英语中“否定(Negation)”的结构分析

本文通过对否定的结构和修辞等特征进行分析,从而说明否定并不相对于肯定而存在,它应是一个相对独立的语言范畴。

On the Analysis of Negation in English Teaching

The negation in English is very complicated.It cannot be separated from the other parts of the whole sentence.We have to take all the factors of the whole sentence into account to understand the negation in English.This paper probes into the classification and the construction of the negation.It aims at providing a detailed analysis of negation in English teaching.

Negation scope detection with a conditional random field model

Identifying negation cues and their scope in a text is an important subtask of information extraction that can benefit other natural language processing tasks,including but not limited to medical data mining,relation extraction,question answering and sentiment analysis.The tasks of negation cue and negation scope detection can be treated as sequence labelling problems.In this paper,a system is presented having two components:negation cue detection and negation scope detection.In the first phase,a conditional random field(CRF) model is trained to detect the negation cues using a lexicon of negation words and some lexical and contextual features.Then,another CRF model is trained to detect the scope of each negation cue identified in the first phase,using basic lexical and contextual features.These two models are trained and tested using the dataset distributed within the* Sem Shared Task 2012 on resolving the scope and focus of negation.Experimental results show that the system outperformed all the systems submitted to this shared task.

Chinese Negation Marker Bu and Its Association with Focus

TheChinesenegationmarkerbu'not'isanalyzedasaclitic-likeelementintheliterature(Huang,1988;Ernst,1995,etc.)inordertoexplainwhyitcannotco-occurwith(i)perfectivemarker-leor(ii)mannerphrases(cf.sentences(1)and(2)).(1)*Wobu-chi-lemuguaInot-eatPerfpapaya(Hu...

Negation and Semantic Interpretation of Wh-phrases

Chinesewh-phrasesareintriguingbecausetheirsemanticinterpretationsvaryaccordingtotheenvironmentsinwhichtheyappear.TheseaffectivecontextswhichlicenseanindefinitereadingofawhphrasehavebeeninvestigatedbyHuang(1982),Cheng(1991),Li(1992),Lin(1996,1998)amon...

On Implid Negation

In English negation presents much of a problem,one difficulty lies in the relationship be-tween form and meaning.Negative sentences are usually made by putting fhe negative particle "no"after an auxiliaryverb,if there is one in the sentence (eg, is not,have not, cannot), In an informal style,contractednegatives are usual (eg, isn’ t,haven’t, can’t), For example:The experiment has not succeeded.

Negation of the Object in Sesotho

This article examines constituent negation in Sesotho. It investigates negation of the object argument in clauses with non-copulative verbs. In the case of non-copulative verbs, transitive and di-transitive constructions will be considered. The article argues that Sesotho does not have a direct means of negating clausal constituents but employs clauses such as cleft sentences and clauses with AGRS [ho] as well as contrastive clauses to effect negation. It further examines negation in terms of Haegeman5s (1995) Neg-Criterion, the well-formedness condition that determines the distribution and interpretation of negative elements. It gives a brief overview of grammatical concepts regarding negation and the notion object argument in its focus and post verbal positions, and explains how constituent negation, [the object argument] is realized in Sesotho.

The Application of Negative and Positive Words and Phrases in Chinese Negation Expressions

Negation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all languages.In Chinese,there are a good number of such negative expressions as“fēi(非)”,“bu(不)”,“méi(没)”,“mò(莫)”,“bié(别)”,“wèi(未)”,“wú(无)”,“wù(勿)”,“fiào(覅)”,“béng(甭)”,“fǒu(否)”,and“miǎn(免)”as well as phrases with one of them.This paper is intended to explore the application of negation in Chinese in two ways:(1)People express positive meanings with negative words or phrases;(2)People express negative meanings with positive words or phrases.The linguistic data employed in this paper come from real life,microblogs,variety shows,short videos,and some hǎobùexpressions from three of China’s four classic novels.

God, Intensional Negation, and the Devil（s）

In this paper an intensional concept theory based on an intensional containment relation is presented, which, in turn, is then generalized in order to define the complete concept of God. We are following Leibniz＇s definition of God as a most perfect Being, by which he meant a subject of all perfections. As a consequence of this definition of God, two different complete concepts of the Devil（s） can be defined. However, these two complete concepts of the Devil（s） are not only incoherent with Leibniz＇s philosophy, but they introduce the problem of the Devil（s） as well, which seems to originate from a problem of an adequate definition of the concept of God on one hand, and the logical problem of the intensional negation of a concept on the other hand.

Negation in English

Every language has its own unique ways of negation and English is no exception. More importance should be attached to when a negative English sentence is translated into its Chinese equivalent. Negation in English can be realized in many different ways. In the first place, the different types of negation in English will be analyzed. In addition, the affixes and lexicons used to denote negation will be investigated. The last part is mainly concerning the idioms and other expressions which denote negative meanings. In order to make the views much more clearly, some Chinese equivalents of the English sentences will be offered here.

The Influence of the Interaction Between Negation and Politeness on the Negation Structure

Negation is a grammatical phenomenon and often explored and explained from the formal perspective. In this thesis,negation itself can constitute sort of force, which is closely linked to politeness in communication. It is the interaction between negation and politeness that determines the negation structure, that is, the meaning of negation is expressed in other structures such as interrogative sentences than the mere negation structure. Here it is argued that these interrogatives are functionally equivalent to the negation structures, resulting from the interaction between the grammatical force and the pragmatic principles.

A Corpus-based Study on the Use of Affixal Negation in Chinese EFL Learners' Writing

This paper reports a comparative study on the use of affixal negation in the writing of Chinese EFL learners based on data collected from a learner corpus,WECCL and a native-speaker corpus,LOCNESS.The findings revealed that the overall frequency of affixal negation used by Chinese students was nearly the same as that of native speakers.And the top three most frequently used negative affixes of the two groups were the same in terms of their rankings and proportion.However,when it comes to individual negative affixes,some were underused while others overused.The reasons behind were explored in the analysis of un-,dis-and in-,the top three most frequently used negative affixes by Chinese EFL learners and native speakers.Pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research were presented at the end of the paper.

Negation in Amharic and Ezha:A comparative perspective

This article offers a description of negation marking in the two Ethio-Semitic languages:Amharic and Ezha.The description has been made from the perspective of synchronic comparison.The article discloses that both Amharic and Ezha make use of negative prefixes in order to reverse the truth condition of an affirmative expression.The negative morphemes employed by each of the two languages have two allomorphic variants whose alternation is grammatically conditioned.The two allomorphs of the negative marker in Amharic are al-which occurs with perfective and imperative verbs,and a-that surfaces with imperfective and jussive verbal conjugations.Similarly,the Ezha negative prefix appears as an-with perfective verbal bases,and as a-with imperfective,jussive and imperative verb forms.In both languages,the negative prefixes attach to verbs preceding person prefixes and following subordinators in negative subordinate clauses.When it comes to copular and existential verbs,as compared to prototypical verbs,negation in both languages can be expressed in two ways:in some cases,the aforementioned negative prefixes are employed;and in some other cases,completely different verb forms rendering negative readings are introduced,hence,lexical negation via suppletion.

On the Scope of Negation in English

This paper deals with the scope of two types of English negation： the modal negation and the non-modal negation. It points out the possibility of ambiguity by reflecting the negative scope through word order in some structures and discusses the special features of these structures.

A Privacy Preservation Method for Attributed Social Network Based on Negative Representation of Information

Due to the presence of a large amount of personal sensitive information in social networks,privacy preservation issues in social networks have attracted the attention of many scholars.Inspired by the self-nonself discrimination paradigmin the biological immune system,the negative representation of information indicates features such as simplicity and efficiency,which is very suitable for preserving social network privacy.Therefore,we suggest a method to preserve the topology privacy and node attribute privacy of attribute social networks,called AttNetNRI.Specifically,a negative survey-based method is developed to disturb the relationship between nodes in the social network so that the topology structure can be kept private.Moreover,a negative database-based method is proposed to hide node attributes,so that the privacy of node attributes can be preserved while supporting the similarity estimation between different node attributes,which is crucial to the analysis of social networks.To evaluate the performance of the AttNetNRI,empirical studies have been conducted on various attribute social networks and compared with several state-of-the-art methods tailored to preserve the privacy of social networks.The experimental results show the superiority of the developed method in preserving the privacy of attribute social networks and demonstrate the effectiveness of the topology disturbing and attribute hiding parts.The experimental results show the superiority of the developed methods in preserving the privacy of attribute social networks and demonstrate the effectiveness of the topological interference and attribute-hiding components.

A Simple Embedding Method for the Laplace-Beltrami Eigenvalue Problem onImplicit Surfaces

We propose a simple embedding method for computing the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on implicit surfaces.The approach follows an embedding approach for solving the surface eikonal equation.We replace the differential operator on the interface with a typical Cartesian differential operator in the surface neighborhood.Our proposed algorithm is easy to implement and efficient.We will give some two-and three-dimensional numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

The characteristics of negative corona discharge and radio interference at different altitudes based on coaxial wire-cylinder gap

The corona discharge from transmission lines in high-altitude areas is more severe than at lower altitudes. The radio interference caused thereby is a key factor to be considered when designing transmission lines. To study the influence of altitude on negative corona characteristics, an experimental platform comprising a movable small corona cage was established: experiments were conducted at four altitudes in the range of 1120-4320 m, and data on the corona current pulse and radio interference level of 0.8-mm diameter fine copper wire under different negative voltages were collected. The experimental results show that the average amplitude, repetition frequency and average current of the corona current pulse increase with increasing altitude. The dispersion of pulse amplitude increases with increase in altitude, while the randomness of the pulse interval decreases continuously. Taking the average current as an intermediate variable,the relationship between radio interference level and altitude is obtained. The result of this research has some significance for understanding the corona discharge characteristics of ultra-highvoltage lines.

Scheme of negative acoustic radiation force based on a multiple-layered spherical structure

Acoustic radiation force(ARF), as an important particle manipulation method, has been extensively studied in recent years. With the introduction of the concept of “acoustic tweezers”, negative acoustic radiation has become a research hotspot. In this paper, a scheme of realizing negative ARF based on the multiple-layered spherical structure design is proposed. The specific structure and design idea are presented. Detailed theoretical calculation analysis is carried out.Numerical simulations have been performed to verify the correctness of this prediction. The conjecture that the suppression of backscattering can achieve negative ARF is verified concretely, which greatly expands the application prospect and design ideas of the ARF. This work has laid a theoretical foundation for realizing precise control of the structure.

Negation Scope Detection with Recurrent Neural Networks Models in Review Texts

Identifying negation scopes in a text is an important subtask of information extraction, that can benefit other natural language processing tasks, like relation extraction, question answering and sentiment analysis. And serves the task of social media text understanding. The task of negation scope detection can be regarded as a token-level sequence labeling problem. In this paper, we propose different models based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and word embedding that can be successfully applied to such tasks without any task-specific feature engineering efforts. Our experimental results show that RNNs, without using any hand-crafted features, outperform feature-rich CRF-based model.

The Negative Thermal Expansion Property of NdMnO_(3) Based on Pores Effect and Phase Transition

A novel negative thermal expansion(NTE) material NdMnO_(3) was synthesized by solid-state method at 1 523 K. The crystal structure, phase transition, pores effect and negative expansion properties of NdMnO_(3) were investigated by variable temperature X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and variable temperature Raman spectra. The compound exhibits NTE properties in the orderly O' phase crystal structure. When the temperature is from 293 to 759 K, the ceramic NdMnO_(3) shows negative thermal expansion of-4.7×10^(-6)/K. As temperature increases, the ceramic NdMnO_(3) presents NTE property range from 759 to 1 007 K. The average linear expansion coefficient is-18.88×10^(-6)/K. The physical mechanism of NTE is discussed and clarified through experiments.