Hydrological Services by Mountain Ecosystems in Qilian Mountain of China: A Review

Hydrological service is a hot issue in the current researches of ecosystem service, particularly in the upper reaches of mountain rivers in dry land areas, where the Qilian Mountain is a representative one. The Qilian Mountain, where forest, shrubland and grassland consist of its main ecosystems, can provide fresh water and many other ecosystem services, through a series of eco-hydrological process such as precipitation interception, soil water storage, and fresh water provision. Thus, monitoring water regulation and assessing the hydrological service of the Qilian Mountain are meaningful and helpful for the healthy development of the lower reaches of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent 10 years, hydrological services have been widely researched in terms of scale and landscape pattern, including water conservation, hydrological responses to afforestation and their ecological effects. This study, after analyzing lots of current models and applications of geographical information system（GIS） in hydrological services, gave a scientific and reasonable evaluation of mountain ecosystem in eco-hydrological services, by employing the combination of international forefronts and contentious issues into the Qilian Mountain. Assessments of hydrological services at regional or larger scales are limited compared with studies within watershed scale in the Qilian Mountain. In our evaluation results of forest ecosystems, it is concluded that long-term observation and dynamic monitoring of different types of ecosystem are indispensable, and the hydrological services and the potential variation in water supplement on regional and large scales should be central issues in the future research.v

Adaptation Technology: Benefits of Hydrological Services—Watershed Management in Semi-Arid Region of India

Watershed management consists of multifunctional activities to manage and address the increasing water resource problems. Ever increasing water demand and rapidly depleting water resources, it has become necessary to develop the adaptation options to recharge groundwater resources. A watershed is a special kind of Common Pool Resources (CPRs);an area is defined by hydrological linkages where optimal management requires coordinating the use of natural resources by public participation. Watershed developments have shown significant positive impacts on water table, perennially of water in wells and water availability especially in semi-arid regions. This paper describes direct and indirect impacts of the watershed activities and benefits of hydrological services dealing with watershed management with future prediction of net irrigation water supply. In the present work, we have also discussed the multiple impacts of watershed of CPRs for improving groundwater and surface water resources.

Hydrological eco-service of rubber plantations in Hainan Island and its effect on local economic development

The impacts of economic forest on global environmental change(GEC) are one of the hot issues in environmental study. Based on the 3 year observation data and 40 year climate data, GEC and analysis of the hydrological dynamic characteristics of rubber plantations and estimate of the water balance in the rubber plantations in Hainan Island were made. The results showed that the rainfall intercepted by the canopy of the plantations accounted for 11 45% of the annual rainfall, the total runoff for 23 71%, the total evaporation and transpiration for 63 24%, the soil moisture storage for 1 6%. Analysis of the 40 year rainfall data in the 19 counties of Hainan Island during 1951—1990 showed that the large scale substitution of the natural vegetation with the rubber plantations had no significant effect on the local rainfall in Hainan Island. The main reasons are (1) 80% of the rainfall in Hainan is brought by typhoons; (2) the proportion of 11 6% rubber plantations in total forest coverage in Hainan is not enough to influence the local rainfall in Hainan Island; and (3) although the rubber plantation is artificial vegetation, it has the similar function to the tropical rain forest. Analysis of the total water resource and total GDP of Hainan in 1997 showed that the economic benefit resulted from the water resource was 1 0 RMB Yuan/m 3 The value of hydrological of the rubber plantation in Hainan was 113 9 million RMB Yuan/a when compared with the tropical rain forest. The paper reaches conclusion that the hydrological eco service function of rubber plantation has been enhanced after transformed from natural vegetation, which includes the natural service and powerful social service.

Influence of varied drought types on soil conservation service within the framework of climate change:insights from the Jinghe River Basin,China

Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regional environmental protection and sustainable development.However,there is little research on the coupling relationship between them.In this study,focusing on the Jinghe River Basin,China as a case study,we conducted a quantitative evaluation on meteorological,hydrological,and agricultural droughts(represented by the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),and Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI),respectively)using the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model,and quantified the soil conservation service using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)in the historical period(2000-2019)and future period(2026-2060)under two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).We further examined the influence of the three types of drought on soil conservation service at annual and seasonal scales.The NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)dataset was used to predict and model the hydrometeorological elements in the future period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The results showed that in the historical period,annual-scale meteorological drought exhibited the highest intensity,while seasonal-scale drought was generally weakest in autumn and most severe in summer.Drought intensity of all three types of drought will increase over the next 40 years,with a greater increase under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario.Furthermore,the intra-annual variation in the drought intensity of the three types of drought becomes smaller under the two future scenarios relative to the historical period(2000-2019).Soil conservation service exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high levels in the southwest and southeast and lower levels in the north,and this pattern has remained consistent both in the historical and future periods.Over the past 20 years,the intra-annual variation indicated peak soil conservation service in summer and lowest level in winter;the total soil conservation of the Jinghe River Basin displayed an upward trend,with the total soil conservation in 2019 being 1.14 times higher than that in 2000.The most substantial impact on soil conservation service arises from annual-scale meteorological drought,which remains consistent both in the historical and future periods.Additionally,at the seasonal scale,meteorological drought exerts the highest influence on soil conservation service in winter and autumn,particularly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Compared to the historical period,the soil conservation service in the Jinghe River Basin will be significantly more affected by drought in the future period in terms of both the affected area and the magnitude of impact.This study conducted beneficial attempts to evaluate and predict the dynamic characteristics of watershed drought and soil conservation service,as well as the response of soil conservation service to different types of drought.Clarifying the interrelationship between the two is the foundation for achieving sustainable development in a relatively arid and severely eroded area such as the Jinghe River Basin.

黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究进展与展望

地球关键带是21世纪地球科学的前沿和重点领域之一。黄土约占全球陆地面积的10%,中国的黄土高原是典型的地球关键带之一。土壤水文过程驱动着黄土高原关键带不同尺度的系列生物地球化学循环过程,决定土壤−植被−大气连续体的演化方向与可持续性。基于地球关键带“4M”研究框架,综述了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的热点与前沿,梳理了不同尺度土壤水文过程的观测方法与技术、模型模拟与填图、深层土壤干化管理等研究进展;在此基础上,围绕黄土高原关键带土壤水资源优化利用与生态系统服务功能提升,提出了全球气候变化和大规模人类活动共同影响下黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程的优化管理对策和建议,展望了黄土高原关键带土壤水文过程研究的未来趋势。以期深化黄土高原关键带研究的科学认知,促进地球关键带科学的发展,为黄土高原自然资源优化管理、山水林田湖草系统治理提供科学参考。

鼎湖山森林流域地表水与地下水水质的长期特征

【目的】探究森林流域地表水、地下水的水质特征及其动态变化,为区域环境变化应对及生态环境建设与管理提供参考依据。【方法】以鼎湖山国家级保护区东沟完整流域为对象,依照中国生态系统研究网络森林水环境监测规范,对鼎湖山森林流域流动地表水、浅层地下水水质开展长期定位观测。【结果】研究期间(2005—2018年),鼎湖山流域大气降水整体呈现为弱酸性(pH值为5.85±1.10);相较于同期大气降水,森林流域流动地表水显著酸化(pH值为4.76±0.58,P<0.01),而流域下游浅层地下水则有一定程度的酸度改善。整体上,大气降水的矿化度较低,且无论干、湿季,浅层地下水矿化度均极显著高于大气降水和流动地表水(P<0.01);对溶解氧和化学需氧量指标的长期测定结果均表明鼎湖山森林流域地表水、地下水受人为污染的程度低,水质优。通过对水体中主要离子含量的比较分析发现,流域下游浅层地下水水体阳离子Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)和阴离子SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)含量均极显著高于流动地表水(尤其是Ca^(2+)和K^(+)增幅剧烈),而NO_(3)^(-)在地下水中含量却显著低于流动地表水(P<0.05);除浅层地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)含量存在干、湿季间的显著性差异(P=0.03)外,其余离子的季节间差异均未达到显著水平。【结论】严格保护下的鼎湖山森林流域地表水、地下水水质均较优,可以作为该区域水环境治理的本底参考。

基于文献计量的森林水源涵养功能研究热点与趋势分析

森林作为陆地生态系统水源涵养的主体,其水源涵养功能及其价值的研究一直是森林生态系统服务功能领域研究的热点问题。为探究森林生态系统水源涵养功能的发展脉络、研究热点和前沿趋势,文章基于中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)核心合集数据库,利用可视化工具CiteSpace和VOSviewer绘制森林生态系统水源涵养功能研究的知识结构图谱,分析该领域论文发表的数量动态、国家与机构合作关系、热点问题及前沿动态等。结果表明:全球范围内,森林生态系统水源涵养领域的发文量稳步上升,尤其是中国在该领域研究的国际影响力逐年提升;从发文量来看我国居第一位,但美国与其他国家间的合作更为密切;该领域的发文机构中,中国科学院在CNKI数据库和WOS数据库收录的文献量均是最多。森林生态系统水源涵养的中、英文文献研究热点分别为森林水源涵养功能、生态系统服务及其对气候变化与土地利用变化的响应等;从发展趋势来看,中文文献在森林生态系统水源涵养领域研究侧重于枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应,而英文文献侧重于干旱条件、空间变异及景观格局变化对水源涵养功能的影响。整体上,未来我国应进一步注重变化情景下(如气候变化、森林结构变化、土地利用变化等)不同时空尺度水源涵养功能变化及其评估等研究,以期更加有力服务于水资源的综合管理及风险防范决策。

基于生态水文调节服务的石家庄雨涝灾害供需匹配分析与街区规划干预

在雨涝灾害威胁日益凸显的背景下,基于生态系统水文调节服务供需匹配分析的规划防涝优先干预区识别,为高效降低城市雨涝风险、利用规划措施防涝提供了新的研究思路与科学支撑。运用数据叠置、水文模拟及公式计算法,将城市原生雨涝供给能力与雨涝需求水平统一至同一评估体系中。结合降雨量、下垫面类型,运用径流曲线模型对街区地表径流调节率进行计算,生成供给能力评估结果;以GIS水文模拟结果计算得出的危险性、暴露性和脆弱性指数生成需求水平评估结果。根据石家庄中心四区3a一遇、50a一遇情景供需匹配结果,划定城市街区尺度的规划干预等级,并分类提出相应规划策略。研究结果表明:石家庄市中心四区低供给高需求街区在3a一遇降雨情景下以点状聚集分布;50a一遇降雨情景下,在京广铁路线沿线呈现纵向聚集形态。同时,在两种降雨情景下,规划干预高等级街区均集中出现于桥西区苑东街道、彭后街道、东华街道,长安区长丰街道、建北街道,裕华区裕翔街道、建华南街道。根据规划干预等级、供需相对关系及供需失衡原因,分别提出3a一遇、50a一遇降雨情景下的九类规划干预策略,为城市雨涝灾害的规划应对提供优化思路。

四川省水文资料对外在线服务标准化技术与应用研究

为提升水文资料对外服务能力,破解线下服务信息不同步、无法快速响应等问题,本文立足四川省实际,基于水文资料对外服务由传统线下转为线上的目标,通过面向Web的B/S架构,以国家基本水文测站对外提供水文资料服务为例,采用MVC开发模式,在CodeIgniter框架下开发了水文资料在线查询、申请、获取等全流程的水文资料服务系统,实现了系统架构、网络组织、数据表设计等一系列标准化体系。经应用,效果显著,能够更加方便快捷地满足管理单位和社会公众需求。

基于Web Service的水情信息交换系统设计与实现

基于.Net技术框架、Web Service技术设计开发水情信息交换系统。系统采用Ajax,Spring,IBATIS等技术,利用触发和轮询相结合的混合机制,通过数据库升级、信息发送、信息接收、统计分析、信息监控等5个子系统,实现异构数据库之间水情信息及时、高效、完整传输,革新水情信息传输技术。系统应用显著提高全国水情部门报送水情信息的信息量和时效性,实现由单一的实时类信息到实时类、预报类、基础类及统计类信息的全面交换。

准确理解和量化森林水源涵养功能

公认的森林水源涵养功能是指森林通过调节蒸散的组分和总量、保护和改善土壤结构、提高土壤入渗和削减地表径流、促进壤中流形成和地下水补充等水文过程而产生的消减河川洪水径流、增加枯水期径流、稳定水资源供给的利于经济社会发展的有益作用。但是,这种简单定义忽略了森林对总径流量的调节作用,因此会常常引出对森林水文效益的一些误解。研究认为,森林水源涵养服务功能或效益与森林水文调节作用关系密切但却是不同的概念。混淆二者的内涵是导致不能准确理解和合理评价森林水文影响的重要原因。森林水源涵养效益有很大时空差异,在量化和评价时需对比参照生态系统并考虑经济社会发展的水安全需求。量化森林水文调节作用方法的共同原则是赐除森林以外的其它因素影响,从而确定森林本身的水文影响。大面积森林恢复虽然对减少灾害性的中小洪水有积极作用,但各地的森林水源涵养功能并不一致,还会随时间而变,也时常存在不同水源涵养功能指标的矛盾。造林或再造林不一定会产生补充地下水、提高枯水期径流及增加年径流总量的效益。相反,不合理的造林与经营可能产生不利的水文影响。我们呼吁生态学和水文学研究机构及自然资源管理部门应尽快联合,统一定义森林水源涵养服务功能并甄别不同指标,建立量化标准与评价方法,加强相关基础与应用研究,以便准确预测、评价与各地发展需求紧密相关的森林水源涵养服务功能,从而科学指导森林的恢复和管理,推进高质量生态建设。

Hydrologic Monitoring Plan of the Brazilian Water Producer/PCJ Project

Both Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) have a wide range of strategies that include different economic instruments for nature conservation. Although the generation and maintenance of payment for hydrologic ecosystem services (Water-PES) is expanding in Brazil, there are difficulties in the implementation of projects. Due to the complexity and non-linearity of the hydrological processes, also affecting both EbA and Water-PES goals, monitoring quali-quantitative aspects of streams have been here addressed as a useful management tool. This study presents the Hydrological Monitoring Plan (HMP) of the Water Producer/PCJ project, operating between 2009-2014, in order to: 1) evaluate the impact of project actions under water quali-quantitative aspects;and 2) promote the incorporation of HMP’s elements in water resources management. HMP of the Water Producer/PCJ project has been implemented following the conditions for efficiency (baseline, long-term scale compatible with the actions of the project, in the experimental and reference watersheds). In addition, HMP is being implemented from upstream to downstream in catchments with areas ranging from 17 to 130 km2. This proposal favors the quantification and valuation of hydrologic services that could be assessed by ecohydrologic monitoring and modeling. Thus, we look forward to the consolidation of the Brazilian information system of water resources, the reduction of modeling uncertainties and integrated assessment of the consequences of land-use/land-cover change that strongly impact goals of EbA and Water-PES initiatives.

Current Status and Trend of Forest Hydrological Services Market Research

Of the many services that forests provide, hydrological services are among the most valuable, and it becomes more scarce with the growing demands by human beings. As a kind of incentive measure for protecting forest, forest hydrological services markets have been developed in many countries around the world and some valuable experiences have been achieved. The paper reviews the experiments carried out in the world and their research findings on forest hydrological services market, and presents the issues to be studied for the establishment of future water services market.

祁连山国家公园青海片区生态系统水文调节价值评估及分析

生态系统水文调节服务对人类福祉有重要的影响,运用InVEST产水量模型和支持向量回归模型对祁连山国家公园青海片区生态系统水文调节价值进行了评估和预测。结果表明:(1)草地在祁连山国家公园青海片区生态系统水文调节中发挥了重要作用,2020年草地水文调节价值量为31.29亿元,占水文调节总价值的60.06%。(2)林地面积虽然不大,但其生态安全的保障作用明显,2020年的水文调节价值为7.25亿元,占水文调节总价值的13.92%。(3)2010—2020年,祁连山国家公园青海片区不同类型的生态系统水文调节实物量是增加的,年均增长2.24%,价值量年均增加约0.97%,价值量年均增长幅度小于实物量,主要是由部分生态系统水文调节价值下降引起的。(4)预测可知,2030年祁连山国家公园青海片区生态系统水文调节实物量、价值量较2020年均有所增加,实物量增加4.90亿t,价值量增加3.86%。

应对暴雨洪涝灾害的平原城市生态水文调节服务供需评估——以天津市为例

生态水文调节服务是生态系统服务的重要组成,能够有效调节地表径流,缓解暴雨洪涝灾害。但由于城市建设扩张、生态环境退化、极端降雨频发等因素,导致生态水文调节服务出现供需失衡。平原城市中地形水动力较弱及城市发展需求高的特征更是加剧了这种现象。基于生态系统供需视角,以生态水文调节率表征城市生态水文调节服务的生态供给,以暴雨洪涝风险表征城市生态水文调节服务的社会需求,构建应对暴雨洪涝灾害的平原城市生态水文调节服务供需研究框架。以典型平原城市天津市为例,应用SWAT模型、随机森林模型和ArcGIS定量测度城市生态水文调节服务供需水平,划分四种供需空间匹配类型,识别供需失衡关键区域,并进行五级规划干预等级分区。结果表明:(1)供给能力呈现“东南沿海高,西北近山低”的空间分布;需求水平表现出“多中心聚集,圈层向外递减”的分布规律。(2)供需空间分布呈现正相关关系,低供-低需在四种供需匹配类型中占据主导,同时空间聚集性最明显。(3)规划干预分区存在明显的空间差异,优先干预区占比5.41%,整体与建成区分布一致,大部分集中在市内六区,其次分布在滨海新区核心区,是未来规划治理的重点。研究结果为城市规划管理从生态水文调节服务供需视角防控平原城市暴雨洪涝灾害提供科学依据。

滇池流域水文生态系统服务权衡与协同时空异质性及其归因分析

城市化扩张影响流域水文生态系统服务供给,导致水文生态环境压力增加。明晰滇池流域水文生态系统服务权衡与协同关系及归因,对于滇池流域社会经济发展与生态可持续管理的双赢具有重要意义。基于InVEST模型估算了滇池流域2000、2010、2018年碳存储、氮输出、土壤保持和产水量4种水文生态系统服务,分析了水文生态系统服务时空格局变化,利用双变量Moran′s I指数分析了滇池流域水文生态系统服务间时空异质性,通过冗余分析和条件效应分析等方法识别水文生态系统服务归因。结果表明:(1)水文生态系统服务的高值分布与土地利用覆盖有密切关系。(2)水文生态系统服务空间变化主要体现在滇池周边人类活动干扰强烈的区域,表现为氮输出、土壤保持和产水量增加,碳存储减小。(3)水文生态系统服务权衡与协同关系变化明显。碳存储和土壤保持为协同;氮输出和产水量先呈协同后呈权衡;产水量、氮输出均与碳存储和土壤保持为权衡,前者空间变化不明显,后者协同范围扩大,权衡范围缩小。(4)水文生态系统服务主要受多个因素共同影响,主要包括:高程、耕地比例、林地比例、建设用地比例。研究结果可为研究区水文生态系统环境治理和土地利用优化配置提供科学依据和决策支持。

生态输水工程对水系连通的多维影响:以塔里木河为例

生态输水工程一方面缓解了水资源时空分布不均的难题,另一方面改变了水系自然连通状态。本文结合图论与景观格局指数法,从形态、结构、功能三个维度构建水系连通评价指标体系,分析塔里木河干流生态输水工程实施前后,上、中、下游水系连通格局的时空演变。综合水系连通指数计算结果表明,生态输水以来上、中游水系连通指数先上升后渐趋稳定。生态输水之前由于断流,下游各维水系连通指数均呈下降趋势,生态输水以来下游水系连通指数开始上升,其中形态与结构连通指数响应较快,功能连通指数响应较慢。从趋势来看,水系连通指数不会随着生态输水工程的实施持续上升,而是存在一定的阈值。形态连通方面,生态输水后,上、中游水域由大面积连续斑块向小面积破碎斑块转化,下游大面积水域斑块增多。结构连通方面,水系连通时长增加,其中下游最为显著;生态输水前期上、中游水域面积减少,下游水域面积增加;输水后期流域整体水域面积增加,但上、中游持续和周期连通水域面积增幅减小,而下游增幅显著。功能连通方面,上、中游以供给和支持功能占主导,下游随着生态输水的进行,各类功能占比渐趋均衡。生态输水水量与各维水系连通指数均表现为正相关,水系形态、结构连通指数响应较快,功能连通指响应较慢,由此可见生态输水对塔里木河干流水系连通的提升具有积极效益。研究结果可为生态输水实践提供技术支撑。

Modelling the role of ground-true riparian vegetation for providing regulating services in a Mediterranean watershed

Intensive agricultural and industrial activities are often considered major sources of water contamina-tion.Currently,riparian vegetation(RV)is increasingly being promoted as a solution to balance the potentially adverse effects that agriculture may have on water quality.Nonetheless,existing RV is often overlook in recent modelling efforts,failing to capture the current amount of ecosystem services provide.Here,we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool ecohydrological model to simulate the influence of ground-true RV on i)nutrient(nitrate and total phosphorus)and sediment exports from agricultural areas and ii)its effect for in-stream concentrations.These results are further compared against a set of hypothetical scenarios of different RV widths and different land-uses.Our results point to a great rele-vance of existing RV in controlling in-stream concentration of sediments and nutrients where pressure from agriculture is highest,preventing them to surpass limits set in the EU Water Framework Directive.On the other hand,in areas with industry discharges,the role of RV is limited and model results suggest that restoring RV would have limited impacts.We illustrate how existing RV may already provide strong but not acknowledged water quality regulation services,how these services can differ substantially between nearby streams,and that effective strategies to improve water quality using RV must acknowledge existing patterns of vegetation,land use and contamination sources.

水文信息服务产品智能化生成技术研究与应用

当前,水文数据智能化分析处理水平及信息服务产品自动转化率不高,是制约水文服务能力提升的重要因素。因此,本研究以水文防汛减灾信息服务产品快速生成为目标,全面统筹水文监测、数据分析、预测预报、情报服务等业务流程,以PHP、SQL、HTML5、Javascript等计算机语言构建了水文信息服务产品智能化生成系统,打通了“从数据库到服务产品”的信息化通道,提高了水文服务效率,为防汛决策和人民避险提供了及时、准确的水文信息服务。

水文降水资料引入精细化气象服务中的可用性评估

社会各行业对精细气象服务能力的要求越来越高,亟需更多的观测数据用以提升精细化气象预报服务产品的准确性和时效性。基于2020年7月至2021年6月的水文和气象观测站降水资料,从降水资料稳定性、两种降水资料的相关度和重要天气过程个例等多个角度进行了分析评估。水文降水资料的全年稳定上报站点数量为1.4万,可达气象降水资料站数的1/3以上;水文与气象的降水资料之间具有较高的时空一致性,总体相关度超过0.8;另外,从降水过程个例分析可看出,引入水文站降水数据可有效增加雨量站网密度,进而显著提升强降水的探测能力。基于以上结论,引入水文观测数据进行融合应用可为短临降水预报实时订正、降水独立检验评估以及实时灾害性天气服务等多个气象预报服务业务提供支撑。