Effect of thermal processing and fermentation with Chinese traditional starters on characteristics and allergenicity of wheat matrix

Wheat allergy has become a serious health threat worldwide and its prevalence has increased alarmingly in the past few years.Factors such as food matrix and food processing may alter the structure of wheat proteins,and hence affect its allergenic properties.However,few reports have focused on the influence of Chinese traditional starter fermentation on wheat allergy.In this study,5 starters from different regions of China were used for fermentation,and protein characteristics were monitored by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis,and immunoreactivity analyzed by immunoassay with allergenic serum was obtained from New Zealand white rabbits.The allergenicity of steamed and baked matrices was also evaluated.The results showed that the allergenicity of wheat dough was basically increased at the beginning and then decreased during fermentation,but specific trends depend on different starters.With the progress of fermentation,especially as pH value decreased to 3.0-4.0,the allergenicity decreased significantly.Baking and steaming can reduce the allergenicity of wheat matrix,but fermentation is not a key factor affecting the allergenic activity of proteins.Our results can provide a theoretical basis for controlling wheat allergenicity in food proces sing or producing hypoallergenic food.

Empirical Likelihood Statistical Inference for Compound Poisson Vector Processes under Infinite Covariance Matrix

The paper discusses the statistical inference problem of the compound Poisson vector process(CPVP)in the domain of attraction of normal law but with infinite covariance matrix.The empirical likelihood(EL)method to construct confidence regions for the mean vector has been proposed.It is a generalization from the finite second-order moments to the infinite second-order moments in the domain of attraction of normal law.The log-empirical likelihood ratio statistic for the average number of the CPVP converges to F distribution in distribution when the population is in the domain of attraction of normal law but has infinite covariance matrix.Some simulation results are proposed to illustrate the method of the paper.

Marginal optimization method to improve the inconsistent comparison matrix in the analytic hierarchy process

To improve the inconsistency in the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), a new method based on marginal optimization theory is proposed. During the improving process, this paper regards the reduction of consistency ratio(CR) as benefit, and the maximum modification compared to the original pairwise comparison matrix(PCM) as cost, then the improvement of consistency is transformed to a benefit/cost analysis problem. According to the maximal marginal effect principle, the elements of PCM are modified by a fixed increment(or decrement) step by step till the consistency ratio becomes acceptable, which can ensure minimum adjustment to the original PCM so that the decision makers' judgment is preserved as much as possible. The correctness of the proposed method is proved mathematically by theorem. Firstly, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated for each single element of the PCM when it has been modified by a fixed increment(or decrement).Then, modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio is accepted. Next, the marginal benefit/cost ratio is calculated again upon the revised matrix, and followed by choosing the modification to the element with the maximum marginal benefit/cost ratio. The process of calculating marginal effect and choosing the best modified element is repeated for each revised matrix till acceptable consistency is reached, i.e., CR<0.1. Finally,illustrative examples show the proposed method is more effective and better in preserving the original comparison information than existing methods.

Structures and Properties of Iron Matrix Composites with Tungsten Carbide Particle by EPC-V Process

In this paper the Expendable Pattern Casting with dry sand Vacuum(EPC-V) process is used to manufacture iron matrix composites with tungsten carbide particle.Microstructures of the composites layers were analyzed.The abrasive wear resistance of the composites layers were tested and compared with that of high chromium cast iron.The results show that the iron matrix composites with tungsten carbide particle have high hardness.The abrasive wear resistance of composites with tungsten carbide particle is higher than that of high chromium cast iron.The properties of the matrix materials have been improved remarkably.

Do different bariatric surgical procedures influence plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2,-7,and-9 among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is an efficient strategy for body weight and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM) management. Abnormal lipid deposition in visceral organs,especially the pancreas and liver, might cause beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Extracellular matrix(ECM) remodeling allows adipose expansion, and matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) play essential roles in ECM construction.MMP-2 and MMP-9 are the substrates of MMP-7. Different studies have reported that MMP-2,-7, and-9 increase in patients with obesity and metabolic syndromes or T2 DM and are considered biomarkers in obesity and hyperglycemia patients.AIMTo prospectively investigate whether MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 differ after two bariatric surgeries: Gastric bypass(GB) and sleeve gastrectomy(SG).METHODS We performed GB in 23 and SG in 19 obese patients with T2 DM. We measured body weight, waist circumference, body mass index(BMI), and serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar(FBS),hemoglobin A1 c(Hb A1 c), C-peptide, homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance, and MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 levels at baseline and at 3, 12, and 24 mo post-operation.RESULTS Twenty-three patients aged 44.7 ± 9.7 years underwent GB, and 19 patients aged40.1 ± 9.1 years underwent SG. In the GB group, BMI decreased from 30.3 ± 3.4 to24.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2, Hb A1 c decreased from 9.2% ± 1.5% to 6.7% ± 1.4%, and FBS decreased from 171.6 ± 65.0 mg/d L to 117.7 ± 37.5 mg/d L 2 years post-operation(P < 0.001). However, the MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 levels pre-and post-GB were similar even 2 years post-operation(P = 0.107, 0.258, and 0.466,respectively). The SG group revealed similar results: BMI decreased from 36.2 ±5.1 to 26.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2, Hb A1 c decreased from 7.9% ± 1.7% to 5.8% ± 0.6%, and FBS decreased from 138.3 ± 55.6 mg/d L to 95.1 ± 3.1 mg/d L(P < 0.001). The serum MMP-2,-7, and-9 levels pre-and post-SG were not different(P = 0.083,0.869, and 0.1, respectively).CONCLUSION Improvements in obesity and T2 DM induced by bariatric surgery might be the result of MMP-2,-7, or-9 independent pathways.

ON THE CONVERGENCE PROBLEMS OF ISHIKAWA AND MANN ITERATIVE PROCESSES WITH ERROR FOR Φ-PSEUDO CONTRACTIVE TYPE MAPPINGS

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Influence of processing route on microstructure and wear resistance of fly ash reinforced AZ31 magnesium matrix composites

Utilizing fly ash(FA)as reinforcement for magnesium matrix composites(MMCs)brings down the production cost and the land pollution.Magnesium alloy AZ31 was reinforced with FA particles(10 vol.%)successfully by two different processing methods namely conventional stir casting and friction stir processing(FSP).The microstructural features were observed using optical microscope,scanning electron microscope and electron backscatter diffraction.The sliding wear behavior was tested using a pin-on-disc wear apparatus.The stir cast composite showed inhomogeneous particle dispersion and coarse grain structure.Some of the FA particles decomposed and reacted with the matrix alloy to produce undesirable compounds.Conversely,FSP composite showed superior particle dispersion and fine,equiaxed grains by dynamic recrystallization.FA particles encountered disintegration but there was no interfacial reaction.FSP composite demonstrated higher strengthening and wear resistance to that of stir cast composite.The morphology of the worn surface and the wear debris were studied in detail.

Study on Processing Conditions of Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced with Boron Carbide Particles

Different pre-heating of boron carbide particles for reinforcement and different processing conditions were studied in this work. Being one of the most cost-effective industrial methods, conventional melt stir-casting route was utilized.Result showed that the boron carbide particles distributed well for a suitable pre-heating temperature and processed in air.No reaction product was found at the A1-B4C interfaces at the resolution limit of SEM used in that way.

Division of Matrix- and Fracture-Type Shale Oils in the Jiyang Depression and Their Differences

This study discussed the division of matrix- and fracture-type shale oils in the Jiyang Depression, and proposed the concept of fracture development coefficient. The fracture development coefficient is defined as the ratio of fault throw to the distance between a shale oil well and the nearest fault. Based on CO_2 content, state of water, oil production and logging response of shale oil formations, the classification of shale oils was established, i.e., a fracture-type shale oil well has a fracture development coefficient greater than 0.2, while a matrix-type one has a fracture development coefficient less than 0.2. Furthermore, the key control factors of matrix- and fracture-type shale oil enrichment were analyzed using typical anatomical and statistical methods. For matrix-type shale oil enrichment, these factors are lithofacies, total organic carbon(TOC), shale porosity and abnormal pressure; for fracture-type shale oil enrichment, they are lithofacies, extent of fracture development, and abnormal pressure. This study also first described the differences between matrix- and fracture-type shale oils. The results provide reference for the exploration of terrestrial faulted basins in eastern China.

Relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA expression and clinicopathological and urokinase-type plasminogen activator system parameters and prognosis in human gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression and clinicopathologic and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system parameter and prognosis in human gastric cancer.METHODS: Expression of MMP-2 mRNA, uPA, and uPA-R mRNA in tumor tissues and ≥5 cm adjacent normal tissues from 67 cases of gastric cancer was studied using RTPCR and Northern blot respectively. Survival analyses were done using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The expression rates of MMP-2 mRNA, uPA and uPA-R mRNA in tumor tissues (31%, 41%, and 51%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in ≥5 cm adjacent tissues (19%, 11%, and 9%; χ2 = 4.59, 43.58, and 53.24 respectively, P＜0.05, 0.0001, and 0.0001, respectively). Expression of MMP-2 mRNA was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (metastasis:61.9%, no metastasis: 39.1%, χ2= 7.61, P＜0.05), Lauren's classification of diffuse/mixed types: 54.2%, intestinal type: 26.3%, χ2 = 4.25, P＜0.05, expression of uPA and uPA-R mRNA (uPA+: 55.1%, uPA-: 22.2% and uPA-R+: 54.9%, uPA-R-: 18.8%, x2= 5.72 and 6.40 respectively, P＜0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of MMP-2 mRNA expression did not show significant difference in all 67 cases, but revealed an association of the expression of MMP-2 mRNA, uPA, and uPA-R mRNA with worse prognosis (P = 0.0083, 0.0160, and 0.0094, respectively). CONCLUSION: MMP-2 may play an important role in the development of invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.

Preparation and Luminescence Properties of Terbium-Sal Complex In-situ Synthesized in Silica Matrix by a Two-Step Sol-Gel Process

In-situ synthesis of terbium complex with saiicylic acid (Sal) in silica matrix was made by a two-step sol-gel process. The terbium complex with salicylic acid was formed in sol-gel derived silica gel, and confirmed by the luminescence excitation spectra and infrared(IR) spectra. As compared to the pure terbium complex powder, the silica gel containing terbium complex exhibits its characteristic emission and presents a longer fluorescence lifetime than that for the pure complex. The luminescence properties of the complex containing silica gel were investigated and compared with that of both terbium doped the silica gel and the pure complex powder. The reasons leading to the above results were also discussed.

EXPRESSION OF mRNA FOR MEMBRANE-TYPE 1, 2, AND 3 MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES IN HUMAN LARYNGEAL CANCER

To investigate correlation of expressions of membrane-type 1, 2, and 3 matrix metalloproteinases (MT1, MT2, and MT3-MMP) to the invasion and metastases in laryngeal cancer. Methods Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine the mRNA level of MT1, MT2, and MT3-MMP in 24 patients with laryngeal cancer. The relationships of these three MT-MMP expressions to clinico-pathology were analyzed by statistics. Results The expressions of MT1, MT2, and MT3-MMP were significantly higher in laryngeal cancer tissues than those in para-tumorous tissues (P < 0.01) and had a close relationship with invasive depth (P < 0.05). But no significantly different expressions of these three MT-MMPs were found in different primary location and different histological grade of laryngeal cancer (P > 0.05). The expression of MT1-MMP was obviously higher in patients with metastatic lymph nodes than that in patients without metastatic lymph nodes (P < 0.05). Conclusion MT1, MT2, and MT3-MMP play an important role in the progression of laryngeal cancer, and MT1-MMP may serve as a reliable marker in estimating invasive and metastatic potency of laryngeal cancer. Suppressing expressions of MT1, MT2, and MT3-MMP early may inhibit the invasion and metastases of laryngeal cancer.

Evolution of Pore Size Distribution and Mean Pore Size in Lotus-type Porous Magnesium Fabricated with Gasar Process

吝啬的毛孔上的压力缩放的气体的效果，孔和毛孔缩放莲花类型的分发与 Gasar 过程制作的多孔的镁被调查。理论分析和试验性的结果都显示那在那里存在到为与更狭窄的毛孔尺寸分发和更小的毛孔尺寸生产 lotus-typestructures 的氩 p_(Ar ) 的氢 p_(H_2 ) 的部分压力的最佳的比率。毛孔尺寸分发和毛孔尺寸上的团结模式的效果也被讨论。

SOME CHARACTERS OF A CLASS OF ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK TYPE MARKOV PROCESSES WITH STABLE PROCESSES

This article concerns a class of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type Markov processes and for which the level sets will be approached. By constructing a new class f processes,we shall obtain an inequality on the Hausdorff dimensions of the level sets for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type Markov processes. Based on this result, we finally verify that any two independent O-U.M.P with α-stable processes could collide with probability one.

Preparation of Aluminum Matrix Composite by Pressureless Infiltration Process

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DIMENSION RESULTS FORORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK TYPE MARKOVPROCESS

Let {Xt,t≥ 0} be an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type Markov process with Levyprocess At, the authors conaider the fractal properties of its ranges, give the upper andlower bounds of the Hausdorff dimensions of the ranges and the estimate of the dimensionsof the level sets for the process. The dstence of lood times and occnption times of Xtare considered in some special

Modeling stochastic mortality with O-U type processes

Modeling log-mortality rates on O-U type processes and forecasting life expectancies are explored using U.S. data. In the classic Lee-Carter model of mortality, the time trend and the age-specific pattern of mortality over age group are linear, this is not the feature of mortality model. To avoid this disadvantage, O-U type processes will be used to model the log-mortality in this paper. In fact, this model is an AR(1) process, but with a nonlinear time drift term.Based on the mortality data of America from Human Mortality database(HMD), mortality projection consistently indicates a preference for mortality with O-U type processes over those with the classical Lee-Carter model. By means of this model, the low bounds of mortality rates at every age are given. Therefore, lengthening of maximum life expectancies span is estimated in this paper.

Integrated Design of D.D.I., Filament Winding and Curing Processes for Manufacturing the High Pressure Vessel(Type Ⅱ)

As energy crisis and environment pollution all around the world threaten the widespread use of fossil fuels,compressed natural gas(CNG)vehicles are explored as an alternative to the conventional gasoline powered vehicles.Because of the limited space available for the car,the composite pressure vessel(TypeⅡ)has been applied to the CNG vehicles to reach large capacity and weight lightening vehicles.High pressure vessel(TypeⅡ)is composed of a composite layer and a metal liner.The metal liner is formed by the deep drawing and ironing(D.D.I.)process,which is a complex process of deep drawing and ironing.The cylinder part is reinforced by composite layer wrapped through the filament winding process and is bonded to the liner by the curing process.In this study,an integrated design method was presented by establishing the techniques for FE analysis of entire processes(D.D.I.,filament winding and curing processes)to manufacture the CNG composite pressure vessel(TypeⅡ).Dimensions of the dies and the punches of the 1 st(cup drawing),2 nd(redrawing-ironing 1-ironing 2)and 3 rd(redrawing-ironing)stages were calculated theoretically,and shape of tractrix die to be satisfied with the minimum forming load was suggested for life improvement and manufacturing costs in the D.D.I.process.Thickness of the composite material was determined in the filament winding process,finally,conditions of the curing process(number of heating stage,curing temperature,heating rate and time)were proposed to reinforce adhesive strength between the composite layers.

Matrix Padé-Type Method for Computing the Matrix Exponential

Matrix Padé approximation is a widely used method for computing matrix functions. In this paper, we apply matrix Padé-type approximation instead of typical Padé approximation to computing the matrix exponential. In our approach the scaling and squaring method is also used to make the approximant more accurate. We present two algorithms for computing and for computing with many espectively. Numerical experiments comparing the proposed method with other existing methods which are MATLAB’s functions expm and funm show that our approach is also very effective and reliable for computing the matrix exponential . Moreover, there are two main advantages of our approach. One is that there is no inverse of a matrix required in this method. The other is that this method is more convenient when computing for a fixed matrix A with many t ≥ 0.

Inherent relationship between process parameters,crystallization and mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites

High-performance thermoplastic composites have been developed as significant structural materials for cutting-edge equipment in the aerospace and defence fields.However,the internal mechanism of processing parameters on mechanical properties in the manufacturing process of thermoplastic composite structures is still a serious challenge.The purpose of this study is to investigate the process/crystallization/property relationships for continuous carbon fiber(CF)reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(PEEK)composites.The composite laminates are fabricated according to orthogonal experiments via the thermoforming method.The mechanical performance is investigated in terms of crystallization properties and fracture morphology characterizations.Experimental results show that the mechanical performance and crystallization properties of thermoplastic composites are significantly affected by the coupling of processing parameters.The increased molding temperature,pressure,and holding time improve the degree of fiber/matrix infiltration and affect the crystallinity and crystalline morphology of the matrix,which further influences the mechanical properties of the composites.This is reflected in the test results that crystallinity has an approximately linear effect on mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness and transverse flexural modulus.As well as the higher molding temperature can destroy the pre-existent crystals to improve the toughness of the matrix,and the well-defined crystalline structures can be observed when fabricated at higher temperatures and longer periods of holding time.