认知隐喻视角下“头发”和“hair”的对比探究

认知隐喻学认为身体是人类认识世界、理解世界的中介,在此基础上身体词被赋予了诸多隐喻。选取身体词“头发”和“hair”进行对比分析,借助CCL和COCA语料库,结合两国不同文化背景,分析“头发”和“hair”隐喻色彩的异同。研究发现,“头发”和“hair”基本释义相同,也都拥有年龄色彩和情感色彩,但“头发”还拥有“hair”所不具备的器官色彩。在分析原因时,借助体认语言学的相关理论指出器官构造的高度相似导致体验感的高度相似,不同文化和价值观念导致语言加工的差异。

Determinants of Occipital Involvement in Males and Females with Pattern Hair Loss: A Retrospective Study

Background: Pattern hair loss (PHL) is the most common form of hair loss affecting both men and women. The occipital region, located at the back of the scalp, has been considered resistant to hair loss in PHL. It is often used as a donor site for hair transplantation procedures. However, evidence suggests that the occipital region may also be affected by PHL, although to a lesser extent compared to the frontal and vertex regions. Objective: To assess the levels and determinants of occipital involvement in PHL, focusing on gender and disease severity. Such data would enhance the comprehensive understanding of PHL progression and inform development of improved treatment strategies. Methods: This retrospective study involved 1993 adults (1000 males, 993 females) following for PHL at a specialized hair clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Any patient who had hair transplantation in the past and any male who had balding areas (Hamilton-Norwood scales 4 to 7) at the initial consultation was excluded. The primary outcome was occipital involvement, defined as >10% thin hairs in the trichometry assessments of the occipital region. Additional data included patients age, treatment status, disease severity, and other trichometry parameters. Results: The prevalence of occipital involvement was found to be 23.8% overall, significantly more frequent in females (35.6%) than males with early PHL (Hamilton-Norwood scales 2 and 3) (12.1%) (p Conclusion: This study underscored the relevance of gender and disease severity in occipital involvement in PHL. Females had significantly higher rates of occipital involvement, suggesting that gender differences are critical in understanding PHL progression. Future research should aim to validate these findings, with an aim to refine therapeutic and surgical approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Effects of Different Culture Condition in vitro on Growth of Cashmere Goat Primary Hair Follicles

[Objective] The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for illustrating the biological characteristics and growth regulation mechanism of hair follicles.[Method]Cashmere goat primary hair follicles were separated under aseptic condition and cultured in serum-free DMEM and serum-free Williams E media respectively;subsequently,the growth rate and morphological changes were observed under the inverted microscope.[Result]Hair follicles cultured in serum-free DMEM media showed a growth rate of 0.034 mm/d during the first 3 days,whose structure and morphological characteristics could maintian a stable status for a long time in the growth process.Hair follicles grew much faster in the serum-free Williams E media with a growth rate of 0.077 mm/d during the first 3 days.[Conclusion]There were significant differences(P<0.05)between the growth of cashmere goat hair follicles cultured in the 2 kinds of media.Serum-free Williams E medium was superior to serum-free DMEM medium.

Effects of Estradiol on Cashmere Goat Primary Hair Follicles Cultured in vitro

[Objective] The aim of this study was to preliminarily explore the effects of estradiol on morphology and growth of cashmere goat primary hair follicles. [Method] Cashmere goat primary hair follicles were cultured in serum-free Williams E media supplemented with different doses of 17 β-E2 (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0 nmol/L), and their growth rates and morphological changes were observed. [Result] The growth rate of 0.1 nmol/L 17 β-E2 group was quite comparable with that of the control group(0 nmol/L), but the 17 β-E2 with concentrations of 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 nmol/L displayed different degrees of inhibition on the growth of hair follicles. Different morphological changes of hair follicles could also be discovered in different concentration treatments. [Conclusion] The study laid a certain foundation for exploring the regulation mechanism of estrogen on growth of cashmere goat hair follicles.

Hair and Villus Production Performance of Tianzhu White Yak

[ Objective ] To analyze the hair and villus production performance of Tianzhu white yak and thus provide conditions for the genetic breed ing and product development. [Method] The hair and villus yield as well as villus rate of male and female Tianzhu white yaks from one year to six years old was detected and the villus yield was also determined. And these indexes of hair and villus were analyzed to evaluate the production per formance. [ Result] In Tianzhu white yaks from one year to two years old, the hair and villus yield was lower, but the villus rate and yield were high er. The hair and villus yield, villus rate, and villus yield were all higher in Tianzhu white yaks from three years to six years old but significantly de creased in 7yearold Tianzhu white yaks. In addition, the hair and villus yield was significantly （ P 〈 0.05） or very significantly （ P 〈 0.01 ） higher in male yaks than in female yaks. The villus rate was very significantly （ P 〈0.01 ） higher than in female yaks from five years to seven years old than in male yaks at the same age. [ Conclusion] Tianzhu white yaks from one year to two years old have the best hair and villus production perform ance; Tianzhu white yaks from three years to six years old are in the main phase of hair and villus production; Tianzhu white yaks older than seven years old should not be used for hair and villus production.

HAIR-AN综合征、白癜风、甲状腺功能减退并发1例

患者女，18岁。颈部、腋窝、腹股沟皮肤肥厚、色素沉着8年，颈部皮肤色素沉着表面白色斑片2年。皮肤科情况：颈部、腋窝、腹股沟皮肤肥厚、色素沉着，呈绒毛样增生。颈部皮肤色素沉着表面见约4．5em×3．0cm大小的色素脱失斑，周边见色素沉着晕。实验室检查：空腹和餐后2h血胰岛素水平分别为38．59μIU／mL（正常值2．0—30．5iμIU／mL）和1361μIU／mL（正常值11．5—99．65μIU／mL）。血睾酮水平113．5ng/dL（正常值10．0～75．0ng／dL）。3T功能：血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）〉100μIU／mL（正常值0．34～5．60DxlU／mL），FT32．9pmolZL（正常值3．8～6．0pmol／L），FT42．8pmol／L（正常值7．9～14．4pmol／L）。诊断：HAIR—AN综合征、白癜风、甲状腺功能减退并发。

不同胚层来源成体干细胞修复周围神经损伤

背景:成体干细胞疗法是周围神经损伤修复与再生领域的研究热点之一。中胚层被视为成体干细胞的理想来源,间充质干细胞具有获得率高、来源广、增殖快等优异性能。而外胚层来源成体干细胞,尤其是神经嵴干细胞,具有神经源性,越来越受到研究人员的关注。目的:对来自外胚层和中胚层的多功能成体干细胞在周围神经损伤修复与再生中的作用及机制进行简要综述,探究不同来源成体干细胞的研究进展与应用前景,并结合临床研究,探讨成体干细胞疗法潜在的应用价值以及亟待解决的问题。方法:第一作者于2024年2月应用计算机在PubMed和SinoMed数据库检索2001年12月至2024年2月相关文献,以“ectodermal stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells,peripheral nerve injury,repair,regeneration”为英文检索词,以“外胚层干细胞、间充质干细胞、周围神经损伤、修复、再生”为中文检索词,最终纳入69篇文献进行分析论述。结果与结论:①外胚层来源成体干细胞具有优异的分化和再生潜能,尤其是毛囊神经嵴干细胞、嗅干细胞、牙外胚层干细胞等,具有神经源性,可在体外表达神经特异性标志物,但目前缺少临床试验研究。②中胚层来源成体干细胞种类多、易获得及纯化,其中骨髓间充质干细胞和脐带间充质干细胞在周围神经损伤修复的应用疗效及安全性方面有相关临床试验支持,能改善感觉及运动神经传导,且在随访中未出现并发症和明显不良反应。骨髓间充质干细胞的获取需行侵入性外科手术且要求患者与捐赠者骨髓配型吻合,应用受到一定限制;而脐带间充质干细胞虽无需侵入性获取,但分离较困难且表型不稳定。③内胚层来源成体干细胞常难以在体外生长,应用受限,目前应用于临床的可能性低。④综合来看,骨髓间充质干细胞仍为周围神经损伤干细胞治疗的首选细胞,适用于无外科手术禁忌且符合配型要求的情况,其次为脐带间充质干细胞,辅以分离方法的改进和表型稳定性的提高策略。⑤牙外胚层干细胞以及脂肪间充质干细胞具有较高应用潜能,有待进一步临床试验,其他外胚层、中胚层来源成体干细胞各以其优异特性在动物及细胞实验研究中具有显著优势。

基于阶梯阻抗hair-pin谐振器的X波段振荡器的设计

介绍一种采用新颖hair-pin谐振器设计低相位噪声平面微波振荡器的方法。新hair-pin谐振器利用阶梯阻抗可以转移基波倍频处的伪谐振频率并可以消除谐波互调分量的优势,使振荡器的相位噪声明显地降低。与传统均匀阻抗hair-pin谐振器设计的振荡器相比,新hair-pin谐振器设计的振荡器表现出更好的相位噪声。实验测量结果表明:振荡频率为12.07GHz,在100kHz和1 MHz频偏处,相位噪声分别为-96.15dBc/Hz和-127.29dBc/Hz。此外,振荡器的功耗为37.4mW,输出功率为-0.76dBm。

Mercury concentration in hair samples from Chinese people in coastal cities

This investigation was made to estimate current normal concentrations of total mercury in the hair of Chinese coastal people. Hair samples were collected from 659 healthy inhabitants in the areas along the coast and the rivers (such as Shanghai, Ningbo, Dalian, Xiamen, and Zhoushan) of China from Feb. 2005 to June 2006. Total mercury concentrations in the samples were analyzed by the cold vapor atomic adsorption spectrometry method (CVAAS). The results showed the geometric mean concentration of total mercur...

Hoxc13 Expression Pattern in Cashmere Goat Skin During Hair Follicle Development

Hoxc13 has an important role in controlling hair formation. In this study, we examine the Hoxc13 RNA expression pattern of skin during embryo development. The result indicated that changes of the Hoxe13 gene expression and thickness of skin have a similar trend during hair follicle morphogenesis. In interpreting these results, we investigated whether the regulation motifs is in Hoxc13 intron, which is a 5.4 kb fragment. To blast with other mammals, we found a very conservative region in all mammal animals and two regions in livestock, such as cow, sheep, horse, dog, and so on, which are not in other Hox genes. We have examined putative pre-miRNA in this region, providing an entry point for elucidating currently unknown mechanisms that are required for regulating quantitative levels of Hoxc13 gene expression.

Hoxc13/β-catenin Correlation with Hair Follicle Activity in Cashmere Goat

Seasonal hair follicle activity and fibre growth in some Cashmere-bearing goats （Caprus hircus） is a cyclic process that is well characterized morphologically but understood incompletely at the molecular level. As an initial step in discovering regulators in hair-follicle activity and cycling, we used qPCR to investigate 19 genes expression in Cashmere goat side skin from 12 mon. Many of these genes may be associated with the hair follicle development-relevant genes （HFDRGs） in the literature. Here we show that Hoxc13/β-catenin gene associated with the follicle activity. In addition, Hoxc13 was found to be expressed with an drastic increase between July and November for melatonin treatments. To further investigate the role of Hoxcl3 on HFDRGs, fibroblasts and keratinocytes from Cashmere goat skin were transfected with p-ECFP- Hoxc13. The result suggested that overexpression ofHoxcl3 gene decreased HFDRGs with negative role for hair follicle development and increase HFDRGs with positive role for hair follicle development in vitro. These findings provide data on the Hoxc13 expression profile of normal Cashmere goat skin and Cashmere goat skin with melatonin treatment, and demonstrate hair-follicle-activity dependent regulation of Hoxc13 expression.

Sulfur-encapsulated in heteroatom-doped hierarchical porous carbon derived from goat hair for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries

Biomass-derived carbon materials have aroused widespread concern as host material of sulfur to enhance electrochemical performances for lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, goat hair, as a low-cost and eco-friendly precursor, is employed to fabricate cauliflower-like in-situ nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus tri-doped porous biomass carbon(NOPC) by a facile activation with H_3PO_4 and carbonization process.The morphology and microstructure of NOPC can be readily tuned by altering pyrolysis temperature. The as-prepared NOPC matrix material carbonized at 600 °C possesses 3D hierarchical porous structure, high specific surface area(535.352 m^2 g^(-1)), and appropriate pore size and pore size distribution. Encapsulating sulfur into the NOPC depends on a stem-melting technology as cathode materials of Li–S batteries. Due to the synergistic effect of special physical structure and inherent tri-doping of N, O and P, electrons and ions transfer and utilization of active sulfur in the materials are improved, and the shuttle behaviors of soluble lithium polysulfides are also mitigated. Consequently, the S/NOPC-600 composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, giving a high initial discharge capacity of 1185 mA h g^(-1) at 0.05 C and maintaining a relatively considerable capacity of 489 m A h g^(-1) at 0.2 C after 300 cycles. Our work shows that a promising candidate for cathode material of Li–S batteries can be synthesized using low-cost and renewable biomass materials by a facile process.

Modulation of copper transporters in protection against cisplatin-induced cochlear hair cell damage

Cisplatin belongs to platinum-based drugs and is widely used in cancer chemotherapy.Ototoxicity is one of the major dose limiting side-effects of cisplatin.For toxicity to occur cisplatin must first be transported from the bloodstream into cochlear cells.Three copper transporters are considered pathways for regulating the uptake and translocation of cisplatin into cells:Ctr1,ATP7A and ATP7B.Our recent study with cochlear organotypic cultures shows that cochlear hair cells can be destroyed by cisplatin at low concentrations from 10μm to 100μn.However,high doses of cisplatin cannot damage hair cells,maybe due to intrinsic feedback reactions that increase export of platinum by ATP7B when the platinum concentration is high in extracellular space.Cimitidine is a specific copper transporter inhibitor that can block the entrance of copper and platinum,and may prevent cisplatin-induced cochlear hair cell injury.To evaluate this hypothesis,we treated cochlear organotypic cultures with cisplatin (10 μm or 50 μm) alone,or cisplatin combined with cimitidine at concentrations ranging from 10-2000 μm for 48 hours.cisplatin at 10 μm damaged about 20% hair cells.In contrast,when cimitidine (10 μm,100 μm and 2000 μm) was added to the culture,near 100% cochlear hair cell survived.At higher concentration (50 μm),cisplatin destroyed about 80% of cochlear hair cells.However,100 μmcimitidine rescued about 50% hair cells from cisplatin damage,and 2000μm cimitidine protected about 80% hair cells.The data of western blot showed that CTR1 and ATP7B expressions were increased in cisplatin treated cochlear tissue,but cimitidine significantly reduced CTR1 and ATP7B.In addition,ATP7A expression was depressed a little after cisplatin treatment.Considering that Ctr1 is involved in copper and platinum influx,but the ATP7A and ATP7B are copper export transporters,the results suggest that cimitidine can effectively block the entrance by copper transporters and stop the influx of cisplatin.

Notch pathway inhibitor DAPT enhances Atoh1 activity to generate new hair cells in situ in rat cochleae

Atoh1 overexpression in cochlear epithelium induces new hair cell formation. Use of adenovirus-mediated Atoh1 overexpression has mainly focused on the rat lesser epithelial ridge and induces ectopic hair cell regeneration. The sensory region of rat cochlea is difficult to transfect, thus new hair cells are rarely produced in situ in rat cochlear explants. After culturing rat cochleae in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, adenovirus successfully infected the sensory region as the width of the supporting cell area was significantly increased. Adenovirus encoding Atoh1 infected the sensory region and induced hair cell formation in situ. Combined application of the Notch inhibitor DAPT and Atoh1 increased the Atoh1 expression level and decreased hes1 and hes5 levels, further promoting hair cell generation. Our results demonstrate that DAPT enhances Atoh1 activity to promote hair cell regeneration in rat cochlear sensory epithelium in vitro.

Apoptosis in inner ear sensory hair cells

Apoptosis, or controlled cell death, is a normal part of cellular lifespan. Cell death of cochlear hair cells causes deafness; an apoptotic process that is not well understood. Worldwide, 1.3 billion humans suffer some form of hearing loss, while 360 million suffer debilitating hearing loss as a direct result of the absence of these cochlear hair cells(Worldwide Hearing, 2014). Much is known about apoptosis in other systems and in other cell types thanks to studies done since the mid-20 th century. Here we review current literature on apoptosis in general, and causes of deafness and cochlear hair cells loss as a result of apoptosis. The family of B-cell lymphoma(Bcl) proteins are among the most studied and characterized. We will review current literature on the Bcl2 and Bcl6 protein interactions in relation to apoptosis and their possible roles in vulnerability and survival of cochlear hair cells.

Protective effects of Ecklonia cava extract on the toxicity and oxidative stress induced by hair dye in in-vitro and in-vivo models

Oxidative hair dyes containingρ-phenylenediamine(PPD)are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin.Despite the associated risk,these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color.This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes.Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract’s effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes.Analysis of CIEL*a*b*Color space was first used to determine the range of E.cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition.Subsequently,the set ranges of E.cava extract(5% and 7%)were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes.The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E.cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model.Our results showed that E.cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.These results suggest that the addition of 7% E.cava extract to 250μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective eff ects against the hair dye.The study proposes that the use of E.cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes.

A mutation in the type Ⅱ hair keratin KRT86 gene in a Han family with monilethrix

Monilethrix, a congenital disease of hair, is usually associated with mutations in keratin genes, like KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86. We conducted this study to investigate the mutation of type Ⅱ human basic hair keratin hHb/ KRT gene in a Han family with monilethrix and obtain information for potential pathogenic mechanism study of monilethrix. Peripheral blood samples were drawn for genomic DNA detection. Exon 1 and exon 7 of the KRT81, KRT83 and KRT86 genes were amplified by PCR. All PCR products were sequenced directly using an ABI 310 DNA sequencer. These sequences were aligned with the standard sequences in GenBank using the BLAST software. PCR products were digested with restriction endonuclease and restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） analysis was performed. In this study, we identified one novel mutation, which is a heterozygous transitional mutation of G→A at position 1,289 in exon 7 of the KRT86 gene [R430Q （KRT86）]. RFLP assays for the novel mutation excluded the possibility of polymorphism. The R430Q mutation of the KRT86 gene may be pathogenic for monilethrix. Meanwhile, we did not find any novel mutation or recurrent mutation in exons 1 and 7 of KRT81 and KRT83 and exon 1 of KRT86. There is a potential pathogenic gene in the subjects and our results expand the spectrum of mutations in the hHb6 gene.

Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution:Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City,Hunan Province,Southern China

Follow-up investigation on hair arsenic concentration was conducted in an arsenic heavily polluted area of southern China in 2002 and 2006. The results showed that the geometric mean of hair arsenic concentration decreased from 2.95 mg/kg in 2002 to 1.78 mg/kg in 2006, when the percentage of the population with levels over 1 mg/kg only decreased from 93.4% in 2002 to 80.5% in 2006. Over this four-year period, the population with high arsenic concentrations decreased significantly while there was no obvious change in hair arsenic concentration for people who had relatively low concentrations. In terms of age distribution, young and old people had higher hair arsenic concentrations than the middle-aged. All of these results showed that it is difficult to reverse the negative impact of arsenic pollution on human health. Arsenic pollution has a long-term continuous influence on the health of local residents.

miR-21 promotes the differentiation of hair folliclederived neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells

Hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells can be induced to differentiate into Schwann cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism during cell differentiation remains poorly understood. This study isolated neural crest stem cells from human hair folli-cles and induced them to differentiate into Schwann cells. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that microRNA （miR）-21 expression was gradually increased during the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells. After transfection with the miR-21 agonist （agomir-21）, the differentiation capacity of neural crest stem cells was enhanced. By contrast, after transfection with the miR-21 antagonist （antagomir-21）, the differentiation capacity was attenuated. Further study results showed that SOX-2 was an effective target of miR-21. Without compromising SOX2 mRNA expression, miR-21 can down-regulate SOX protein expression by binding to the 3′-UTR of miR-21 mRNA. Knocking out the SOX2 gene from the neural crest stem cells significantly reversed the antagomir-21 inhibition of neural crest stem cells differentiating into Schwann cells. The results suggest that miR-21 expression was increased during the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells and miR-21 promoted the differentiation through down-regu-lating SOX protein expression by binding to the 3′-UTR of SOX2 mRNA.

Hair follicle stem cells: In vitro and in vivo neural differentiation

Hair follicle stem cells(HFSCs) normally give rise to keratinocytes, sebocytes, and transient amplifying progenitor cells. Along with the capacity to proliferate rapidly, HFSCs provide the basis for establishing a putative source of stem cells for cell therapy. HFSCs are multipotent stem cells originating from the bulge area. The importance of these cells arises from two important characteristics, distinguishing them from all other adult stem cells. First, they are accessible and proliferate for long periods. Second, they are multipotent, possessing the ability to differentiate into mesodermal and ectodermal cell types. In addition to a developmental capacity in vitro, HFSCs display an ability to form differentiated cells in vivo. During the last two decades, numerous studies have led to the development of an appropriate culture condition for producing various cell lineages from HFSCs. Therefore, these stem cells are considered as a novel source for cell therapy of a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. This review presents the current status of human, rat, and mouse HFSCs from both the cellular and molecular biology and cell therapy perspectives. The first section of this review highlights the importance of HFSCs and in vitro differentiation, while the final section emphasizes the significance of cell differentiation in vivo.