Understanding Simulated Causes of Damaging Surface Winds in a Derecho-Producing Mesoscale Convective System near the East China Coast Based on Convection-Permitting Simulations

A mesoscale convective system(MCS) occurred over the East China coastal provinces and the East China Sea on 30April 2021, producing damaging surface winds near the coastal city Nantong with observed speeds reaching 45 m s^(–1). A simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with a 1.5-km grid spacing generally reproduces the development and subsequent organization of this convective system into an MCS, with an eastward protruding bow segment over the sea. In the simulation, an east-west-oriented high wind swath is generated behind the gust front of the MCS. Descending dry rear-to-front inflows behind the bow and trailing gust front are found to feed the downdrafts in the main precipitation regions. The inflows help to establish spreading cold outflows and enhance the downdrafts through evaporative cooling. Meanwhile, front-to-rear inflows from the south are present, associated with severely rearward-tilted updrafts initially forming over the gust front. Such inflows descend behind(north of) the gust front, significantly enhancing downdrafts and near-surface winds within the cold pool. Consistently, calculated trajectories show that these parcels that contribute to the derecho originate primarily from the region ahead(south) of the east-west-oriented gust front, and dry southwesterly flows in the low-to-middle levels contribute to strong downdrafts within the MCS. Moreover, momentum budget analyses reveal that a large westward-directed horizontal pressure gradient force within the simulated cold pool produced rapid flow acceleration towards Nantong. The analyses enrich the understanding of damaging wind characteristics over coastal East China and will prove helpful to operational forecasters.

WindSim软件在复杂地形风电场风能资源评估中的应用

复杂地形的风能资源评估研究对于风电事业的发展具有极为重要的意义。作者利用基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法的风能资源评估系统软件WindSim对我国复杂地形新疆托克逊县境内某风电场2007年的风资源情况进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与测风塔观测结果进行对比分析。模拟结果表明,WindSim软件对我国复杂地形地区平均风速的模拟能力比较好,10m、40 m、50 m、70 m高度的月平均风速的平均相对误差分别是12.91%、10.21%、9.68%、12.91%。同时,WindSim软件不仅可以较为准确地模拟出该区域2007年的主导风向,而且对该年的有效风速频率的模拟效果也很好。此风电场风能资源模拟试验说明,该地区具有十分丰富的可供开发利用的风能资源,进一步说明WindSim软件对我国复杂地形地区的风能资源评估工作具有很好的参考和应用价值。

洋面风场的QuikSCAT/SeaWinds遥感探测

QuikSCAT卫星是监测全球气候和海洋环境的重要卫星之一,它已经被世界气象组织列为业务卫星,所得数据对天气预报、气候研究等方面有重要作用。介绍了QuikSCAT卫星的有关背景情况,星载SeaWinds散射测风计观测洋面风的原理和基本算法,说明了利用该资料在热带气旋中心定位及移向预报以及2003年淮河流域暴雨成因分析方面做了尝试性工作。最后,对该数据资料应用中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。

Sea Winds散射计海面风场模糊去除方法研究

利用最大似然法(MLE)对SeaWinds散射计数据反演得出的风矢量,一般存在2～4个模糊解,故需采用圆中数滤波法进行模糊去除.根据SeaWinds散射计第一模糊解的空间分布特性,归纳出一套适合SeaWinds散射计的模糊去除方法,并在理论上探讨了其适应性.该方法的圆中数定义简单,计算量小,且易于收敛.利用美国NASA提供的部分L2A原始数据对该方法进行验证的结果表明,对于简单风场分布情况,该方法在没有其他参考数据进行初始化的条件下,能有效解决SeaWinds轨道边缘区域的块状模糊问题.

SeaWinds散射计海面风场的几何反演算法

基于SeaWinds散射计雷达后向散射截面积随风速和相对方位角的变化规律,从信息图谱几何形态特征出发,提出了一种新的海面风场反演方法。它不同于传统的依据最小概率误差的遍历搜索算法,反演时不依赖方差,仅从信息图谱几何形态特征就可以反演风矢量。实验共用了218623条数据(即218623个风元)。实验结果表明,与对应的美国NASA反演数据(L2B)对比,风速平均相对偏差为7.4%,风向平均偏差为9.5°。

宽带多媒体卫星通信系列讲座之二 “WINDS”系统概况

本文简要介绍日本宽带多媒体卫星通信系统"WINDS"的概况、组成及各部分功能,所采用的先进技术和拟开展的试验工作等,使读者对该系统的整体情况有大致了解。

风资源评估中WindSim水平分辨率的敏感性试验

利用基于计算流体力学(CFD)的风能资源评估系统软件WindSim,在不同水平网格分辨率条件下对我国黄土高原地区陕西靖边县境内某风电场2010年7月～2011年6月的风资源情况进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与测风塔观测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,在低水平网格分辨率下,WindSim对风能资源的空间分布模拟主要以海拔高度为基础,对局地地形的影响并不能很好地反映,模拟风速误差较大;提高分辨率后,对风能资源空间分布的模拟能力明显提高,模拟风速的误差也显著减小。但不同分辨率下的风速频率和风向频率分布并无显著差别,不能很好地体现出风能特性。通过估算发电量发现,输入不同测风塔资料得到的发电量差异较大,说明在地形较为复杂的风电场,应多布设测风塔,以期得到较为准确的发电量结果。

使用Solar Winds对校园网络进行高效管理

本文主要介绍Solar Winds这一基于SNMP协议的网络管理系统的主要功能、特点及其主要功能模块,进而对典型校园网络系统进行整体规划。在规划IP地址时,介绍了IP地址的分类、公有IP地址和私有IP地址、IP地址的分配方式等内容;在规划网络设备的SNMP配置时,介绍了简单网络管理协议(SNMP)的发展以及配置方式;在规划服务器时,介绍了服务器的概念、分类与选购;对网管软件的规划中的主干网管系统、专用网管系统和网络设备管理软件进行了设计;在规划远程管理系统时,介绍了交换机和网络服务器的远程管理方式。对交换机的管理方式进行了比较与分析;在规划网络操作系统时,介绍了Windows操作系统和VMWare虚拟机操作系统;在规划网管服务器的备份时,介绍了Windows系统自带的备份、Ghost和Acronis True Image 3款常用的备份工具;网管服务器防病毒和防火墙软件我们选用了趋势科技的中小企业安全平台进行实施;在规划网管文件资源服务器时,介绍了Serv-U服务器端软件和FlashFXP、Total Commander客户端工具,并从中选出了最佳方案。

基于全极化微波辐射计WindSat亮温数据的海面风场反演

根据全极化微波辐射传输理论,利用双尺度模式建立了海面辐射亮温的反演算法,并且利用美国发射的全球第一个星载全极化微波辐射计(WindSat)在轨运行期间的亮温数据进行了海面风场的反演,重点分析了风向反演的模糊度问题,并对风场反演结果进行了评估。研究结果初步验证了全极化辐射计在卫星上遥感海面风场的能力:与美国国家环境预报中心(NECP)的数据进行比较,反演的风速误差为1.15m/s,5m/s 以上风速下的风向误差为21°;与 TAO 浮标数据进行比较,风速误差为1.4m/s,风速5m/s 以上的风向误差为20.5°。

一种针对Windsat极化辐射计的海面风场反演方法

星载极化微波辐射计(Windsat)是美国于2003年1月6日发射的全球第一颗星载极化微波辐射计卫星,目的是为了验证极化辐射计在卫星上遥感海面风场的能力。针对Windsat在轨运行期间的数据,研究了风场反演的海洋和大气算法,进行了全球海面风场的反演,同时反演出其它地球物理参数。最后利用同步的其它数据对反演结果进行了验证。本文在极化辐射计风场反演方法和算法研究方面做了初步的尝试。

一种新的SeaWinds散射计海面风场反演方法

针对传统的最大似然法存在的主要缺点,在分析SeaWinds散射计模型函数表的基础上,根据雷达后向散射截面积(σ0)随风速和相对方位角的变化规律,提出了一种新的海面风场反演方法.然后利用SeaWinds散射计部分L2A实测数据对该方法进行了验证,并在等风向间隔的条件下将该方法与传统的最大似然方法对同一实验数据的运行时间进行了比较.实验结果表明,与传统方法相比,该方法运行效率有明显提高,且反演结果与美国L2B反演结果十分接近.

日本宽带多媒体卫星通信系统“WINDS”技术详解

近年来随着Internet业务的迅猛发展,宽带多媒体卫星通信日益受到人们的重视,"WINDS"系统(Wideband Internetworking Engineering Test and Demonstration Satellite)是日本新一代宽带多媒体通信卫星系统,现在试验性运行。该通信系统采用了三种系统交换工作模式,本文对该系统使用的卫星、通信载荷、系统工作模式以及帧结构做了详细介绍。

一种高性能的纤维缠绕CAD/CAM软件——WINDSOFT

纤维缠绕成型是制造高强度复合材料制品的一种重要的工艺方法。为了有效地应用这一工艺方法,需要符合纤维缠绕工艺特点的CAD和CAM技术的有力支持。将CAD/CAM技术应用于纤维缠绕成型工艺过程中。介绍了WINDSOFT缠绕软件的整体架构和实现过程。结合缠绕成型工艺的特点对CAD/CAM系统各个组成模块和功能进行了分析和讨论。

宽带多媒体卫星通信系列讲座之五 WINDS地面应用系统

本文介绍WINDS地面应用系统中组成,网管中心和各类终端的工作原理,设计理念,使读者对宽带卫星通信系统的地面应用系统有一个初步的了解。

Running safety analysis of a train on the Tsing Ma Bridge under turbulent winds

The dynamic responses of the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and the running behaviors of trains on the bridge under turbulent wind actions are analyzed by a three-dimensional wind-train-bridge interaction model. This model consists of a spatial finite element bridge model, a train model composed of eight 4-axle identical coaches of 27 degrees-of-freedom, and a turbulent wind model. The fluctuating wind forces, including the buffeting forces and the self-excited forces, act on the bridge only, since the train runs inside the bridge deck. The dynamic responses of the bridge are calculated and some results are compared with data measured from Typhoon York. The runnability of the train passing through the Tsing Ma suspension bridge at different speeds is researched under turbulent winds with different wind velocities. Then, the threshold curve of wind velocity for ensuring the running safety of the train in the bridge deck is proposed, from which the allowable train speed at different wind velocities can be determined. The numerical results show that rail traffic on the Tsing Ma suspension bridge should be closed as the mean wind velocity reaches 30 m/s.

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.

Review of aerodynamics of high-speed train-bridge system in crosswinds

Serviceability and running safety of the high-speed train on/through a bridge are of major concern in China. Due to the uncertainty chain of the train dynamic analysis in crosswinds originating mainly from the aerodynamic assessment, this paper primarily reviews five meaningful progresses on the aerodynamics of the train-bridge system done by Wind Tunnel Laboratory of Central South University in the past several years. Firstly, the flow around the train and the uncertainty origin of the aerodynamic assessment are described from the fluid mechanism point of view. After a brief introduction of the current aerodynamic assessment methods with their strengths and weaknesses, a new-developed TRAIN-INFRASTRUCTURE rig with the maximum launch speed of 35 m/s is introduced. Then, several benchmark studies are presented, including the statistic results of the characterized geometry parameters of the currently utilized bridge-decks, the aerodynamics of the train, and the aerodynamics of the flat box/truss bridge-decks. Upon compared with the foregoing mentioned benchmarks, this paper highlights the aerodynamic interference of the train-bridge system associated with its physical natures. Finally, a porosity-and orientation-adjustable novel wind barrier with its effects on the aerodynamics of the train-bridge system is discussed.

Nocturnal Low-levelWinds and Their Impacts on Particulate Matter over the Beijing Area

Three-month wind profiles, 260 m PM_1 concentrations [i.e., particulate matter(PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1μm], and carrier-to-noise ratio data at two Beijing sites 55 km apart(urban and suburban) were collected to analyze the characteristics of low-level nocturnal wind and PM in autumn and winter. Three mountain-plain wind events with wind shear were selected for analysis. The measurements indicated that the maximum wind speeds of the northerly weak low-level jet(LLJ) below 320 m at the suburban site were weaker than those at the urban site, and the LLJ heights and depths at the suburban site were lower than those at the urban site. The nocturnal 140 m mean vertical velocities and the variations in vertical velocity at the urban site were larger than those at the suburban site. A nocturnal breeze with a weak LLJ of ～3 m s^(-1) noticeably offset nocturnal PM transport due to southerly flow and convergence within the northern urban area of Beijing. Characteristics of the nocturnal LLJ, such as start-up time, structure, intensity, and duration, were important factors in determining the decrease in the nocturnal horizontal range and site-based low-level variations in PM.

VALIDATION OF NEAR-SURFACE WINDS OBTAINED BY A HYBRID WRF/CALMET MODELING SYSTEM OVER A COASTAL ISLAND WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN

The results from a hybrid approach that combines a mesoscale meteorological model with a diagnostic model to produce high-resolution wind fields in complex coastal topography are evaluated.The diagnostic wind model(California Meteorological Model,CALMET) with 100-m horizontal spacing was driven with outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to obtain near-surface winds for the 1-year period from 12 September 2003 to 11 September 2004.Results were compared with wind observations at four sites.Traditional statistical scores,including correlation coefficients,standard deviations(SDs) and mean absolute errors(MAEs),indicate that the wind estimates from the WRF/CALMET modeling system are produced reasonably well.The correlation coefficients are relatively large,ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for the zonal wind component and from 0.75 to 0.85 for the meridional wind component.MAEs for wind speed range from 1.5 to 2.0 m s-1 at 10 meters above ground level(AGL) and from 2.0 to 2.5 m s-1 at 60 m AGL.MAEs for wind direction range from 30 to 40 degrees at both levels.A spectral decomposition of the time series of wind speed shows positive impacts of CALMET in improving the mesoscale winds.Moreover,combining the CALMET model with WRF significantly improves the spatial variability of the simulated wind fields.It can be concluded that the WRF/CALMET modeling system is capable of providing a detailed near-surface wind field,but the physics in the diagnostic CALMET model needs to be further improved.

Joint probability distribution of winds and waves from wave simulation of 20 years (1989-2008) in Bohai Bay

The joint probability distribution of wind speed and significant wave height in the Bohai Bay was investigated by comparing the Gurnbel logistic model, the Gumbel-Hougaard （GH） copula function, and the Clayton copula function. Twenty years of wind data from 1989 to 2008 were collected from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） database and the blended wind data of the Quick Scatterometer （QSCAT） satellite data set and re-analysis data from the United States National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）. Several typhoons were taken into account and merged with the background wind fields from the ECMWF or QSCAT/NCEP database. The 20-year data of significant wave height were calculated with the unstructured-grid version of the third-generation wind wave model Simulating WAves Nearshore （SWAN） under extreme wind process conditions. The Gumbel distribution was used for univariate and marginal distributions. The distribution parameters were estimated with the method of L-moments. Based on the marginal distributions, the joint probability distributions, the associated return periods, and the conditional probability distributions were obtained. The GH copula function was found to be optimal according to the ordinary least squares （OLS） test. The results show that wind waves are the prevailing type of wave in the Bohai Bay.