Formation of Tianwen-1 landing crater and mechanical properties of Martian soil near the landing site

After landing in the Utopia Planitia,Tianwen-1 formed the deepest landing crater on Mars,approximately 40 cm deep,exposing precious information about the mechanical properties of Martian soil.We established numerical models for the plume-surface interaction(PSI)and the crater formation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)methods and the erosion model modified from Roberts’Theory.Comparative studies of cases were conducted with different nozzle heights and soil mechanical properties.The increase in cohesion and internal friction angle leads to a decrease in erosion rate and maximum crater depth,with the cohesion having a greater impact.The influence of the nozzle height is not clear,as it interacts with the position of the Shock Diamond to jointly control the erosion process.Furthermore,we categorized the evolution of landing craters into the dispersive and the concentrated erosion modes based on the morphological characteristics.Finally,we estimated the upper limits of the Martian soil’s mechanical properties near Tianwen-1 landing site,with the cohesion ranging from 2612 to 2042 Pa and internal friction angle from 25°to 41°.

Study on Formation Mechanism of Dumping Piles on Dumping Area Stability

Dumping areas represent a stable hazard. To clarify the formation mechanism of dumping piles on dumping area stability, an investigation in open pit mine was performed. Moreover, experiments with gravel were conducted based on the research site conditions. The geological conditions, dumping operation, and waste particle size distribution were investigated in the Heidaigou open pit mine. Particle size distribution, dumping height, dumping volume, and floor inclination were varied to examine their effects on a single pile formation. The design of blasting can be modified to make the particle size of waste smaller. The volume of the bucket does not have a pronounced effect on dumping pile repose angle, capacity of dumping pile, and dumping area stability. The smaller the floor inclination, the better it is. Two measures are proposed to increase the kinetic force of friction between waste material and floor surface. The interval distance, dumping volume and dumping height were also varied to examine the interaction between the formations of multiple piles. The dumping width should be decided through optimization efficiency of bulldozer and dumping device in bucket wheel excavator-belt-stacker dumping operation and dragline dumping operation. Moreover, the volume of the bucket does not have a pronounced interaction effect. In the dumping operation, the work amount of bulldozer decreases as dumping pile increases. The design of the dumping operation must consider the total efficiency of ground leveling operation and forming dumping the area.

Centrifuge model tests of the formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flow

Using the self-developed visualization test apparatus, centrifuge model tests at 20 g were carried out to research the macro and microscopic formation mechanism of coarse sand debris flows. The formation mode and soil-water interaction mechanism of the debris flows were analyzed from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view respectively using high digital imaging equipment and micro-structure analysis software Geodip. The test results indicate that the forming process of debris flow mainly consists of three stages, namely the infiltration and softening stage, the overall slide stage, and debris flow stage. The essence of simulated coarse sand slope forming debris flow is that local fluidization cause slope to wholly slide. The movement of small particles forms a transient stagnant layer with increasing saturation, causing soil shear strength lost and local fluidization. When the driving force of the saturated soil exceeds the resisting force, debris flow happens on the coarse sand slope immediately.

Application of PCC pile in soil improvement of highway

The construction process and load-bearing behaviors of Cast-in-place concrete thin-wall pipe piles are analyzed based on its application on Yantong Expressway Project. The low strain test, static load test and field excavation were also carried out, and the bearing capacity of the new pile can meet the requirements of design. With the increase of pile diameter, the bearing capacity is increased. The settlement of composite foundation is decreased, when the replacement ratio of pile is increased. The test results also show that the load carried by inner soils is neglectable. According to the tests and application, it can be concluded that the new type of pile is convenient to construction with high bearing capacity and reliable quality, which has great potential in practical engineering.

Trigger mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides inferred from ring shear tests and numerical simulation

Whereas loess-mudstone landslides are widely distributed and frequently occurred at the loess Plateau,this type of landslides is hard to detect due to its particularity,and easily generates serious losses.To clarify the shear characteristics and formation mechanism of loess-mudstone landslides,field investigations,ring shear tests and numerical simulation analyses were performed on the loess specimens collected from the Dingjiagou landslide in Yan’an city,China.The test results showed that both the peak strength and residual strength of slip zone soils have a decreasing tendency with moisture content,while the increasing of normal stress caused an increase in the shear strength.These phenomena indicate that the rise in the moisture content induced by precipitation or the decreasing of normal stress due to excavation activities would result in the weakening of slip zone soils.Numerical simulations of the evolution process of slope failure using the finite element method were conducted based on the Mohr–Coulomb criterion.It was found that the heavy precipitation played a more important role in the slope instability compared with the excavation.In addition,the field investigation showed that loess soils with well-developed cracks and underlying mudstone soils provide material base for the formation of loess-mudstone landslides.Finally,the formation mechanism of this type of landslides was divided into three stages,namely,the local deformation stage,the penetration stage,the creeping-sliding stage.This study may provide a basis for understanding the sliding process of loess-mudstone landslides,as well as guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of loess-mudstone landslides.

A Simplified Method for Estimating the Initial Stiffness of Monopile-Soil Interaction Under Lateral Loads in Offshore Wind Turbine Systems

The interface mechanical behavior of a monopile is an important component of the overall offshore wind turbine structure design.Understanding the soil-structure interaction,particularly the initial soil-structure stiffness,has a significant impact on the study of natural frequency and dynamic response of the monopile.In this paper,a simplified method for estimating the interface mechanical behavior of monopiles under initial lateral loads is proposed.Depending on the principle of minimum potential energy and virtual work theory,the functions of soil reaction components at the interface of monopiles are derived;MATLAB programming has been used to simplify the functions of the initial stiffness by fitting a large number of examples;then the functions are validated against the field test data and FDM results.This method can modify the modulus of the subgrade reaction in the p-y curve method for the monopile-supported offshore wind turbine system.

Effect of integration of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization gypsum on dealkalization of bauxite residue

The synergistic impact of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum on the dealkalization of bauxite residue was investigated through integrated analyses of solution chemistry,mineralogy,and microtopography.The results showed a significant decrease in Na_(2)O content(>30 wt.%)of FGD gypsum-treated bauxite residue after 30 min of mechanical ball milling.Mechanical ball milling resulted in differentiation of the elemental distribution,modification of the minerals in crystalline structure,and promotion in the dissolution of alkaline minerals,thus enhancing the acid neutralization capacity of bauxite residue.5 wt.%FGD gypsum combined with 30 min mechanical ball milling was optimal for the dealkalization of bauxite residue.

Visualization of the formation and features of soil arching within a piled embankment by discrete element method simulation

Piled embankments are widely used in highway and railway engineering due to their economy and efficiency inovercoming several issues encountered in constructing embankments over weak soils. Soil arching, caused by the pile-subsoilrelative displacement （△s）, plays an important role in reducing the embankment load falling on weak soil, however, the funda-mental characteristics （e.g., formation and features） of soil arching remain poorly understood. In this study, a series of discreteelement method （DEM） modellings are performed to study the formation and features of soil arching with the variation of As inpiled embankments with or without geosynthetic reinforcement. Firstly, calibration for the modelling parameters is carried out bycomparing the DEM results with the experimental data obtained from the existing literature. Secondly, the analysis of the macro-and micro-behaviours is performed in detail. Finally, a parametric study is conducted in an effort to identify the influences of threekey factors on soil arching： the friction coefficient of the embankment fill （f）, the embankment height （h）, and the pile clear spacing（s-a）. Numerical results indicate that △s is a key factor governing the formation and features of soil arching in embankments. Tobe specific, soil arching gradually evolves from two inclined shear planes at a small △s to a hemispherical arch at a relatively largeAs. Then, with a continuous increase in △s, the soil arching height gradually increases and finally approaches a constant value of0.8（s-a） （i.e., the maximum soil arching height）. For a given case, the higher the soil arching height, the greater the degree of soilarching effect. The parametric study shows that the friction coefficient of the embankment fill has a negligible influence on theformation and features of soil arching. However, embankment height is a key factor governing the formation and features of soilarching. In addition, pile clear spacing has a significant effect on the formation of soil arching, but not on its features.

Stochastic Response Analysis of Piled Offshore Platforms to Earthquake Load

In this paper, using the theory of stochastic analysis of the response to earthquake load, a stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load has been established. In the method, the strong ground motion is considered as three dimensional stationary white noise process and the pile-soil interaction and water-structure interaction are considered. The stochastic response of a typical platform to earthquake load has been computed with this method and the results compared with those obtained with the response spectrum analysis method. The comparison shows that the stochastic analysis method of the response of piled platforms to earthquake load is suitable for this kind of analysis.

NONLINEAR DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PILES UNDER HORIZONTAL VIBRATION

The pile-soil system is regarded as a visco-elastic half-space embedded pile. Based on the method of continuum mechanics, a nonlinear mathematical model of pile-soil interaction was established-a coupling nonlinear boundary value problem. Under the case of horizontal vibration, the nonlinearly dynamical characteristics of pile applying the axis force were studied in horizontal direction in frequency domain. The effects of parameters, especially the axis force on the stiffness were studied in detail. The numerical results suggest that it is possible that the pile applying an axis force will lose its stability. So,the effect of the axis force on the pile is considered.

STUDY ON MESO-MECHANICAL SIMULATION OF GROUTING FOR UNFAVORABLE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The numerical simulation program of PFC2D(Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimension)particle flow based on the flow-solid coupling principle and,on its built-in FISHTANK function library and FISH language,defines the flow equation and pressure equation of fluid domain respectively,and carries out numerical simulation calculations on the diffusion process and,on the morphology and particle displacement of slurry during the slurry injection process.By adjusting the parameters of hist,n_bond,s_bond and measure in the PFC command flow,the tracking of granular body displacement changes is achieved,and the mesoscopic mechanism such as the diffusion law of soil slurry at different depths and the change of formation porosity is revealed.The numerical calculations show that:the grouting pressure has a significant effect on the alteration and destruction of the formation structure,and the fracturing effect becomes gradually worse with increasing adhesive strength,while the porosity increases significantly with increasing grouting pressure.Based on the elastic-plastic theory of the Mohr-Colomb criterion to theoretically derive the stress field of the soil around the borehole,it is pointed out that the mechanical mechanism of annular tension and radial compression is the fundamental reason for the appearance of fracturing grouting action mode.The increase of slurry viscosity is beneficial to improve the grouting effect of fracturing-compacting grouting,while the increase of friction coefficient has little effect on the grouting effect.The comparative analysis of the laboratory tests shows that the PFC2D simulation of the grouting process is feasible.

软土地区基坑前排倾斜双排桩支护现场试验及工作机理

基坑倾斜桩支护大幅提高了无支撑支护结构的适用深度,具有造价低、施工便捷、绿色低碳、变形控制好等特点,然而目前研究多集中在单排倾斜桩,对前排倾斜双排桩支护的试验、理论与应用的研究均较少。针对前排倾斜双排桩支护基坑开展了现场试验,同时采用有限元方法分别从前排斜桩、桩顶连梁及桩间土体作用3个方面深入探究了前排倾斜双排桩支护的工作机理,进一步分析了直斜桩长度和排距对前排倾斜双排桩支护结构受力变形性能的影响。结果表明,相比传统竖直双排桩,前排倾斜双排桩支护结构的支护性能显著提升,前排斜桩主要发挥“斜撑”作用,连梁主要起到将直斜桩及冠梁连接成一个空间刚架的作用,桩间土体能够提高桩土摩阻力,进而有效减小前排倾斜双排桩变形。研究成果有助于前排倾斜双排桩的推广和应用。

玛多7.4级地震野马滩大桥桥台纵桥向破坏机理分析

针对2021年青海玛多7.4级地震中野马滩大桥的桥台震害,开展基于Pushover分析的桥台纵桥向破坏机理研究。提出土-桩-桥台精细化有限元模拟方法,以及基于地勘资料的模型土体参数确定实用方法,建模方法和加载模式要点为:(1)适用于土-桥台相互作用的分布式p-y弹簧修正模型;(2)可识别背墙弯曲、剪切或弯-剪多种破坏模式的背墙非线性梁柱单元-墙底非线性剪切单元串联模型;(3)土-搭板和土-翼墙摩擦弹簧;(4)基于分布式间隙单元的可捕捉地震中主梁与背墙接触位置变化的Pushover加载模式,从而实现了桥台纵桥向地震损伤破坏全过程模拟。结果表明:野马滩桥台在水平地震作用下,背墙底截面先发生屈服,随后背墙剪力达到抗剪能力峰值,桥台整体水平承载力开始退化,直至背墙底完全剪断,而桩基础并不发生明显损伤。总体而言,桥台破坏模式为背墙弯-剪破坏,数值分析结果与桥台实际震害相符。

考虑剪切速率影响桩土界面力学特性模拟研究

文中通过大型直剪仪研究了黏性土与混凝土界面的界面摩擦阻力,测定了不同剪切速率和法向应力下黏性土-混凝土界面摩擦阻力以及剪切速率与剪切破坏位移的关系.结果表明:黏性土与混凝土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系受剪切速率和法向应力的影响.剪切速率对界面附着力和界面摩擦角均不存在影响,界面剪切破坏位移与剪切速率之间没有明显的相关性,但剪切速率对桩-土界面剪切破坏位移有一定的影响.因此,静压桩沉桩速度范围内,剪切速率对桩土界面力学特性影响不大.

挡土抗拔桩倾斜荷载承载特性试验与数值分析

为研究挡土抗拔桩承受不同角度倾斜上拔荷载的极限承载力,文章通过室内相似模拟试验,获取单桩荷载-桩顶位移曲线;在试验得到的参数与FLAC 3D软件数值模拟结果近似一致的基础上,进一步探讨荷载倾角对挡土抗拔桩极限承载力的影响以及桩侧摩阻力分布、荷载传递性状和桩侧摩阻力发挥特性等。结果表明:挡土抗拔桩的荷载-桩顶位移曲线呈陡变型,极限承载力增大幅度随着荷载倾角的减小而减小;倾斜荷载下由于桩侧摩阻力的存在,上拔力分量随着水平力分量的增大而增大;挡土抗拔桩极限承载力大小较等截面桩不同倾角荷载作用下均有较大提升。该研究成果对挡土抗拔桩的设计和计算具有一定的参考价值,可利用其承载力特性应用于工程实际。

砂土边坡桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律离散元分析

抗滑桩等非连续支挡结构在边坡工程中依靠土拱效应安全经济地发挥支护功能。鉴于不同类型砂土的力学性质差异较大,为揭示密砂与松砂土质边坡抗滑桩桩间水平土拱机理与演变规律,采用离散元方法(DEM)模拟支挡砂土水平土拱的成拱过程。在传统力链分析的基础上,提出通过筛选高应力颗粒来研究土拱的形成过程,进一步从细观角度对不同工况土拱效应进行分析,以揭示“应力拱”和“位移拱”的演化过程。研究表明:密砂和松砂中的水平土拱的动态演变过程均表现为3个演化阶段,分别对应于密砂和松砂的剪切性状,即应变软化和应变硬化现象,揭示了砂土边坡桩间土拱效应的演变规律。此外,讨论了宏-微观DEM模拟参数对土拱形成过程与土拱效应性能的影响,结果表明拱跨对于荷载传递效率的影响最大。

带扩大桩靴桩侧同步灌浆桩成桩过程试验研究

针对新型带扩大桩靴桩侧同步灌浆预制桩基础的施工成桩过程,开展透明土模型的试验研究.相较于传统预制桩,新桩型成桩完成后,端部扩大桩靴结构及桩周固化后的水泥浆液可以明显提升基桩端阻力和侧摩阻力,使得该新桩型具有较高的抗拔能力.通过透明土材料Laponite RD模拟软黏土施工环境,分别针对常规预制桩、带扩大桩靴预制桩及带扩大桩靴桩侧同步灌浆预制桩开展对比模型试验,采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术进行成桩施工过程的可视化后处理,以探明该新桩型的成桩过程机理,为新桩型的进一步推广应用提供理论支撑.研究结果表明,新桩型施工挤土位移场的分布形式不同于常规预制桩,呈涡旋状,挤土位移的影响范围小于桩靴同直径的预制桩. X、Y方向的位移云图显示,扩大桩靴结构和同步灌浆施工技术使得桩周土体表面及内部施工扰动的影响范围更小,这对于挤土型桩基施工而言是十分有益的.

填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性数值分析

目前建筑倾斜事故频繁发生,但对于大底盘建筑倾斜全过程的变形力学行为受到了较少的关注。因此,研究了填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程的沉降变形特性及受力特性。基于数值模拟,探讨了填方灰土桩复合地基大底盘建筑倾斜特性相应变化规律,分析填方灰土桩复合地基倾斜过程中沉降变形及大底盘基础变形受力特性,研究了填方区地基处理优化方案。研究结果表明:建筑倾斜过程中,基础边缘处剪切变形最大,剪切变形值与倾斜值呈正相关;大底盘建筑倾斜过程中基础顶板混凝土首先开裂,其弯曲点不断变化;基础底板尚未开裂但底板南半段出现隆起现象,在靠近倾斜建筑0.2 L(L为底板长度)位置处存在开裂风险,倾斜过程弯曲点基本不变;水泥粉煤灰碎石桩(cement fly-ash gravel,CFG)桩地基处理方案剪应变最大值比原有方案剪应变最大值降低了67.08%,沉降值和倾斜值分别降低了67.52%、73.83%,达到此类建筑倾斜率不应超过3‰的规范要求;研究结果为类似复合地基大底盘建筑纠偏加固提供了借鉴和参考。

昭通巧家烂泥箐滑坡滑带土特征及滑坡发生机制研究

滑带土是滑坡发展过程的产物,对滑坡的孕育和演化过程具有良好的记录作用。以昭通巧家小河镇烂泥箐滑坡为研究对象,用野外地质调查及室内试验的方法,详细阐述了该滑坡滑带土的物理-水理-力学特征,同时结合XRD衍射分析矿物成分和SEM微结构观察的手段,从多角度分析了烂泥箐滑坡滑带土的特征,揭示了烂泥箐滑坡的形成演变过程及驱动机制。结果表明:烂泥箐滑坡滑带土含有较多黏土矿物,具有黏粒含量多、质地细的特点,呈现出明显的黏性土特性。烂泥箐滑坡滑带土的细粒含量明显比受滑动扰动小的滑床土多,表明在滑坡孕育过程中滑带内发生了多次滑移剪切错动。不同含水率条件下滑带土快剪试验表明,滑带土具有明显的应变硬化特征,随着含水率增加,抗剪强度逐渐降低,特别是含水率为40%时,滑带土强度损失很大,软化明显;低含水率时,黏聚力和内摩擦角均较高,随着含水率增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角均逐渐减小。试验结果表明降雨条件下滑带土随着含水率增加表现出明显“软黏土”特征。由于斜坡受后缘Y093乡道的改扩建、后缘行车荷载的长期作用及斜坡中部烂泥箐村庄小路的改扩建工程的长期扰动,坡体内部逐渐发生变形,发展孕育了潜在滑面及该滑动面上的多期蠕动变形,多次的剪切滑动使滑带土内黏粒含量增多,质地更细。而受其黏性土材料特性的影响,低渗透率的滑动带在降雨作用下易形成隔水屏障。加之降雨条件下滑带土强度快速软化降低,剪切带内形成的静水压力和局部隔水屏障形成的超孔隙水压力直接触发了烂泥箐滑坡的发生。利用烂泥箐滑坡的发生机制可以探讨其孕育-激发过程的3个阶段:滑带区初步形成阶段、滑带演化阶段、滑带土软化以及滞水层-滑坡形成阶段。研究成果可为山区降雨型滑坡的系统研究提供一定的借鉴价值。

钢渣混凝土桩土相互作用机理试验研究

通过设计桩土相互作用可视化试验装置,模拟钢渣混凝土桩加固吹填土地基,对桩周土体的水分含量、孔压值以及桩体对土体的扰动情况进行监测分析,并利用宏观、细观和微观相结合的试验手段,深入研究桩土间产生的物理化学反应及其产物。试验结果表明,桩体具有膨胀挤密土体的作用;桩体能够加快土体的排水减压过程;桩土间产生的物理化学反应及其产物对地基稳定性有着正向加强作用。