Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Farmgate Area of Dhaka North City Corporation

This investigation is focused on conducting a thorough analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). MSWM encompasses a range of interdisciplinary measures that govern the various stages involved in managing unwanted or non-utilizable solid materials, commonly known as rubbish, trash, junk, refuse, and garbage. These stages include generation, storage, collection, recycling, transportation, handling, disposal, and monitoring. The waste materials mentioned in this context exhibit a wide range of items, such as organic waste from food and vegetables, paper, plastic, polyethylene, iron, tin cans, deceased animals, byproducts from demolition activities, manure, and various other discarded materials. This study aims to provide insights into the possibilities of enhancing solid waste management in the Farmgate area of Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC). To accomplish this objective, the research examines the conventional waste management methods employed in this area. It conducts extensive field surveys, collecting valuable data through interviews with local residents and key individuals involved in waste management, such as waste collectors, dealers, intermediate dealers, recyclers, and shopkeepers. The results indicate that significant amounts of distinct waste categories are produced daily. These include food and vegetable waste, which amount to 52.1 tons/day;polythene and plastic, which total 4.5 tons/day;metal and tin-can waste, which amounts to 1.4 tons/day;and paper waste, which totals 5.9 tons/day. This study highlights the significance of promoting environmental consciousness to effectively shape the attitudes of urban residents toward waste disposal and management. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between authorities and researchers to improve the current waste management system.

Deep Consensus Network for Recycling Waste Detection in Smart Cities

Recently,urbanization becomes a major concern for developing as well as developed countries.Owing to the increased urbanization,one of the important challenging issues in smart cities is waste management.So,automated waste detection and classification model becomes necessary for the smart city and to accomplish better recyclable waste management.Effective recycling of waste offers the chance of reducing the quantity of waste disposed to the land fill by minimizing the requirement of collecting raw materials.This study develops a novel Deep Consensus Network with Whale Optimization Algorithm for Recycling Waste Object Detection(DCNWORWOD)in Smart Cities.The goal of the DCNWO-RWOD technique intends to properly identify and classify the objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The proposed DCNWO-RWOD technique involves the design of deep consensus network(DCN)to detect waste objects in the input image.For improving the overall object detection performance of the DCN model,the whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is exploited.Finally,Na飗e Bayes(NB)classifier is used for the classification of detected waste objects into recyclable and non-recyclable ones.The performance validation of theDCNWO-RWOD technique takes place using the open access dataset.The extensive comparative study reported the enhanced performance of the DCNWO-RWOD technique interms of several measures.

“Waste-free Cities”Construction and Carbon Emission Reduction in China:Based on the Perspective of Circular Economy

Solid waste and carbon dioxide are important elements of environmental governance.Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals,the research on whether and how to promote the construction of“no waste cities”and carbon emission reduction is of great significance in China.The generation of solid waste and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide has the same origin,which can be well coordinated to promote environmental governance.

Characterisation of Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSWC) from Selected Indian Cities—A Case Study for Its Sustainable Utilisation

Utilisation of Municipal Solid Waste is important to curb the ever rising demand of scarce land for its disposal. Changing life style patterns, particularly in urban areas, has led to increase in generation of MSW. Municipal solid waste from Indian cities estimated to have 40% - 60% organic matter, which could be recycled as compost. The most suitable way to recycle it with low investment is aerobic composting using windrow method. With the compliance of Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000, many cities in India are making compost with organic portion of MSW. Before applying MSWC for agricultural uses, it is important to inventories heavy metals in compost to assess its toxicity. In the present study the compost samples were quantified for its toxicity from three highly populated cities of India, i.e., Delhi (Capital of India), Ahmedabad (Gujarat) and Bangalore (Karnataka). The MSWC samples were analysed for total heavy metals and in extractable fractions. Few samples were found with higher concentration of metals then the prescribed limits for its application as compost in Indian MSW rules, whereas, samples have not showed significant heavy metals concentration in extractable fractions. Therefore, studied MSW compost samples had demonstrated its suitability to use as green compost.

The Kinetics of the Esterification of Free Fatty Acids in Waste Cook- ing Oil Using Fe2（SO4）3/C Catalyst

The esterification of free fatty acids(FFA) in waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Fe2(SO4)3/C(ferric sulfate/active carbon) catalyst was studied.The effects of different temperature,methanol/FFA mole ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of FFA were investigated.The results demonstrated that under optimal esterification conditions the final acid value of the resultant system can be reduced to ～1(mg KOH)·g-1,which met fully the requirements in post-treatment for efficient separation of glycerin and biodiesel.The kinetics of the esterification were also investigated under different temperatures.The results indicated that the rate-control step could be attributed to the surface reaction and the esterification processes can be well-depicted by the as-calculated kinetic formula in the range of the experimental conditions.

Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management of Bins Using GIS. A Case Study: Nuseirat City

Solid Waste Management, SWM, is an integral part of public health and environmental control. Improper SWM leads to both economic and environmental sufferings. Almost all factors related to solid waste management have both spatial and non-spatial components. Thus, traditional ways of storing and analyzing data keep data in an isolated form, which results in an inefficient management system. This research aims to optimize municipal solid waste management of bins using GIS. Nuseirat City is chosen as a case study to evaluate SWM of recycle bins to allow the collection process to get less cost and less time as well as to determine the best routes for the trucks to collect the bins. Using Location-Allocation technique, the study indicates that 50 bins from the existing 222 bins do not meet the required selection criteria and need to be re-distributed. It also shows that there are many areas which are not serviced and that the existing bins do not cover all areas in Nuseirat. Nuseirat municipality needs to supply 173 bins besides the existing bins in order to fully cover the city. Moreover, the best tracks to be followed by vehicles that will reduce the financial cost using Vehicle Routing Problem Analysis are determined using GIS network analysis. It is recommended the use of GIS in the administration, especially the management of solid waste and the consideration of it mainly in the general system of municipalities working in the Gaza Strip. Extensive attention should be focused on the collection of solid waste because it is important in the development of cities and it gives a wonderful cultural landscape.

Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled Smart City Recycling Waste Object Classification

The Smart City concept revolves around gathering real time data from citizen,personal vehicle,public transports,building,and other urban infrastructures like power grid and waste disposal system.The understandings obtained from the data can assist municipal authorities handle assets and services effectually.At the same time,the massive increase in environmental pollution and degradation leads to ecological imbalance is a hot research topic.Besides,the progressive development of smart cities over the globe requires the design of intelligent waste management systems to properly categorize the waste depending upon the nature of biodegradability.Few of the commonly available wastes are paper,paper boxes,food,glass,etc.In order to classify the waste objects,computer vision based solutions are cost effective to separate out the waste from the huge dump of garbage and trash.Due to the recent developments of deep learning(DL)and deep reinforcement learning(DRL),waste object classification becomes possible by the identification and detection of wastes.In this aspect,this paper designs an intelligence DRL based recycling waste object detection and classification(IDRL-RWODC)model for smart cities.The goal of the IDRLRWODC technique is to detect and classify waste objects using the DL and DRL techniques.The IDRL-RWODC technique encompasses a twostage process namely Mask Regional Convolutional Neural Network(Mask RCNN)based object detection and DRL based object classification.In addition,DenseNet model is applied as a baseline model for the Mask RCNN model,and a deep Q-learning network(DQLN)is employed as a classifier.Moreover,a dragonfly algorithm(DFA)based hyperparameter optimizer is derived for improving the efficiency of the DenseNet model.In order to ensure the enhanced waste classification performance of the IDRL-RWODC technique,a series of simulations take place on benchmark dataset and the experimental results pointed out the better performance over the recent techniques with maximal accuracy of 0.993.

Building Zero-Waste Cities

The State Council has published an ambitious“zero-waste city”pilot plan that aims to minimize solid waste generation and maximize recycling in urban areas.After the 10-city pilot program ends in 2021,its results will be used to guide expansion of the initiative.

A Study on the Structure and Behavior of Sinter-free Material for Phosphorous Removal from Waste Water

Oyster shell and cement were taken as the major raw materials to fabricate hollow, tubular and recoverable material for phosphorous removal （P removal） from waste water without sintering. In this paper, the effects of different affecting factors on the sample P removal ratio were discussed to select optimal P removal process conditions. SEM and XRD were used to characterize the microscopic structures and composition of samples, and molybdenum blue spectrophotometry was applied to determine the P content in waste water. Results showed that at 30 ℃ for 2 d, the P removal ratio reached 93.3% when the cement content was 10 wt% and oyster shell powder was 90 wt%. SEM analysis revealed a flaky structure consisting of phosphorus-containing compound in the samples after P removal, and it piled on and maintained the porous structure. In addition, the results also suggested that raising the ambient temperature was benefit to the P removal. The P removal ratio of the material was optimal under neutral and alkali conditions.

浅析“无废城市”与“Zero Waste”

2018年底,"无废城市"建设试点工作方案出台,由此开启了中国"无废城市"的建设进程。对"无废城市"提出的国际背景阐述,认识到"推进零废物"城市已成为全球的共识。通过对"零废弃"内涵和"零废弃"层级管理的了解,及纵观城市率先实施"零废弃"战略的原因和温哥华"2040零废弃"实践,提出中国"无废城市"建设目标与国际普遍采用的"零废弃"内涵的差异,中国若实现"零废弃"还需全社会的努力,任重道远。

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and Microwave Irradiation Processes

A comparative study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid (Two-step) and microwave-assisted transesterification (One-step) was carried out. A two-step transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel (alkyl ester) from high free fatty acid (FFA) waste cooking oil. Microwave-assisted catalytic transesterification using BaO and KOH was evaluated for the efficacy of microwave irradiation in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. On the basis of energy consumptions for waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification by both conventional heating and microwave-heating methods evaluated in this study, it was estimated that the microwave-heating method consumes less than 10% of the energy to achieve the same yield as the conventional heating method for given experimental conditions. The thermal stability of waste cooking oil and biodiesel was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis of different oil properties, fuel properties and process parametric evaluative studies of waste cooking oil are presented in detail. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for biodiesel and regular diesel.

Solid Waste Management and Incineration Practice: A Study of Bangladesh

Considering the geographical location and one of the very densely populated countries in the world, Bangladesh is very vulnerable to climate change and its adaptability. This paper has been designed with an attempt to inform the policy maker of Bangladesh regarding the potentiality of MSW as a renewable source of energy in Bangladesh. It deals with modern waste collection, management and incineration practices based on densely populated cities or towns like Bogura Municipality and Chattogram City Corporation. Waste to Energy (WtE) conversions not only reduce the land pressure problem in urban areas, but also generate electricity and heat to supply to the surrounding urban areas. The increase in generation of methane (CH4) from municipal solid wastes (MSW) alarms the world to take suitable initiative for the sustainable management of MSW, as it is stronger than carbon dioxide (CO2). By burning one mole of CH4, 890 kJ·mol-1 heat is produced which is a major source of energy. This treatment technology is used in destruction of solid waste by controlled burning at high temperatures. With the release of heat, it can be accompanied and this heat from combustion can be converted into energy. This type of incineration is a high-quality treatment for Municipal or City Corporation solid waste like Bangladesh where were over crowded cities, towns and it can reduce the quantity and volume of a large amount of waste to landfill, which can recover energy and dispose in the compact zone. The results also examined that the total amount of solid waste produced in Bogura municipality is lower than that of Chattogram City Corporation. The percentage compositions of waste patterns are shown in both the Cities. The paper discusses these problems, analyses and finally, a recommendation has been proposed in order to understand the industrial situation enhanced.

Thermodynamic data calculation for iron phases in sulfoaluminate cementitious materials prepared using solid wastes

The preparation of sulfoaluminate cementitious materials(SCM)is a promising way to massively utilize solid wastes.Iron phases are significant in SCM system but the thermodynamic data of some key minerals,such as6 CaO·Al2 O3·2 Fe2 O3(C6 AF2)and 6 CaO·2 Al2 O3·Fe2 O3(C6 A2 F),are missing,which greatly hinders the SCM optimization in a theoretical way.This work,for the first time,calculated the standard formation enthalpy,Gibbs free energy of formation,entropy and molar heat capacity for C6 AF2 and C6 A2 F and lowered the errors to the least with the reference of C4 AF data in the literature.By building the function diagram of Gibbs free energy changes with temperature for the basic iron phase formation reactions with the obtained thermodynamic data,it is proved that the formation likeliness of C6 AF2 is higher than that of C6 A2 F,as is accordant to the literatures and verifies the correctness of obtained data.This work provides a good theoretical foundation to optimize SCM mineral system and to study relevant mechanism deeply.

Evolving pattern and improvement path of China’s solid waste management policies

Systematically sorting out the evolving pattern of solid waste management policies and studying the key points and development trends of solid waste management policies are conducive to the clarification of improvement path of solid waste management policies.Based on the promulgated solid waste management policies,this study applies statistical methods to the analysis of the text structure and contents of the solid waste management policies,attempting to find out the internal evolving pattern of the solid waste management policies in China.Closely integrating the current policy requirements for the construction of‘waste-free city’,this study puts forward a policy optimization and improvement path.The findings are briefly listed blow:①The solid waste management policies have demonstrated multiple text types and various levels of effectiveness,and the policy framework system is gradually optimized.②In each edition of solid waste management policy,the hotspot issues are highlighted with distinctive characteristics of the times and dynamic evolution.The policies are covering more fields,the contents are more targeted and comprehensive,and the implementation is more specific and practical.③The policies mainly focus on harmlessness,reduction,reclamation,pollution prevention,supervision and management,secondary pollution,recycling,circular economy,etc.④The government strengthens the top-level design from the macro level,focusing on policy guidance and standardization,policy coordination,technical support,and governance improvement to promote the realization of the goals of‘harmlessness,reduction,reclamation’.⑤The diversification of tools,approaches and factors supporting solid waste management,and the growing awareness of the technical support of solid waste management,and the management mode and governance path have entered the phase of adaptive transformation.Based on practical needs,the market oriented policies and incentive mechanisms for solid waste management are inadequate,applicable technical attention is not highly paid,and the comprehensive management level and governance capabilities are in urgent need of improvement.Combined with the theoretical research,practical actions and policy initiatives of the construction of‘waste-free city’in other countries,from the perspectives of solid waste full product lifecycle management,technical support paradigm policy,main body coordination policy,guidance incentive policy,laws and regulations and other aspects,the policy improvement path and direction of China’s‘waste-free city’are thoroughly discussed in this study.

Planning for the Solid Waste Management of Central Park in New Capital Development of Afghanistan

Kabul New City is a new capital development and a modern city development of Afghanistan covering total area of 740 km2. In 2009 Afghan cabinet approved developing New Capital to fulfill the requirement of growing population. For sustainable development, it has been planned to have a green belt and central park about 1298 hectares within the city. It is having positive impact on human health along with the economic, social and environmental benefits. Hence, for sustaining the urban parks, their proper maintenance is a foremost problem. The solid waste management is duly considered in planning stage of development, otherwise, it would encounter major challenges during operation and maintenance of Park. The projected waste generation in KNC park area is required to be assessed, therefore, surveys of Bagh-e-Babur in existing Kabul are carried out for the visitors’ projection and solid waste generation. The highest visitors and waste were estimated in declining order of summer, spring, fall, and winter. Kabul New City Central Park results speculate that the total visitors’ projection is going to be 6,745,313 per year generating about 337 metric tons wastes/year (0.05 kg/visitor/day). 10 Vehicles of capacity 8 m3 are required to collect waste from central park towards the Transfer Station while 4 vehicles of 23 m3 are required for collection of waste from TS to Landfill. Moreover, 700 containers of 240 liters are required in the park. Furthermore, different sites were indicated in map for composting area where after the development it would be considered.

“无废城市”试点政策对企业绿色创新的影响

为推进固体废物治理改革,贯彻落实“双碳”目标及探索区域绿色发展路径,文章以2016—2021年我国试点城市内沪深上市公司为处理组,采用PSM-DID方法进行准自然实验检验。研究发现:相对于非试点地区,“无废城市”试点政策渐进提升了试点地区企业的绿色创新水平和质量;作用机制检验发现,政府环境关注度在试点政策与企业绿色创新之间具有部分中介作用;进一步引入三重差分模型进行异质性检验发现,该政策对工业企业绿色创新质量的提升效应更显著,对国有企业及知识产权保护力度较高地区企业的绿色创新水平和质量提升均更显著。文章为“十四五”期间“无废城市”试点政策的推广提供决策参考。