Experimental Study of Current Loss of Stainless Steel Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line with Current Density at MA/cm Level

A magnetically insulated transmission line （MITL） is used to transmit high power electric pulses in large pulse power systems. However, current loss is unavoidable, especially when the current density is up to 1 MA/cm. In the paper, the current loss of an MITL made of stainless steel, which is usually used in large pulse power generators, is experimentally studied, and possible mechanisms to explain the current loss of the MITL are analyzed and discussed. From the experimental results, the relationship between loss current density and input current density follows approximately a power law. The loss is also related to the configuration of the MITL.

Minimization of Electric Power Losses on 132 kV and 220 kV Uganda Electricity Transmission Lines

The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.

Investigation on current loss of high-power vacuum transmission lines with coaxial-disk transitions by particle-in-cell simulations

Coaxial-disk transitions can generate non-uniform magnetic fields and abrupt impedance variations in magnetically insulated transmission lines(MITLs),resulting in disturbed electron flow and non-negligible current loss.In this paper,3 D particle-in-cell simulations are conducted with UNPIC-3 d to investigate the current loss mechanism and the influence of the input parameters of the coaxial-disk transition on current loss in an MITL system.The results reveal that the magnetic field non-uniformity causes major current loss in the MITL after the coaxialdisk transition,and the non-uniformity decreases with the distance away from the transition.The uniformity of the magnetic field is improved when increasing the number of feed lines of a linear transformer driver-based accelerator with coaxial-disk transitions.The number of input feed lines should be no less than four in the azimuthal distribution to obtain acceptable uniformity of the magnetic field.To make the ratio of the current loss to the total current of the accelerator less than 2%at peak anode current,the ratio of the current in each feed line to the total current should be no less than 8%.

Semi-Markovian Model of Two-Line Queuing System with Losses

In the present paper, to build model of two-line queuing system with losses GI/G/2/0, the approach introduced by V.S. Korolyuk and A.F. Turbin, is used. It is based on application of the theory of semi-Markov processes with arbitrary phase space of states. This approach allows us to omit some restrictions. The stationary characteristics of the system have been defined, assuming that the incoming flow of requests and their service times have distributions of general form. The particular cases of the system were considered. The used approach can be useful for modeling systems of various purposes.

Improved Method of Power Loss and Electric Field Calculations of HVAC Transmission Lines

An improved method for calculating the corona power loss and the ground-level electric field on HVAC transmission lines induced by corona is proposed.Based on a charge simulation method combined with a method of successive images,the proposed method has the number and location of the simulated charges not arbitrary.When the surface electric field of a conductor exceeds the onset value,charges are emitted from corona into the space around,and the space ions and the surface charges on each sub-conductor are simulated by using the images of the other sub-conductors.The displacements of the space ions are calculated at every time step during corona periods in both the positive and the negative half cycles.Several examples are calculated by using the proposed method,and the calculated electric field at the ground level and the corona power loss agree well with previous measurements.The results show that simulating 12 charges in each conductor during 600 time steps in one cycle takes less time while guarantees the accuracy.The corona discharge from a 220 kV transmission line enhances slightly(less than 2%) the electric field at the ground level,but this effect is little from a 500 kV line.The improved method is a good compromise between the time cost and the accuracy of calculation.

The Difference of the Copy Number Variation and Loss of Heterozygosity of Human Lung Large Cell Cancer Cell Line with Different Metastatic Potential

Background and Objective It has been proven that copy number gain/or loss (copy number variation CNV) in uences gene expression and result in phenotypic variation by

Proton loss of inner radiation belt during geomagnetic storm of 2018 based on CSES satellite observation

The proton distribution in inner radiation belt is often affected by strong geomagnetic storm disturbance.Based on the data of the sun-synchronous CSES satellite,which carries with several high energy particle payloads and was launched in February 2018,we analyzed the extensive proton variations in the inner radiation belt in a wide energy range of 2 MeV-220 MeV during 2018 major geomagnetic storm.The result indicates that the loss mechanism of protons was energy dependence which is consistent with some previous studies.For protons at low energy 2 MeV-20 MeV,the fluxes were decreased during main phase of the storm and did not come back quickly during the recovery phase,which is likely to be caused by Coulomb collision due to neutral atmosphere density variation.At higher energy 30 MeV-100 MeV,it was confirmed that the magnetic field line curvature scattering plays a significant role in the proton loss phenomenon during this storm.At highest energies>100 MeV,the fluxes of protons kept a stable level and did not exhibit a significant loss during this storm.

Link Budget Design for RF Line-of-Sight via Theoretical Propagation Prediction

Line-of-sight (LOS) link planning condition has been observed to have effects on the atmospheric factor which cause crucial signal loss. The main objective of the planning was to improve a set of a link using point to point condition to assist the performance in emerging its strategy for handling the fixed WLAN service. The purpose of this paper is to provide a quick description of various propagation loss mechanisms on Link Budget Tool (LBT). LBT is customized to create point to point link for local area network (LAN) through radio frequency range operating between 2.400 GHz and 5.800 GHz. This software is able to define the effect of signal loss and expected performances according to the distances between link propagation conditions based on a number of system parameters.

Simulation Analysis of Transmission-Line Impedance Transformers for Petawatt-Class Pulsed Power Accelerators

Based on the transmission line code TLCODE, a 1D circuit model for a transmission- line impedance transformer was developed and the simulation results were compared with those in the literature. The model was used to quantify the efficiencies of voltage-transport, energy- transport and power-transport for a transmission-line impedance transformer as functions of ψ （the ratio of the output impedance to the input impedance of the transformer） and Г （the ratio of the pulse width to the one-way transit time of the transformer） under a large scale of m （the coefficient of the generalized exponential impedance profile）. Simulation results suggest that with the increase in Г, from 0 to ∞, the power transport efficiency first increases and then decreases. The maximum power transport efficiency can reach 90% or even higher for an exponential impedance profile （m = 1）. With a consideration of dissipative loss in the dielectric and electrodes of the transformer, two representative designs of the water-insulated transformer are investigated for the next generation of petawatt-class z-pinch drivers. It is found that the dissipative losses in the electrodes are negligibly small, below 0.1%, but the dissipative loss in the water dielectric is about 1% to 4%.

Energy Loss Analysis of Distributed Rooftop Photovoltaics in Industrial Parks

The analysis of the loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems involves the interests of energy users,energy-saving service companies,and power grid companies,so it has always been the focus of the industry and society in some manner or another.However,the related analysis for an actual case that considers different cooperative corporations’benefits is lacking in the presently available literature.This paper takes the distributed rooftop photovoltaic power generation project in an industrial park as the object,studies the analysis and calculation methods of line loss and transformer loss,analyzes the change of transformer loss under different temperatures and different load rates,and compares the data and trend of electricity consumption and power generation in industrial parks before and after the photovoltaic operation.This paper explores and practices the analysis method of the operating loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation and provides an essential reference for the benefit analysis and investment cost estimation of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in industrial parks.The analyzed results reveal that the change loss is stable after the photovoltaic is connected,and there is no additional transformer loss.And before and after the photovoltaic system installation,there was no significant change in the total monthly data difference between the total meter and the sub-meter.

基于集成树和MoE的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型

统计线损率是衡量电力系统经济运行的重要指标。然而,用户用电数据采集异常、数据传输中断等因素会导致统计线损率异常或缺失,这严重阻碍了智能配电网的线损精益化管理与经济高效运行。针对馈线统计线损率合理值的估计问题,该文提出了一种基于集成树和混合专家系统(MoE)的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型。首先,使用最大信息系数以更有效地分析统计线损率与其相关特征间的非线性关系,并采用鲁棒性强的K-Medoids聚类算法对馈线进行精细划分;然后,使用Stacking集成学习框架,基于基估计和元估计双层模型对馈线统计线损率进行两阶段估计,选用决策树和各类集成树模型作为基估计模型对统计线损率进行初步估计,将各基估计模型输出结果输入元估计模型MoE中进行最终估计,使用方均根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)来衡量模型所估计统计线损率的合理性;最后,通过算例分析表明,与其他模型相比,该文所提馈线统计线损率双层估计模型具有更低的RMSE和MAE,对馈线统计线损率的估计效果更好。

Roughness evaluation in shotcrete-lined water tunnels with invert concrete based on cases from Nepal

Most of the existing roughness estimation methods for water tunnels are related to either unlined or concrete/steel-lined tunnels. With the improvement in shotcrete technology, advancement in tunneling equipment and cost and time effectiveness, future water tunnels built for hydropower projects will consist of rock support with the extensive use of shotcrete lining in combination with systematic bolting and concrete lining in the tunnel invert. However, very little research has been performed to find out tunnel surface roughness for shotcrete-lined tunnels with invert concrete, which is important in calculating overall head loss along the waterway system to achieve an optimum and economic hydropower plant design. Hence, the main aim of this article is to review prevailing methods available to calculate tunnel wall roughness, and to use existing methods of head loss calculation to back-calculate roughness of the shotcrete-lined tunnels with invert concrete by exploiting measured head loss and actual cross-sectional profiles of two headrace tunnels from Nepal. Furthermore, the article aims to establish a link between the Manning coefficient and the physical roughness of the shotcrete-lined tunnel with invert concrete and to establish a link between over-break thickness and physical roughness. Attempts are also made to find a correlation between over-break thickness and rock mass quality described by Q-system and discussions are conducted on the potential cost savings that can be made if concrete lining is replaced by shotcrete lining with invert concrete.

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

配电网理论线损概率分布函数的计算与分析

线损是衡量配电系统节能减排和运行效率的重要指标。随着“双碳”目标的提出,大量随机性和间歇性的可再生能源接入配电网,给配电网的线损计算带来新的挑战。该文从概率角度出发,在基于高斯混合模型的节点注入电流基础上,结合广义非中心卡方分布推导了任意电流分布下配电网理论线损概率分布的解析表达式,并首次给出配电网理论线损的均值、方差和矩生成函数的准确表达式。考虑到理论线损概率分布难以直接计算,提出一种基于Raphaeli级数的线损概率密度函数和累积概率分布函数的数值计算方法。基于IEEE 33节点系统的算例分析表明,提出的线损计算公式能够准确、高效地计算线损均值和概率分布函数。

稠油井内衬保温油管热损失分析及开采参数优化

针对塔河油田稠油开采过程中原油热量损失大、资源浪费的问题,开展内衬保温油管开采技术研究。基于井筒稳态热传递与地层非稳态热传递理论,建立了稠油井井筒热传递数学模型,评价了不同内衬材料油管的保温性能,揭示了含水率、日产液量及内衬保温油管下深对井筒温度的影响规律。研究表明:内衬聚酮防腐层与气凝胶保温层的保温油管保温性能最佳,日产液量和保温油管下深对井口温度影响较大,含水率对井口温度的影响较小;日产液量大于72 t/d且保温油管下深大于3 500 m时,可满足稠油开采的温度要求。该研究明确了内衬保温油管保温的可行性,可为油田保温油管内衬的选材、稠油开采工艺参数的制订提供技术依据。

非视距信号传播场强特性的分析与研究

为探索机场通信路径中障碍物造成非视距传播产生衍射损耗,对信号场强衰减特性进行了研究。首先,基于ITU-R P.1546中不同地形环境对信号传播的影响,结合Deygout模型构建信号场强组合模型。其次,按障碍物数量分析随障碍物高度变化的接收场强传播特性。仿真结果表明,单障碍物越高,占据0.6F1菲涅尔区越大,场强越小;双障碍物路径中,高度增加的障碍物经过由次要转为主要障碍物,直到只剩主要障碍物的过程,使场强逐渐衰减。再次,针对场强上升,分析了次要障碍物高度与0.6F1菲涅尔区的关系。最后,调整覆盖场强最小阈值,确定接收设备是否被障碍物遮挡,从而导致信号被屏蔽。上述研究结果可为未来模拟机场各场景下障碍物分布,预测接收机是否因障碍物受干扰或影响场强覆盖范围提供参考依据。

地铁出入线扩散体型声屏障降噪效果研究

针对城市轨道交通地上线运营引起的噪声污染问题,以郑州地铁5号线中州大道车辆段出入线为工程实例,对加装声屏障前后的噪声进行现场测试,采用Virtual Lab软件对声屏障的降噪过程进行仿真模拟,仿真模拟与实测声压级随声源频率的变化曲线具有较好的吻合性,验证了声学仿真模型与计算方法的准确性。采用声压级插入损失表征声屏障的降噪效果,进一步研究三角尖劈型、QRD序列和PRD序列、微穿孔板-PRDⅠ型复合结构等类型声屏障的降噪效果。结果表明:尖劈角度对三角尖劈型声屏障降噪效果的影响较为显著;较高不规则度有利于提高PRD型声屏障对绕射声的扩散作用,降噪效果比QRD型声屏障更佳;PRDⅠ型声屏障的整体降噪效果略高于PRDⅡ型声屏障,适当降低扩散体设计频率、增加阶数和扩大槽宽均能提升PRDⅠ型声屏障的降噪效果;在微穿孔板-PRDⅠ型复合声屏障扩散体端部凹槽中添加微穿孔板共振吸音结构,能进一步提高扩散体端部结构的降噪增益,对改善地铁出入线噪声环境具有理想的应用前景。

考虑光伏波动性的配电网线损率阈值评估

针对分布式光伏接入后,异常线损率的判定阈值不合理导致漏检率较高的问题,提出考虑光伏波动性的10 kV配电网线损率波动阈值评估方法。首先,分析分布式光伏电量的并网形式以及可能存在的电量异常情况;其次,采用长短时记忆网络(LSTM)拟合输入特征与线损率之间的非线性关系预测线损率的方法,取代基于量测数据的潮流计算线损率的方法;然后,基于天气类型SCF指数,采用Monte Carol模拟体现光伏发电量的波动性,求得考虑光伏发电随机性的配电网线损率概率密度函数,并以此划定线损率的异常判定阈值。最后以IEEE 37节点配电系统为例,实际评估光伏接入后在考虑气象因素条件下配电线路日线损率的概率密度分布,并与电网的传统判定阈值进行对比分析。

基于自编码器与时域卷积神经网络算法的配电网线损分析

复杂的配电网环境中存在线损计算精确性、实时性不足的问题,因此提出基于循环神经网络自编码器改进的TCN-BiGRU配电网线损预测方法。选用擅长处理时间序列的TCN神经网络模型作为主干特征提取网络,在TCN中融入BiGRU单元以有效解决梯度消失问题。在此基础上,结合循环神经网络自编码器对线损异常值进行无监督分类并标记,通过softmax损失函数预测线损率异常原因,并制定相应降损措施,同时利用改进后的TCN-BiGRU算法对线损进行预测及成因分析。实验结果表明,与传统的配电网线损预测方法相比,该线损预测方法的均方根误差相较于传统的EMD-LSTM与PSO-CNN算法分别降低了0.03699和0.00402,在线损成因分析方面的准确率相较于ResNet50与DBN-DNN算法分别提高了1.500%和5.841%,为分布式电源接入后配电网节能降损、实现电网双碳目标提供了科学的参考依据。