBJECTIVE ： To investigate the changes of expression of Fos in PAG induced by injured electrostimulation pretreatment and injection of succinylcholine at 2 weeks after simulated weightlessness.DESIGN： Observational and controlled animal study.SETTING： Department of Physiology, Medical School, Xi＇an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education. MATERIALS： A total of 24 adult female SD rats, of clean grade and weighing 180-220 g, were selected in this study. METHODS： The experiment was completed in the Experimental Animal Center of Xi＇an Jiaotong University.① All rats were randomly divided into 2 groups according to body mass： simulated weightlessness group and control group with 12 in each group. And then, each group was also divided into 3 subgroups： electrostimulation group, succinylcholine-pretreatment group and succinylcholine-injection group with 4 in each subgroup. ②The model of weightlessness was simulated by tail-suspended female rats, which were described and modified by Cheng Jie. Rats in normal control group were given the same interventions as simulated weightlessness group except for tail-suspended. ③ Experimental method： The rats in electrostimulation group were given nociceptive stimulus by a pair of subcutaneous electrodes inserted into 1 and 5 claw of left hindlimb. The stimulus （current： 10 mA; duration： 1 ms; interval： 1 s） lasted for 30 minutes. The rats in succinylcholine-pretreatment group received stimulus after intravenous administration of succinylcholine, rats in succinylcholine-injection group were not given stimulus, just received succinylcholine. ④ All rats were perfused and fixed after 2 hours from the end of stimulation. The brains were removed, and serial frozen sections of midbrain were stained using immunocytochemical method, observed and taken photos under light-microscope. The number and morphological characters of Fos-immunoreactive （Fos-IR） neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The alterations in number and morphological characters of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral PAG of all rats.RESULTS： A total of 24 rats were involved in the final analysis. ① The morphological changes of Fos-IR neurons： The expressions of Fos in ventrolateral part of PAG were observed in both control and simulated weightlessness groups rats after being given nociceptive stimulus. As compared with control group, Fos-IR neurons in simulated weightlessness group were dyed lightly, cellular integrity was impaired, and cellular verge was unclear. ② The numbers of Fos-IR neurons： In control group, the numbers of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG in simulated weightlessness group were obviously lower than succinylcholine-pretreatment group, but obviously higher than succinylcholine-injection group （46.94±3.38, 71.06±8.96 and 35.04±4.62, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. In 14-day simulated weightlessness group, the numbers of Fos-IR neurons in electrostimulation group were also obviously lower than succinylcholine-pretreatment group, and obviously higher than succinylcholine-injection group （27.77±3.27, 32.91±2.99 and 11.75±1.00, respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The numbers of Fos-IR neurons in all subgroups in control group were obviously higher than those subgroups in simulated weightlessness group. Compared with electrostimulation group, the percentage of expression of Fos in ventrolateral part of PAG responsed to nociceptive stimulus after administration of succinylcholine （SCH） was increased to 51.83% in control group and 18.51% in simulated weightlessness group.CONCLUSION ：① The expression of Fos in neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were increased by the pretreatment of SCH before nociceptive stimulus.② Nociceptive stimulus could increase the expression of Fos in neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG. ③ The numbers of Fos-IR neurons in ventrolateral part of PAG were decreased obviously after 2-week simulated weightlessness.

Japan’s Political Development in the Later Period of the Abe Administration and the Sino-Japanese Relationship

With Shinzo Abe's re-election as the president of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the LDP regime appears to have entered on a stable trend of long-term governance. This also marks a later phase of the Abe administration has solidified its later phase, following Abe's second rise to power. The supremacy of the LDP and the administration of the basket of economic policies termed Abenomics have produced initial effects, and the overall climate of political opinion in Japan remains largely conservative, all factors favorable the continuance of Abe's regime. A major task in the future to cement AbeJ s political legacy would be amendment of Japan’ s pacifist constitution. Abe’ s political and security policies are likely not to change, namely, the promotion of multilateral cooperation in the US-Japan alliance, a moderate adjustment of Japan's China policy, and a return to utilitarian diplomacy to maximize Japan’s national interests. Thanks to the return of the Sino-Japanese relationship to the right track, the healthy development of bilateral relations depends on the consolidation of the political foundation, deepening mutually beneficial cooperation, and constructively managing and controlling disagreement.

The Behavioral Logic behind India’s Tough Foreign Policy toward China

Conflict between India and China at the Galwan Valley has brought their bilateral relations to the lowest point since the border war in 1962.Although this conflict appeared incidental,it in fact was the inevitable result of India's tough foreign policy featuring"high risk,high yield"pursued by the Modi administration toward China.The subsequent measures of India's tough diplomacy toward China have become more frequent,reflecting both a desire to seek revenge and a deep level of India's logic.Such logic considers not only the policy inertia of India's long-term pursuit of absolute security and dominance in the regional order.but also the intention of Modi's government to overtake China by taking advantages of India's favorable external strategic environment.The existing structural contradictions in China-India relations and the right-leaning tendencies in India's domestic political ecology have laid the groundwork for this conflict to occur and for the Modi administration to pursue a tough foreign policy toward China.This conflict has once again shown the rapid decay of the existing operational mechanism and architecture of thei bilateral relations,which can no longer smooth over the complex interactions between the two major emerging neighbors.As a result,the moment has arrived for China and India to restructure their relations,otherwise their relationship can hardly be continued.

区域国别法学的理论内涵与体系架构

区域国别法学作为新兴的交叉学科,在新时代法学教育体系中具有重要的学科地位和时代价值,我国需要以问题为导向,在厘清该学科内涵与外延的基础上,对其进行科学系统的理论建设和学科建设。该学科是对特定国家或地区的法律制度和法律文化进行研究,探究不同国家和地区法律体系的运行规律,从整体上把握该国或该地区的法律特点和法律发展方向,进而探寻不同法律制度之间的共同价值观念与契合点。区域国别法学要始终以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,坚持习近平法治思想与外交思想,服务于我国涉外法治建设,并为全球治理体系的改革作出贡献。该学科的人才培养,要打破常规,走跨学科、跨院系的协同创新之路,构建国别法律人才“双协同”培养机制。

论行政许可事项的合理设定

行政许可事项的合理设定是我国《行政许可法》和《优化营商环境条例》的要求,也有助于推进规制改革和政府职能转变。行政许可事项的合理设定以应对市场失灵,配合国家政策执行等正当现实需求为基础。设定者应以许可事项与许可规制能力范围的匹配为考量,将行政许可用于适合由其规制的事项上。行政许可事项的合理设定还应恪守必要性限度,遵循自生秩序优先、柔性工具优先等设定原则,审慎利用许可规制,以求实现更好的规制。

互联网行政许可事项设定的逻辑与进路

我国互联网行政许可事项的设定面临着法律规范层级与许可事项重要性不匹配、法律规范稳定性与互联网高速发展不相容、许可事项碎片化与互联网有效治理不和谐等多重困境。互联网行政许可事项的设定需回应“因何设定”的实质逻辑和“如何设定”的形式逻辑。在实质逻辑面向上,立法者需要区分互联网基础服务领域的许可事项和“互联网+”领域的许可事项,进行功能分析的二阶判断。在形式逻辑面向上,互联网行政许可事项存在“特有型”和“交叉型”两类方式。在“辅助性原则”和回应型法的指引下,互联网基础服务领域的许可事项和“互联网+”领域的许可事项需要分别匹配“特有型”和“交叉型”的设定方式,保证许可设定权限合法和事项重要性程度匹配,遵循“同一性原则”合理选择法条类型,以实现实体领域行政许可事项与互联网行政许可事项的体系衔接。

CCMS油漆品质外观提升

主要介绍了油漆外观评价的售后痛点问题——锈蚀、装配过程碰划伤、外饰件外观、掉漆、颗粒异物,对售后问题分析后,涂装专业通过工艺参数优化、仿形细化调整、车身零部件镀锌件应用,达到油漆外观质量要求。

涉外法制的回归与超越

习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第十次集体学习时强调加强涉外法制建设,使“涉外法制”再次回到我国法律制度建设的视野。当今涉外法制与改革开放初期的涉外法制,都属于国内法的范围、属于国内法律制度的组成部分,但内容和功能有所变化。作为涉外法治的基础,当今涉外法制超越当初注重“招商引资”、双轨制立法模式,更注重调整国际关系,维护国家主权、安全、发展利益,促进国际法治进步,推动构建人类命运共同体。这一回归与超越是国际格局变化、中国法治建设发展的结果。

焊管表面点状缺陷原因分析

某用户将IF钢板焊接成钢管用于制作家电冷凝管,在对焊管进行常规水压试验时,钢管表面局部出现点状缺陷的情况。使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜等手段,对点状缺陷进行化学成分分析及缺陷处微观组织、非金属夹杂物等检测,并对母材钢板进行力学性能及金相微观结构检测。结果表明,点状缺陷处有异常组织,异常组织含有Cr、Ni等合金元素,与基体化学成分不同。外来异物压入使焊管局部应力集中,水压试验时,从与基体结合薄弱的异物处产生打压漏点。为了避免此类表面缺陷的产生,应加强焊管整个生产过程、加工过程的质量监控,防止异物压入破坏基体的连续性,造成钢材质量下降。

处罚力度是否会提高审计师对关键审计事项的披露程度?

为探究证监会监管处罚效应同新审计准则执行有效性之间的联系,以2016—2021年受到证监会处罚的审计师为研究对象,采用PSM方法,从执法和立法层面实证分析处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的影响。研究发现:证监会对审计师的行政处罚会加大审计师再次被处罚的风险和诉讼风险,并使其声誉受损,为了降低风险和挽回声誉,审计师会付出更多的努力,因此,执法处罚力度越大,审计师对关键审计事项披露的充分性越高;由于新《证券法》在立法层面大幅加大了处罚力度,增强了审计师的责任感知,因此新《证券法》的修订增强了执法处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的正向影响。进一步分析发现,在地区法治环境高、审计师具备行业专长、分析师关注度高的样本中,执法处罚力度对关键审计事项披露充分性的影响更为显著。研究结果为行政处罚的有效性及新《证券法》政策有效性提供了更多的经验证据,也为推进新审计报告准则的改革提供了路径。

基于物元可拓模型的工商管理类专业人才胜任力评价研究

结合工商管理类专业人才胜任力的特点,首先从个人能力、通用能力、专业能力和发展能力四个方面建立工商管理类专业人才胜任力评价指标体系,并运用AHP-熵值法确定各指标的组合权重,接着利用物元可拓理论构建工商管理类专业人才胜任力评价模型,最后对湖南财政经济学院工商管理类专业人才胜任力进行综合评价。

复杂环境下煤矿井下胶带运输异物在线检测算法优化与分析

为解决煤矿井下胶带异物检测受煤尘干扰、光线不均、胶带高速运动造成传统检测算法精度低等问题,文章基于YOLOv7对矿井胶带异物检测算法进行优化。首先,通过自适应对比度增强算法,强化胶带监控图像对比度,提高目标图像轮廓清晰度;其次,在主干提取网络中提出多尺度混合残差注意力机制,增强YOLOv7对异物特征提取能力与对背景干扰能力;最后,采用加权双向特征金字塔网络与4检测头输出模型预测结果,提升网络对不同尺寸异物检测效率。通过实验可得,改进后的YOLOv7模型对井下胶带异物识别精度和速度优于YOLOv5、YOLOv7,对井下胶带异物识别精度和识别速度分别为93.6%、26 f/s。识别平均准确率相较于YOLOv5模型、YOLOv7模型分别提高了3.9%,3.1%;平均召回率分别提高了4.1%,3.4%;检测时间分别有0.009 s, 0.005 s的提升。

金属异物缺陷演化特性及其对产线K值的影响机制

电池制造过程出现的缺陷问题会极大影响电池产品的安全性等,其中产线金属异物侵入可能导致自发性内短路甚至引发热失控,然而目前关于在电池内部的演化机理及相应的外在表征的研究较少,尤其是针对微小金属异物的研究。因此本研究在电池中植入百微米直径铜颗粒,模拟产线金属异物侵入形成缺陷电池,分析了缺陷电池内短路电流特征,拆解研究了内短路区域的微观结构,通过模型仿真了内短路区域的电位分布,综合解释了缺陷对产线关键检测指标K值(电压下降率)的影响规律与机制,并在实际试制线大容量电池上进行了验证。相关研究成果可用于提高产线缺陷检出率,预防潜在的安全事故。研究结果表明,铜颗粒等金属异物侵入电池后,可能导致正极-颗粒-负极和正极-负极两种模式的内短路,内短路电流在正极中产生的电位梯度可抑制颗粒的进一步溶解,从而使得在K值测试条件下的两种内短路模式均会达到平衡状态。两种模式的内短路程度相近,内短路电流处在0.1~1 mA量级。相同的内短路电流对于不同容量单体的K值影响不同,产线上为保证检测效果,随着电池产品容量的增加,K值检测阈值及正常电池的基准值需要相应降低。

改进YOLOv5的光伏组件热斑及遮挡小目标检测

热斑会严重影响光伏组件发电效率,利用红外光图像检测热斑,难以同时实现树叶、鸟粪等小型异物遮挡的有效识别,及时发现和清理异物可以有效降低因受到持续遮挡而引起的热斑。为实现对热斑更加全面的识别和处理,基于无人机巡检可见光和红外光视频图像尺寸及检测任务特点,结合K-means++算法与IoU指标改进了YOLOv5的锚框设定方案以改善结果的随机性;可见光场景中,针对遮挡物体较小导致难以检测的问题,在YOLOv5s6的主干网络中嵌入坐标注意力机制(coordinate attention,CA),设计了遮挡小目标检测模型(CA-YOLOv5s6);红外光场景中,热斑区域较为明显,选择轻量化网络YOLOv5n作为其检测模型。实验结果显示:相较于YOLOv5s6,CA-YOLOv5s6的mAP提升了2.97个百分点,达到83.78%,Parameters减少了4.8×10^(5),达到1.18×10^(7),有效地提高了遮挡小目标的检测精度;YOLOv5n模型的mAP、FPS、Parameters分别为93.31%、83.3、1.76×10^(6),可以更好地满足红外图像热斑检测的任务需求。

基于改进YOLOv5s的电网异物检测算法

针对电网及沿线异物检测中存在的异物尺度变化、实时性低以及复杂环境下识别精度不足等问题,提出1种基于改进YOLOv5s框架的电网异物检测算法。该方法在主干网络中嵌入ECA注意力机制以减轻背景干扰;同时,采用SPD-Conv模块替换主干网络的卷积模块,引入改进的BiFPN,增强模型对于不同尺寸目标的检测能力。最后,采用Alpha_GIoU损失函数替代原始YOLOv5s中的CIoU部分。经过实验验证,改进YOLOv5s在电网异物检测数据集上mAP的值达到96.98%,能够满足复杂环境下电网异物检测的高效率和高精度要求。

迈向元宇宙时代:国际商事仲裁的变革与重构

作为一个集成区块链、云计算、物联网等技术的虚拟空间,元宇宙在程序启动、运行、终结的合法性、适配性等方面,对现行商事仲裁制度体系的影响是深层次、颠覆性的。一方面,国际商事仲裁的涉外性认定、可仲裁性范围等常规问题在虚拟环境中被放大;另一方面,元宇宙仲裁中各参与方的身份确认受阻、自动执行程序缺乏法理支撑等新问题不断涌现,对现有商事仲裁制度形成冲击。应对元宇宙技术带来的多重挑战,商事仲裁需坚持守正和创新的辩证统一。紧紧把握元宇宙仲裁传承至今的“基因密码”,将其中的人本理念、规则传播等实践经验贯穿在元宇宙仲裁机制的构建过程中。同时,发挥商事仲裁在多元解纷机制中灵活自治、先行先试的制度功能,以小额案件为试点、以数字正义为要求、以衔接机制为保障,不断寻求制度革新与技术创新,进而完成元宇宙时代商事仲裁的自我求新与时代革命。

“一带一路”税收征管合作机制对中国对外直接投资的影响

推动高质量对外直接投资是高水平对外开放的重要议题,改善国际税收营商环境是促进对外直接投资量质齐升的一个重要途径。本文以2015—2021年共建“一带一路”国家(地区)为研究样本,采用双重差分法,探究“一带一路”税收征管合作机制能否改善国际税收营商环境进而促进中国的对外直接投资。研究发现,“一带一路”税收征管合作机制有效促进了中国对合作机制成员国(地区)的对外直接投资,一系列的稳健性检验结果均支持这一结论。机制分析表明,税收便利度、征管效率、税收成本以及营商环境是影响对外直接投资的重要因素。异质性检验结果表明,合作机制显著增加了中国对初始税收便利性较差、初始对外直接投资较少和地理距离较近国家(地区)的对外直接投资流量。因此,应继续基于“一带一路”倡议,持续推动中国与共建国家(地区)税收征管合作机制的建设,为中国企业“走出去”创造更好的国际税收营商环境。

中国地震局数字图书馆平台建设及应用服务

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