Minimization of Electric Power Losses on 132 kV and 220 kV Uganda Electricity Transmission Lines

The classical minimization of power losses in transmission lines is dominated by artificial intelligence techniques, which do not guarantee global optimum amidst local minima. Revolutionary and evolutionary techniques are encumbered with sophisticated transformations, which weaken the techniques. Power loss minimization is crucial to the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines. Minimization of losses is one way to meet steady grid supply, especially at peak demand. Thus, this paper has presented a gradient technique to obtain optimal variables and values from the power loss model, which efficiently minimizes power losses by modifying the traditional power loss model that combines Ohm and Corona losses. Optimality tests showed that the unmodified model does not support the minimization of power losses on transmission lines as the Hessian matrix portrayed the maximization of power losses. However, the modified model is consistent with the gradient method of optimization, which yielded optimum variables and values from the power loss model developed in this study. The unmodified (modified) models for Bujagali-Kawanda 220 kV and Masaka West-Mbarara North 132 kV transmission lines in Uganda showed maximum power losses of 0.406 (0.391) and 0.452 (0.446) kW/km/phase respectively. These results indicate that the modified model is superior to the unmodified model in minimizing power losses in the transmission lines and should be implemented for the efficient design and operation of power transmission lines within and outside Uganda for the same transmission voltages.

Experimental Study of Current Loss of Stainless Steel Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line with Current Density at MA/cm Level

A magnetically insulated transmission line （MITL） is used to transmit high power electric pulses in large pulse power systems. However, current loss is unavoidable, especially when the current density is up to 1 MA/cm. In the paper, the current loss of an MITL made of stainless steel, which is usually used in large pulse power generators, is experimentally studied, and possible mechanisms to explain the current loss of the MITL are analyzed and discussed. From the experimental results, the relationship between loss current density and input current density follows approximately a power law. The loss is also related to the configuration of the MITL.

Investigation on current loss of high-power vacuum transmission lines with coaxial-disk transitions by particle-in-cell simulations

Coaxial-disk transitions can generate non-uniform magnetic fields and abrupt impedance variations in magnetically insulated transmission lines(MITLs),resulting in disturbed electron flow and non-negligible current loss.In this paper,3 D particle-in-cell simulations are conducted with UNPIC-3 d to investigate the current loss mechanism and the influence of the input parameters of the coaxial-disk transition on current loss in an MITL system.The results reveal that the magnetic field non-uniformity causes major current loss in the MITL after the coaxialdisk transition,and the non-uniformity decreases with the distance away from the transition.The uniformity of the magnetic field is improved when increasing the number of feed lines of a linear transformer driver-based accelerator with coaxial-disk transitions.The number of input feed lines should be no less than four in the azimuthal distribution to obtain acceptable uniformity of the magnetic field.To make the ratio of the current loss to the total current of the accelerator less than 2%at peak anode current,the ratio of the current in each feed line to the total current should be no less than 8%.

Semi-Markovian Model of Two-Line Queuing System with Losses

In the present paper, to build model of two-line queuing system with losses GI/G/2/0, the approach introduced by V.S. Korolyuk and A.F. Turbin, is used. It is based on application of the theory of semi-Markov processes with arbitrary phase space of states. This approach allows us to omit some restrictions. The stationary characteristics of the system have been defined, assuming that the incoming flow of requests and their service times have distributions of general form. The particular cases of the system were considered. The used approach can be useful for modeling systems of various purposes.

Energy Loss Analysis of Distributed Rooftop Photovoltaics in Industrial Parks

The analysis of the loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems involves the interests of energy users,energy-saving service companies,and power grid companies,so it has always been the focus of the industry and society in some manner or another.However,the related analysis for an actual case that considers different cooperative corporations’benefits is lacking in the presently available literature.This paper takes the distributed rooftop photovoltaic power generation project in an industrial park as the object,studies the analysis and calculation methods of line loss and transformer loss,analyzes the change of transformer loss under different temperatures and different load rates,and compares the data and trend of electricity consumption and power generation in industrial parks before and after the photovoltaic operation.This paper explores and practices the analysis method of the operating loss of distributed photovoltaic power generation and provides an essential reference for the benefit analysis and investment cost estimation of distributed photovoltaic power generation systems in industrial parks.The analyzed results reveal that the change loss is stable after the photovoltaic is connected,and there is no additional transformer loss.And before and after the photovoltaic system installation,there was no significant change in the total monthly data difference between the total meter and the sub-meter.

Improved Method of Power Loss and Electric Field Calculations of HVAC Transmission Lines

An improved method for calculating the corona power loss and the ground-level electric field on HVAC transmission lines induced by corona is proposed.Based on a charge simulation method combined with a method of successive images,the proposed method has the number and location of the simulated charges not arbitrary.When the surface electric field of a conductor exceeds the onset value,charges are emitted from corona into the space around,and the space ions and the surface charges on each sub-conductor are simulated by using the images of the other sub-conductors.The displacements of the space ions are calculated at every time step during corona periods in both the positive and the negative half cycles.Several examples are calculated by using the proposed method,and the calculated electric field at the ground level and the corona power loss agree well with previous measurements.The results show that simulating 12 charges in each conductor during 600 time steps in one cycle takes less time while guarantees the accuracy.The corona discharge from a 220 kV transmission line enhances slightly(less than 2%) the electric field at the ground level,but this effect is little from a 500 kV line.The improved method is a good compromise between the time cost and the accuracy of calculation.

The Difference of the Copy Number Variation and Loss of Heterozygosity of Human Lung Large Cell Cancer Cell Line with Different Metastatic Potential

Background and Objective It has been proven that copy number gain/or loss (copy number variation CNV) in uences gene expression and result in phenotypic variation by

基于集成树和MoE的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型

统计线损率是衡量电力系统经济运行的重要指标。然而,用户用电数据采集异常、数据传输中断等因素会导致统计线损率异常或缺失,这严重阻碍了智能配电网的线损精益化管理与经济高效运行。针对馈线统计线损率合理值的估计问题,该文提出了一种基于集成树和混合专家系统(MoE)的馈线统计线损率双层估计模型。首先,使用最大信息系数以更有效地分析统计线损率与其相关特征间的非线性关系,并采用鲁棒性强的K-Medoids聚类算法对馈线进行精细划分;然后,使用Stacking集成学习框架,基于基估计和元估计双层模型对馈线统计线损率进行两阶段估计,选用决策树和各类集成树模型作为基估计模型对统计线损率进行初步估计,将各基估计模型输出结果输入元估计模型MoE中进行最终估计,使用方均根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)来衡量模型所估计统计线损率的合理性;最后,通过算例分析表明,与其他模型相比,该文所提馈线统计线损率双层估计模型具有更低的RMSE和MAE,对馈线统计线损率的估计效果更好。

稠油井内衬保温油管热损失分析及开采参数优化

针对塔河油田稠油开采过程中原油热量损失大、资源浪费的问题,开展内衬保温油管开采技术研究。基于井筒稳态热传递与地层非稳态热传递理论,建立了稠油井井筒热传递数学模型,评价了不同内衬材料油管的保温性能,揭示了含水率、日产液量及内衬保温油管下深对井筒温度的影响规律。研究表明:内衬聚酮防腐层与气凝胶保温层的保温油管保温性能最佳,日产液量和保温油管下深对井口温度影响较大,含水率对井口温度的影响较小;日产液量大于72 t/d且保温油管下深大于3 500 m时,可满足稠油开采的温度要求。该研究明确了内衬保温油管保温的可行性,可为油田保温油管内衬的选材、稠油开采工艺参数的制订提供技术依据。

非视距信号传播场强特性的分析与研究

为探索机场通信路径中障碍物造成非视距传播产生衍射损耗,对信号场强衰减特性进行了研究。首先,基于ITU-R P.1546中不同地形环境对信号传播的影响,结合Deygout模型构建信号场强组合模型。其次,按障碍物数量分析随障碍物高度变化的接收场强传播特性。仿真结果表明,单障碍物越高,占据0.6F1菲涅尔区越大,场强越小;双障碍物路径中,高度增加的障碍物经过由次要转为主要障碍物,直到只剩主要障碍物的过程,使场强逐渐衰减。再次,针对场强上升,分析了次要障碍物高度与0.6F1菲涅尔区的关系。最后,调整覆盖场强最小阈值,确定接收设备是否被障碍物遮挡,从而导致信号被屏蔽。上述研究结果可为未来模拟机场各场景下障碍物分布,预测接收机是否因障碍物受干扰或影响场强覆盖范围提供参考依据。

高速互连PCB的材料电磁表征方法研究

随着数据传输速率的不断增加,对高速互连的信号完整性设计和优化变得至关重要。在高速通道设计的各个方面中,我们通过对现有的方法进行综述来着重介绍准确的PCB材料电磁表征这一关键问题,并对于提取PCB材料特性,如介电常数、损耗正切以及铜表面粗糙度的各种方法进行分类。首先,这些方法分为两大类:①对原始介质材料进行表征的技术;②适用于一般由玻璃纤维和树脂材料混合而成的PCB材料的表征方法。在每个类别中,简要描述了几种常用技术,并进行了优缺点的比较和讨论。基于传输线的方法的挑战和局限性在这里尤为重要,因为相关的材料特性提取程序在工业中已经是常规操作。此外,特别是在数十吉赫兹的频率范围内,典型铜箔表面粗糙度对准确材料表征的影响也被考虑。本文旨在通过总结和比较提供PCB材料表征方法的全面概述和分析。

Blackman-Nuttall窗FFT序列重构四谱线插值介损角测量方法

采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)在非同步采样时会产生频谱泄露和栅栏效应,影响介质损耗角的测量精度。为提高介质损耗角的测量精度,该文提出并建立一种基于Blackman-Nuttall窗FFT序列重构的四谱线插值介损角测量方法,对采样信号加Blackman-Nuttall窗进行FFT获得离散频谱序列,通过五点变换重构离散频谱序列,然后对重构后的序列进行四谱线插值修正得到电压和电流信号的基波相位,最后由两者的基波相位得到介质损耗角。通过在频率变化、采样点数变化、初始相位变化、直流分量变化、谐波分量变化和不同信噪比的噪声下仿真实验,表明该方法具有较高的介质损耗角测量精度。在与已用加窗傅里叶变换法相比,该方法运算量小、测量精度高,适用于对介质损耗角的精确测量。

多光伏电站接入风光火耦合系统选址优化

可再生能源机组出力的波动性及并网位置的不合理,导致耦合系统电压波动、功率偏差及投资成本的增加。针对风光火耦合系统选址优化调节需求,文章提出一种基于离散粒子群的多光伏电源接入选址优化方法。分析了光伏电源的无功补偿特性及其接入位置对系统电压偏差及网损的影响,建立了可再生能源与火电耦合的发电系统模型,并将光伏电源作为耦合系统的无功调节装置。以电压偏差和线路损耗综合最优为目标函数,采用离散粒子群算法对光伏电源接入点进行求解,算例分析结果表明,多光伏电站接入点优化方法保障了各节点电压偏差,减少了线路损耗,进而提高了风光火耦合系统的安全稳定性。

基于用电信息采集数据的低压台区异常线损诊断新方法

低压配电网台区的线损分析对发现和解决异常线损问题,减小用电损失以及用户的精细化管理具有重要意义。文章基于全事件用电信息采集系统采集的真实台区数据,提出了一种新的低压台区线损诊断方法。该方法利用电网诊断规则对所采集的原始数据进行质量分析,并通过对台区线损特征地提取和分类,建立了基于电压信息的二分K-means聚类诊断算法和基于电量信息的全局搜索诊断算法,实现了对台户异常电能表的快速定位及台区线损异常的治理。通过剔除异常电能表和实际检验表明该方法具有较高的准确性和一定的实用性。

圆形管渠直角分支口处水力特征试验研究

管网分水是管网运行的重要模式,为探索圆形管渠直角分水口附近处的基本水流特征,采用DN315的PVC圆管,在5种流量、5种分流比条件下开展管渠直角分水口过流试验,测量了分水口处局部水深,采用多普勒声学流速仪(ADV)测量了典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了管渠直角分水口典型断面的时均流速分布及水头损失。研究表明:分水口附近主管水面线大体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,大流量下水面线壅高程度高,分流比对口门处水面线影响较大。纵向流速经过分水口流速降低,而横向流速增加。分水口上下游纵向和横向流速呈对称分布,而在分水口区域靠近分水口侧数值较大。纵向流速垂向呈现抛物线型分布,分水口中轴断面处出现负值即存在回流区;横向流速垂向呈内凹型分布,不存在负值即不存在横向环流。水平流场的分流宽度随分流比的增大而增大,断面中层分流宽度大于其他层。水头损失系数在流向支管向远大于流向主管向,在分流比为0.4、流量为50 L/s总水头损失系数最小。本研究对于指导管网设计及运行具有重要意义。

基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法

针对台区线损率异常辨识困难,关联用户难以精准追踪的问题,提出一种基于多维场景划分的台区线损率异常研判及关联用户精准追踪方法。首先,提出了一种基于改进完备集合经验的模态分解(improved complete EEMD with adaptive noise,ICEEMDAN)算法的数据预处理策略,通过分析台区历史线损率曲线的变化趋势,构建台区线损率粗放场景集,并在此基础上采用支持向量聚类算法进一步对场景集进行二次精细划分,实现对台区多维场景集的建立。其次,提出一种基于簇类个案数目的区间动态平移策略,用于确定不同场景下线损率标准库的区间范围,并采用区间重叠率策略对划分中的孤立区间进行合并,实现对台区线损率标准库的完备划分。最后,给出一种基于关联分析的线损异常追踪方法,通过灰色关联分析法确定线损异常强相关因素,并基于改进Adtributor算法定量分析各因素和台区用户间的内在关联度,提高对台区线损率异常用户的追踪精度。算例采用台区真实数据进行仿真分析,结果表明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。

高能X射线光谱分析工具——SasalPy

等离子体模型是天文学家解析高能天体观测数据的重要工具,发展精确便利的等离子体模型有助于研究者高效的进行高能X射线光谱分析工作.在现有的SASAL等离子体模型的基础上进一步提出一种新的基于Python语言的高能X射线光谱分析工具包SasalPy,并从理论框架、功能性和差异性方面阐述SasalPy的可靠性和精确性.线辐射和连续辐射计算结果表明,原子参数如跃迁速率、碰撞强度等会对合成光谱产生明显地影响.以Capella星冕的体微分发射度为基础开展了三个温度的光谱合成应用,并通过与其他等离子体模型辐射损失结果的对比,说明SasalPy在X射线能段比较精确可靠.

带散射体的电力系统多级传输线高频耦合模型

高频电磁场会与架空输电线路产生耦合,一旦高频电磁场的波长小于传输线的高度,经典传输线理论就不再适用。传统的全波数值算法虽然可以解决这一问题,但求解效率不高,需要消耗大量的时间与计算资源。此外,电力系统输电线路往往有多个垂直端,线路布局复杂,而以往针对电力系统传输线的高效求解研究都是只有左右两个垂直端的较为简单的模型,与实际电力系统传输线的结构不符,没有考虑中间带有垂直端的情况。为了解决这些问题,文中提出一种理论有效的方法来解决有损耗地面上方带有散射体的电力系统多级传输线的高频电磁场耦合问题。采用计算效率高的渐近法,并在渐近法中引入散射体的概念,以考虑更复杂的电路结构。最后通过数值算例验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。

基于K-Means^(++)和Elman神经网络的低压台区线损计算方法

为了解决低压台区线损计算在理论上因线路复杂、用户众多以及数据获取困难等带来计算难度与精度不足的问题,提出了一种结合改进K-Means^(++)算法与Elman神经网络的创新计算方法。深入分析了低压台区线损的决定因素,并依据相关性分析构建了线损的关键特征指标集。采纳主成分分析方法实施数据降维,简化数据结构。通过改进的K-Means^(++)算法对数据集进行有效聚类,优化模型训练过程。同时,整合粒子群优化算法进一步提升Elman神经网络的性能。通过对实际数据进行仿真验证,结果证实所提出的方法在训练效率和计算精度方面表现优异。