Impact of forest governance and enforcement on deforestation and forest degradation at the district level:A study in West Bengal State,India

According to the United Nations Environmental Programme(UNEP),the world loses 1.0×106hm2forest land through deforestation annually.About 1.6×106people who depend on forests for livelihood are negatively affected by deforestation and forest degradation.The paper attempts to study the impact of forest governance,enforcement and socio-economic factors on deforestation and forest degradation at the local level in West Bengal State,India.The study was based on questionnaire survey data during 2020–2021 collected from three western districts(Purulia,Bankura,and Paschim Medinipur)where deforestation and poverty rates are higher than other districts in West Bengal State.The total number of selected villages was 29,and the total sample households were 693.A stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data,and a questionnaire was followed.Forest governance and enforcement indices were constructed using United Nation Development Programme(UNDP)methodology and a step-wise logistic regression model was used to identify the factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation.The result of this study showed that four factors(illegal logging,weak forest administration,encroachment,and poverty)are identified for the causes of deforestation and forest degradation.It is observed that six indices of forest governance(rule of law,transparency,accountability,participation,inclusiveness and equitability,and efficiency and effectiveness)are relatively high in Purulia District.Moreover,this study shows that Purulia and Bankura districts follow medium forest governance,while Paschim Medinipur District has poor forest governance.The enforcement index is found to be highest in Purulia District(0.717)and lowest for Paschim Medinipur District(0.257).Finally,weak forest governance,poor socio-economic conditions of the households,and weak enforcement lead to the deforestation and forest degradation in the study area.Therefore,governments should strengthen law enforcement and encourage sustainable forest certification schemes to combat illegal logging.

Reassessing the Empirical Relationship between Health Expenditure,Governance and Economic Growth in Africa:Analysis of Nigerian

As an aspect of human capital,a positive association exists amongst health,productivity,and growth in output per capita.On the other hand,social infrastructure defined by the institution of governance has a direct effect on the environment upon which productive activities take place to determine outcomes.Nigeria like most African countries is bedevilled by the high prevalence of inadequate health financing and poor governance.Health financing for Nigeria consistently has fallen short of the AU health funding commitment of 15%of annual budgetary allocation to the health sector.Secondly,poor governance conditions available resources and shape the state of infrastructure,particularly health infrastructure and socioeconomic conditions.In turn,this determines individuals’level of exposure to health risks and their capacity to actively contribute to productive activity for growth stimulation and sustainability.Against this backdrop,this study added to the existing literature in the context of Nigeria,by theoretically applying the Solow augmented Mankiw-Romer-Weil structural model in the examination of the impact of government size and governance quality in the health sector,on economic growth.Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)model was adopted in the estimation.Findings show that governance quality adversely affects growth and this reduces the capacity of health spending to stimulate growth by an almost equal margin.As a result,this study recommends legislative backing to the AU health funding commitment in Nigeria.

Big Data in Chinese Government Governance: Analysis of Decision-Making Model Innovation and Practice

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has put forward higher requirements for Chinese government governance. The government governance has developed to a higher stage. Meanwhile, it faces more challenges, like lack of top-level design and information sharing. To develop a government governance decision-making innovation model, we should make good use of big data to mine in the grassroots government data management network. Both the characteristics of the times and the experience of the practice have proven that big data can empower government governance and promote the construction of a service-oriented government.

A multiple case study on the cooperative governance model of treating environmental deterioration

Managing the acute problem of environmental deterioration due to the industrialization of modern China is necessary.Using three cases from a theoretical perspective of procedure-structure,this study explored how environmental deterioration is governed in three circumstances.Research findings revealed that the pattern to treat the worsening environment is associated closely with individual-specific circumstances,and thus three patterns of governance are developed:bureaucratic,contractual,and network-based cooperatives.The cases and the results are described the advantages and disadvantages of these models are discussed.Suggestions on how to more effectively manage these urgent problems are as follows:first,the governance must fit the circumstance,namely,its physical,biological,and social attributes;second,the regulations and conditions regarding the government-dominated pattern are came up from the perspective of mega-governance,mutual trust contracts,benefit sharing,and social capital;and third,the government should abandon the pattern based on the single subject and adopt a plural subject governance model to integrate all the relevant forces to facilitate the attainment of benign environmental governance.

Assessing performance of cross-administrative environment governance based on PSR model:An empirical analysis of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

As an effective environment governance tool,environment governance performance evaluation is an important content and method to promote the modernization of environment governance system and governance ability.The environmental pollution of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has typical cross-administrative characteristics.Based on the analysis of the major environmental pollution problems in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,according to the international environment governance PSR model,a performance evaluation system that applies to the environment governance of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is established.Meanwhile,the principal component analysis method is applied to conduct an empirical analysis of the environmental governance panel data for the 13 major cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2014 to 2016.The results show that most of the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region attach great importance to reduction of emission and pollutants,continuously alleviating the stress of environmental governance.However,the overall improvement of the environment governance performance in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has presented a polarization imbalance.There is a clear tendency for subjective biases in the implementation of environment governance and a lack of comprehensive and systematic governance.According to the environment governance performance evaluation result of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,the cross-administrative regional environment governance should improve the environment governance performance evaluation system as soon as possible,strengthen the consistency of the environment governance objectives,and implement comprehensive and systematic governance for the regional environment.

Establishing a Social Governance Model Based on Collaboration,Participation,and Common Interests:Value,Structure and Roadmap

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)put forward the proposal of establishing a social governance model based on collaboration,participation,and common interests,with the aim of developing new approaches to social governance and further modernizing China’s social system and capacity for governance.As a structuralized social relation addressing diversified governance bodies,the model has consolidated the social governance innovations achieved since the 18th CPC National Congress.Focusing on three dimensions—"value,""structure"and"roadmap,"this paper tries to interpret the value connotations and defining features behind the model and explores its development roadmap.Such a social governance model is a response to political,social and public value appeals,and an adjustment to the order of governance bodies,resource allocations and the benefit distribution structure.Its construction is a systematic and long-term project,which should aim continuously at satisfying people’s ever-higher needs,perfecting laws and regulations,cultivating a pool of specialized organizations and talents,exerting the technology advantages of the Internet in governance,and promoting socialization,legalization,specialization and intellectualization in social development.

The Creation of a Tourism Village Governance Model: Study in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta

This study discusses the creation of a tourism village governance model by conducting a study in Sleman Regency,Special Region of Yogyakarta.The main problem of the study is:How governance models are in accordance with the cultural,community,and geographical characteristics of rural tourism village in Sleman Regency?The purpose of this research:to create a model of tourism governance in a fair,transparent,and accountable manner while continuing to pay attention to sustainability in a professional manner and to be able to preserve local culture by adapting to the development of contemporary tourism.The research method is using a qualitative approach.The result of the study explains that the tourism village in Sleman Regency is divided into two schemes,namely bottom up from the community and top down from the initiation of the government(cq.Department of Tourism).A healthy tourism village governance model involves stakeholders and shareholders equally.Then,it is necessary to determine the Board of Director(BOD)and agents from the shareholders and stakeholders.Then Board Police Manual(BPM)is made,so that there is no hidden information and hidden action between BOD and agent.In conclusion:(1)The tourism village governance model created is expected to be able to bring justice to the shareholders and stakeholders fairly,because it is carried out based on BPM and GCG guidelines so that it still pays attention to sustainability in a professional manner.(2)The creation of the tourism village governance model is able to preserve local culture by adapting the current tourism development,as in the governance structure illustrated in Figure 1.

CHINA CREATING “1+N” CENTRIC MODEL OF STATE GOVERNANCE

Through 40 years of reform and open-up,China’s system is no longer a monocentric one of centralized control and at the same time neither is it a polycentric one,but rather it is a"1+N"centric model of governance.It is a model that combines polycentric with monocentric with several centers,all of which however are centering on a mono-center.

Research on the Collaborative Innovation Model in Regional Social Governance

Reforms in social governance are promoted by changes in social environments.Social governance models cannot be constant,and the rise of every innovative governance model is inseparable from an ever-changing society.The theoretical connotation of the collaborative innovation model in regional social governance is mainly reflected in its agents,actions,and processes.The fundamental requirements of the collaborative innovation model in regional social governance are de-administration and market-based.The key elements of the collaborative regional social governance model include:delegating power from central authorities,transferring selected social governance affairs,enhancing the development of governance capabilities in social governance agents,diversifying these agents by giving full play to the agency to strengthen the concept of collaborative governance for social governance agents,strengthening the establishment of the governance system,and ensuring the normal progress of the governance processes.The collaborative innovation model in regional social governance should be built in three aspects:a system of institutional norms,an evaluation indicator system,and law-based collaborative governance.

Reconstructing the Data Crime Governance Model from the Perspective of Criminal Compliance

With the advent of the risk society and the era of big data,criminal law must respond to data crime in a more proactive manner.The traditional way of conviction and sentencing adopted by the current criminal law for data crime can no longer meet the requirements of the times.Compliance should be introduced into criminal law to improve the governance system of data crime.There are three ways to incorporate compliance into criminal law:(1)as the exemption cause of enterprise crime;(2)as the general circumstances of sentencing in the General Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China;(3)as the special circumstances of sentencing in the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China.The latter two approaches are more suited to China’s national conditions.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impacting of Fiscal Policy on Haze Governance ：Based on the Data of Anhui Province from 2005 to 2014

为准确把握财政政策对雾霾治理的影响,在确立财政政策投入和雾霾治理产出两个维度的基础上,建立评价指标体系,选取安徽省2 0 0 5 年-2 0 1 4 年评价数据,建立T0 P S IS模型,进行实证评价.结果表明：总体上,安徽省财政政策对雾霾治理影响效应表现逐年削弱的变化特征.其次,分阶段来看,2 0 1 0年以前,安徽省财政政策对雾霾治理的影响出现“W ” 型变化特征,即“削弱-增强-削弱-增强” 的变化.2 0 1 1年-2 0 1 3年财政政策效果快速下降;2 0 1 4年以来,财政政策对雾霾治理的影响有增强的趋势.再次,财政资金使用不科学,技术创新不足一定程度上削弱了财政政策对雾霾治理的影响效应.为进一步增强财政政策对雾霾治理的积极影响,充分发挥财政职能,建议完善财政资金的专项转移支付制度,推进资源税制改革,完善相关财政专项补贴政策,推进财政政策绩效评价.

Transformation of Rural Grassroots Governance under the New Normal

目前, 中国农村治理进入新常态,主要表现为城乡人口双向流动、农村财产权市场化、农村成员权二元化和农村党建工作重要性日益突显,农村开始从“静” 向“动” 转变.农村政经社“三位一体” 的传统治理模式建立于“静” 的基础之上,呈现出政经社高度一体, 治理方式行政化、决策方式集权化、管理内容综合化的特点; 而新型“协商民主” 治理模式则建立于“动” 的基础之上,其特点概括为：党支部统一领导、政经社相对分离、群众组织积极参与.在“协商民主” 治理模式下,各类组织宏观一体、微观独立,保持“形散而神不散”.

A Role-Based PMI Security Model for E-Government

We introduce the general AC( atlribure certificate), the role specificationAC and the rolt assignment AC We discuss the rolt-based PMI(Privilege Management Infrastructure)architecture. The role-based PMT(Public-Kty In-frastructure) secure model forE-govcrnment isresearehed by combining the role-bastd PMI with PKI architeclure (Public Key Infrastructure). Themodel has advantages of flexibility, convenience, less storage space and less network consumptionetc. We are going to ust iht secure modelin the E-govern-ment system.

Pricing Game Model of Wasted Clothing Recycling and Remanufacturing Based on Government Subsidy

In the global environment of pursuing resource regeneration and green environmental protection, more and more wasted clothing need to be solved. In order to make full use of the wasted clothing and save land and soil resources, an idea of wasted clothing's recycling and remanufacturing is put forward. In the new idea a pricing game model is established basing on Stacklberg differential game theory between traditional and remanufactured clothing. In this model, the differences in consumers' willingness to pay and the government's subsidies are considered. Government's optimal subsidy are obtained which ensure not only the interests of manufacturers but also environmental reputation and maximum social benefits. The study is helpful to push the wasted clothing's recycling and remanufacturing plan. It makes some index more precise quantification as government's subsidy, manufacturers and the social benefits. Government and manufactures can make the detailed cooperation plan reference to it.

CSI-Model-Based Research on Factors Affecting Rate Satisfaction of Government and Corporate CustomersTaking Special-Line Products as an Example

The rate satisfaction of government and corporate customers,to which telecom companies pay special attention,is an important part of the overall satisfaction of the market segment.Focusing on specialline products and based on interview with experts and literature review,this article builds an effect model comprising four factors affecting the major government and corporate customers' satisfaction with the rate,including cost performance,discount degree,rate communication and bill composition.Besides,employing AMOS and other analytical tools,it reveals significant positive effects of the aforementioned four factors on the customer's rate satisfaction,and arranges them in sequence according to the path coefficient of each influence.Based on quantified results,this article proposes management recommendations to improve the rate satisfaction,providing basis for research on the overall rate satisfaction optimization of government and corporate customers.

The Three Pillars of Sustainability Framework: Approaches for Laws and Governance

The three pillars of sustainability framework is a multidisciplinary implementation and solutions oriented approach that recognizes most successful and scalable sustainability solutions require the presence of, and are driven by, all three pillars simultaneously: 1) technology and innovation;2) laws and governance;and 3) economics and financial incentives. The three pillars framework is strategic because it often reveals or describes specific and feasible changes that advance sustainability solutions within markets and institutional settings. The section on technology discusses the crucial role that technology plays in creating new ways for doing more in our rapidly urbanizing communities by using less resources and energy inputs. The section on economics discusses problems with current conceptions of economic welfare that measure growth (flow) rather than the asset base (wealth), and explores possibilities for integrated and multidisciplinary analysis for coupled economic and social systems. The section on laws and governance considers the role of legal frameworks related to incentives, regulatory baselines, and in public policy formation, including influences and feedback effects from social norms, changing culture, and sustainability education. Technological development and engaging economic markets are at the center of our best and most rapidly deployable sustainability solutions. In that context, a specific focus is given throughout the discussion sections to the key role of laws and governance in supporting relevant, effective, and sustainable technological and economic development, as well as to highlight the crucial (often final) steps the law plays in successfully implementing new sustainability projects. As the discussions and examples (taken from Asia, the US, and Europe) demonstrate, the three pillars framework is flexible and useful in a number of contexts, as a solutions template, as an integrated planning approach, as a decision making guide, and for determining project priorities.

Government intervention model based on behavioral heterogeneity for China’s stock market

Active government intervention is a striking characteristic of the Chinese stock market.This study develops a behavioral heterogeneous agent model(HAM)comprising fundamentalists,chartists,and stabilizers to investigate investors’dynamic switching mechanisms under government intervention.The model introduces a new player,the stabilizer,into the HAM as a proxy for the government.We use the model to examine government programs during the 2015 China stock market crash and find that it can replicate the dynamics of investor sentiment and asset prices.In addition,our analysis of two simulations,specifically the data-generating processes and shock response analysis,further corroborates the key conclusion that our intervention model not only maintains market stability but also promotes the return of risk asset prices to their fun-damental values.The study concludes that government interventions guided by the new HAM can alleviate the dilemma between reducing price volatility and improving price efficiency in future intervention programs.

Growth Model of Local Government Websites

To clarify the concept framework to assess web based information systems (WIS) evolution from an information perspective instead of the usual systems perspective, and to seek for in-depth understanding of maturing patterns of WISs based on the framework, several central concepts related to the information aspect of WIS are firstly discussed, then a growth model of local government websites based on a survey study is proposed.