Influence of Different Irrigation Models and Amounts on Jujube under Jujube-cotton intercropping

[Objective] The aim was to explore the differences of jujube growth by intercropping with cotton and mono-cropping and to research effects of three irrigation models and quantity on jujube. [Method] The field experiment with three factors and two levels were applied for the study in order to research the effect of all treatments with the yield, quality, bearing branch, flower, fruit diameter of jujube. [Result]With different irrigation patterns, the result of comparing the length of bearing branch was drip irrigation furrow irrigation micro spray, and the result of comparing the number of bearing branch, the bud number, the flower number, fruit diameter was the same, as follows： drip irrigation microjet irrigation furrow irrigation; the result of comparing the yield was drip irrigation furrow irrigation microjet irrigation with significant differences. With different irrigation quantities, high irrigation water quantity treatment was proved higher than low irrigation quantity treatment in every survey index. [Conclusion] The analysis indicates that drip irrigation, microjet irrigation and furrow irrigation increased the irrigation water quantity can significantly promote the growth and the yield of jujube and the effects of the three kinds of irrigation patterns are drip irrigation furrow irrigation microjet irrigation.

Effects of arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on growth,yield and water use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried depth H(25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L(30,40,60 cm)between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N(1,2,4).The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75%of the field water capacity.The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28388.17 kg/hm2 and 16.83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively.At the same L and N levels(T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22%and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02%and 18.12%compared with T3,respectively.At the same H and N levels(T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level.Especially,when L was 30 cm(T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest.The same L and H levels(T3,T6,and T7)could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2(T3).Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%.Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.

Effects of drip irrigation modes on growth and physiological characteristics of Arabica coffee under different N levels

The objective of this study was to obtain the water-saving and efficient production mode of Arabica coffee. The effects of three drip irrigation modes,conventional drip irrigation( CDI),alternate drip irrigation( ADI) and fixed drip irrigation( FDI) on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation and irrigation water use efficiency of Arabica coffee were investigated under three nitrogen levels,high nitrogen( NH),middle nitrogen( NM) and low nitrogen( NL). The results show that there was a significant Logistic curve between the plant height,the stem diameter of Arabica coffee and growth days. Compared with CDI,ADI had no significant effects on leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,instantaneous water use efficiency and biomass accumulation above ground of Arabica coffee,while FDI decreased significantly,ADI and FDI increased irrigation water use efficiency by 50. 59% and 32. 85%,respectively. Compared with NH,with the reduction of N application rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass accumulation above ground and irrigation water use efficiency decreased by 6. 81%-12. 30%,13. 70%-22. 69%,9. 61%-16. 67% and 9. 78%-15. 64%,respectively. Compared with CDINH,ADINHdecreased net photosynthesis rate and the stomatal conductance not significantly,other treatments decreased by 9. 16%-19. 22%,14. 49%-32. 91%,and decreased biomass accumulation above ground by 8. 26%-27. 34% except ADINH,and increased irrigation water use efficiency by 16. 46%-60. 95% except CDINMand CDINL. Therefore,alternate drip irrigation under high N level( ADINH) is the best water and nitrogen coupling mode of young Arabica coffee tree for water efficiency.

Research on Management Mode of Small-scale Irrigation Works for Farmland Based on Self-governance

The paper analyzes the practical use of management mode of small-scale farmland irrigation works in China,and studies various problems existing in the present management mode.It puts forward a mode named Water-consumer Association which is the most practical one at present.It points out some rules which must be mastered in solving problems appearing in using this mode.

A STUDY ON THE WATER RESOURCES AND SEDIMENT PROBLEMS IN THE IRRIGATED AREA OF NORTHWEST SHANDONG PROVINCE

There are very serious water and sediment problems in the irrigated areas of northwest Shandong Province. In upper reaches of the irrigated area, the Yellow River water are widely used for farmland watering while leaving the ground water unusedion. But in the lower reaches, there is not enough surface water to be channeled for irrigation, so the ground water has always been over extracted, in some parts of the lower reaches, the descending water table caused the formation of funnel. Siltation in canals are very difficult to be cleared up, the drop of agriculture yield in the sandy land close to the channel head and along the main channels impair the living conditions of the local people. The conflicts between the excessive dependence on the Yellow River and the decreasing tendancy of water amount provided by the Yellow Ricer forces the local government to find new ways to solve the water resource problems. The answer could be: Using new technique for the irrigated system, pay more attention to the ground water development, and the construction and maintenance of wells.

Effects of rural domestic sewage reclaimed irrigation and regulation on heavy metals,PPCPs,water and nitrogen utilization,and microbial diversity in paddy field

Rural domestic reclaimed water(RDRW)is rural domestic sewage that being safely treated,the irrigation and reuse of RDRW are an effective way to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in South China.In this study,four kinds of irrigation water sources(primary and secondary treated water R1 and R2,purified water R3 and river water CK)and three kinds of water level regulations(low,medium,and high field water level control of W1,W2 and W3)were set to study the impact of RDRW on soil and crop safety,water and nitrogen utilization and biodiversity for establishing the regulation mechanism of RDRW irrigation with field experiment,and monitoring was carried out in RDRW irrigation demonstration area to assess the effectiveness of RDRW.The results showed that,under RDRW irrigation,the contents of Cd and Pb increased slightly,while the contents of Cr,Cu and Zn decreased in paddy soil.The heavy metals content decreased along the direction of stem,leaf and grain in rice plants,but did not increase significantly in rice grains.With the increase of field water level,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)content in 60-80 cm soil layer was accumulated,and the PPCPs content in rice husks was higher than that in grains,but it was at a very low level.Compared to CK,RDRW irrigation can effectively increase rice yield,rainwater use efficiency(RUE)and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)by 5.4%-7.6%,6.7%-9.4%and 21.7%-24.2%,respectively,and the species diversity,community diversity and richness in rice fields were improved.Additionally,water level regulation of W3 with R2 water resource irrigation was conducive to the exertion of comprehensive benefits.The monitoring of demonstration area showed that the consumption of fresh water was reduced by 530 mm,yield was increased by 9.6%,and the soil and crop were both safety.Short-term irrigation of RDRW did not cause soil and crops pollution,however,it is still necessary to track and monitor the effect of the system on soil,crop,and underground water with long-term reclaimed water irrigation.

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米产量和水氮利用的影响

为明确不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米生长、产量及水氮利用的影响,本试验以登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为材料,设常规灌溉施肥(FP)、喷灌+种肥同播(SN)、喷灌+水肥一体化(SF100%)、喷灌+水肥一体化+减氮20%(SF80%)共4个处理,研究不同灌溉施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力的影响。结果表明,品种、灌溉施肥方式及品种和灌溉施肥互作效应显著影响夏玉米的产量、干物质积累速率、水分利用效率(WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFPN),SF80%处理下两年平均产量、水分利用率、氮肥偏生产力均最高。与FP、SN和SF100%处理相比,SF80%处理下DH605两年平均产量分别提高14.55%、7.66%和2.26%,水分利用率分别提高23.73%、12.61%和8.86%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高43.19%、34.58%和27.82%;ZD958两年平均产量分别提高35.93%、15.24%和7.84%,水分利用率分别提高40.81%、21.79%和11.13%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高69.91%、44.05%和34.80%。综上所述,喷灌+水肥一体化+减氮20%的灌溉施肥方式可以显著提高夏玉米产量和水氮利用效率,实现夏玉米增产增效。

基于正交试验下宁夏银川市兴庆区盐碱地改良措施的探究

【目的】针对宁夏银川市兴庆区盐碱地的生产实际情况和盐碱土特点,探索不同土壤改良措施和当地灌溉水源对盐碱土壤理化性质及作物长指标的影响。【方法】以玉米为供试作物,采用桶栽的方式进行。对于土地盐渍化程度高,在传统与新型的土壤改良剂中选取商品有机肥、土壤调理剂和微生物菌肥(盐碱清)3种;针对当地土壤透水性差,易板结等问题,采用掺沙、粉碎秸秆还田和发酵有机质还田3种土壤蓬松方式;结合当地的灌溉习惯,采用黄河水、井水和沟水3种灌溉水源;进行以土壤改良剂种类、土壤蓬松方式与灌溉水源为主要因素的三因素三水平正交试验,通过观测记录玉米营养生长期(苗期-大喇叭口期)的株高、茎粗和干物质的积累及播种前到收获后盐碱土壤盐分含量的变化,得出适合当地抑盐增产的最优组合方式。【结果】不同处理对玉米生长指标及土壤抑盐程度均有影响,且各处理对玉米营养生长期干物质积累和土壤全盐量变化的影响显著程度由大到小均为:土壤改良剂种类、土壤蓬松方式和灌溉水源。【结论】研究得出商品有机肥与生物菌肥合理调配,既可确保作物产量,又能培肥地力、有效抑制盐分表聚,且在当地渠水来水频率小、沟水储量丰富的情况下,可在两次来水时间间隔内,采用多余沟水或井水为玉米进行补灌,在保证作物增产的同时可实现节水效益,为当地探究盐碱地治理集成模式、实现盐碱地可持续高效利用提供了参考。

滴灌定额对香梨耗水特征的影响

【目的】探究省力化栽培模式梨园土壤含水率分布特征及其耗水规律。【方法】以2021—2023年库尔勒省力化栽培模式香梨为研究对象,设置4种地表滴灌定额(3750(W0)、5250(W1)、6750(W2)、8250 m^(3)/hm^(2)(W3)),并以漫灌为对照(10000 m^(3)/hm^(2)(CK)),研究滴灌定额对香梨耗水规律及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】灌溉定额增加,土壤含水率上升;土壤水分变异系数、香梨产量随灌溉定额呈先升高后降低趋势,W2处理产量(7285.91 kg/hm^(2))较其他处理高1.4%~20.89%;滴灌定额增加,导致香梨水分利用效率和灌溉水利用系数下降。滴灌香梨全生育期耗水量为444.83~695.27 mm,香梨果实迅速膨大前期与果实迅速膨大期耗水量占比最高。果实迅速膨大期耗水强度最高为3.77~6.16 mm/d;2021—2023年W3处理香梨耗水量较W0、W1、W2处理高10.11%~36.02%,2023年W2处理香梨耗水量较2021、2022年高3.74%~7.15%,W2处理果实迅速膨大期耗水强度为4.71~5.48 mm/d。滴灌香梨生育期作物系数为0.48~0.84,萌芽期花期、果实迅速膨大前期作物系数低于FAO的标准参考值,果实迅速膨大期、收获期作物系数分别为0.7~1.07、0.72~1.21。【结论】推荐地表滴灌的库尔勒香梨生育期灌溉定额不低于6750 m^(3)/hm^(2)。

不同栽培方式和灌溉模式对水稻生长特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

旨在探讨不同栽培方式下灌溉模式对水稻生长特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响,并阐明机理。选取“Y两优1928”为供试稻种开展水稻种植的测坑试验,设置2种栽培方式:移栽(C1)和直播(C2),3种灌溉模式:淹水灌溉(W1)、间歇灌溉(W2)和蓄雨型间歇灌溉(W3)。结果表明,C2全生育期茎蘖数和茎蘖成穗率均高于C1,W2、W3有利于抑制水稻前期无效分蘖和保持黄熟期有效茎蘖数;C2叶面积指数显著高于C1,W2、W3有利于减缓叶面积指数的下降。C2产量较C1平均提高1.92%,W2、W3产量较W1平均提高11.47%、10.54%。W2、W3水分利用效率较W1平均提高了35.5%、40.72%;W3全生育期灌水量较W2、W1减少了66.06%、19.80%,降雨利用率较W2、W1平均提高了30.66%、26.28%。直播栽培结合蓄雨型间歇灌溉可以协同提高水稻产量,减少灌水量,提高水分利用效率和降雨利用率,实现水稻高产和水分高效利用。

不同水肥处理对水稻磷素吸收利用、产量和根干重的影响

为探明不同水肥处理对水稻磷素吸收利用、产量和根干重的影响,于2020年5-9月在湖北省漳河灌区开展水稻测坑种植试验,以水稻品种“Y两优957”为试验材料,设置淹水灌溉(W1)和间歇灌溉(W2)2种灌溉模式,常规肥(N1)和缓释肥(N2)2种施肥类型。采集泡田前和黄熟期收割后土样进行土壤全磷(TP)分析,于黄熟期测产,取植株样进行干物质称重,并化验地上部分植株各器官含磷量。结果表明,W2N2处理下水稻产量、磷素收获指数(PHI)、磷肥偏生产力(PFPP)和植株根干重均达最高,分别为8566.10 kg/hm^(2)、58.25%、214.35 kg/kg、255.47 g/m^(2);W2模式下水稻产量显著高于W1(P<0.05),分别高出10.85%(N1)和11.03%(N2);不同水肥处理下水稻各器官含磷量占比均为:穗>叶、茎,磷素会逐渐在穗部积累;施肥类型相同时,W2模式下植株茎、叶含磷量占比均高于W1,而穗含磷量占比均低于W1;灌溉模式相同时,N2条件下植株籽粒含磷量占比较N1高出4.50%(W1)和1.54%(W2);黄熟期收割后土壤TP含量均高于泡田前,收割后N2条件下稻田土壤TP含量较N1高出3.70%(W1)和6.25%(W2),收割后W2模式下稻田TP含量较W1高出13.33%(N1)和15.63%(N2)。间歇灌溉配施缓释肥可以有效促进水稻磷素吸收,进而实现增产。

山丘区农业节水灌溉模式研究与应用——以山东省蒙阴县为例

山丘区农业节水灌溉发展关系区域内粮食安全、农作物的产量和品质,受到社会和农民群众的广泛关注。为加强农田灌溉设施建设,有效地解决水资源短缺,提升耕地质量,保障粮食安全,通过对蒙阴县区域内水资源条件、作物种植特点以及农田类型,结合实际,因地制宜,本着经济、合理、便于管理的原则,探索出适合山丘区发展的农田节水灌溉模式,为山丘区农田灌溉高质量发展提供参考。

灌溉和种植方式对稻田水氮利用及损失的影响

【目的】旨在探究灌溉和种植方式对稻田氮素损失与水分利用的影响特征。【方法】选取手工栽插(HT)、抛秧(ST)、机插(MT)、直播(DS)4种种植方式和淹水灌溉(FI)、间歇灌溉(II)2种灌溉模式,开展晚稻大田小区试验,分析评价不同灌溉和种植方式下稻田水量平衡、水分利用效率以及氮素径流淋溶损失特征。【结果】不同灌溉模式的水分利用效率均以间歇灌溉更高,不同种植方式的水分利用效率总体表现由高到低依次为HT(ST)、MT和DS。间歇灌溉模式下各种植方式处理的灌水量、耗水量、渗漏量、蒸发蒸腾量较淹水灌溉模式分别降低9.87%~22.11%、9.65%~21.49%、1.46%~3.64%、11.18%~27.15%。种植方式和灌溉模式对氮素径流和淋溶流失量影响较大,其流失量分别占施肥量的0.02%~0.17%和2.33%~3.53%。在相同灌溉模式下,不同种植方式处理的氮素地表径流损失量和淋溶损失量均由大到小依次为DS、MT、ST和HT。受灌溉模式和种植方式的影响,不同处理淋溶量和氮素淋溶损失量在各生育期内存在差异,其中以苗期和分蘖前期损失量较高,占全生育期的比例分别为43.35%~53.79%、6.67%~22.38%。综合灌溉模式和种植方式,不同处理的产量和水分利用效率均以HT-II最高、DS-FI最低,氮素淋溶损失则以HT-II最低、DS-FI最高。【结论】间歇灌溉有利于提高水稻产量和水分利用效率,直播稻的水分消耗和氮素损失高于移栽稻,手工栽插配合间歇灌溉有利于提高水稻水分利用效率和降低稻田氮素流失。在双季晚稻生产实践中,可通过加强苗期和分蘖前期的水分管理来减少稻田淋溶和氮素的淋溶损失,从而提高稻田的环境效应。

宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤在改良剂作用下的水力特性试验

为了研究宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤在施加有机改良剂和无机改良剂后的水力特性,选取宁夏引黄灌区典型区域进行土壤改良并进行种植试验。将改良后的土壤分5层取样在实验室中进行土柱入渗试验,利用压力膜仪和自循环达西渗流试验仪,测量了土壤含水率与压力水头之间的关系和渗透系数;根据实测数据,选取van Genuchten(VG)模型进行参数反演,对不同改良剂处理后各层土壤水分特征曲线进行了对比分析。研究发现:(1)各层土壤在水吸力相同时,施加不同改良剂后的土壤含水率一般大于对照组,而有机改良剂处理组要大于无机改良剂处理组;(2)改良后水分特征曲线及相应VG模型中的参数发生了较大变化;(3)有机改良剂处理后土壤容重有所减小,而无机改良剂处理后土壤容重变化不太明显;(4)不同改良剂处理后土柱中水分入渗的湿润锋推进速度和土壤渗透系数有不同程度增大,有机改良剂处理组增大幅度大于无机改良剂处理组。综上所述,不同改良剂对土壤容重、含水率、水分入渗速度及其他水力参数都有较大影响,说明改良剂在一定程度上改变了土壤结构。土柱试验及种植试验均表明,有机改良剂(牛粪和糠醛渣)处理组的性态要优于无机改良剂(脱硫石膏和粉煤灰)处理组。

干旱区荒漠河岸林引洪灌溉生态修复研究

选择典型荒漠河段引洪灌溉生态修复区域,利用遥感数据和地下水监测数据,结合实地调查等手段对和田河沙漠段典型荒漠河岸林引洪灌溉生态修复效果开展了研究,采用多波段水体指数MBWI和归一化差异植被指数NDVI分析评价研究区生态修复效果。结果表明:引洪灌溉对生态修复区地下水有抬升作用,缓解年内地下水持续降低趋势,同时提高植被覆盖水平,这导致植被覆盖度高地区面积增加,无植被覆盖地区面积减少。然而目前引洪灌溉生态修复存在积水面积较大,积水时间较长,区域分布不均等问题,引洪灌溉生态闸位置和合理的运行制度还需要进一步研究。研究成果可以为干旱区内陆河流域荒漠河岸林生态修复提供借鉴。

农业水利灌溉模式与高效节水措施探讨

农业是国家发展的基石,而发展农业选择科学的水利灌溉模式以及高效的节水技术,才能保证农业水利灌溉的效率和质量,提高农业综合生产力,促进我国农业经济的发展。对此,本文分析了农业水利灌溉事业的建设情况,列举了几种常见的农业灌溉模式,深入探讨了农业水利灌溉中存在的问题和不足,并提出了节水技术措施和解决办法。

农业水利工程中灌溉模式与节水技术应用探究

农业水利工程的应用,不仅实现了水资源的合理配置,而且更好地满足了农作物的生长需求。但在我国现阶段农业水利工程中,如何妥善处理灌溉模式与节水技术存在的一些问题,将是我国农业生产高效发展的关键所在。对此,本文列举了常见的农业水利节水灌溉模式,分析了农业水利灌溉模式的影响因素,并就农业水利工程中灌溉模式和节水技术应用中的常见问题,提出了解决对策。

二十世纪五六十年代黄河下游引黄灌溉失序原因重探——以人民胜利渠为中心

新中国成立后,以兴建人民胜利渠为标志拉开了黄河下游引黄灌溉的序幕。“引黄灌溉”作为一种利用黄河水资源,抵御干旱、保障农业生产的重要方式,在1949年后的黄河水资源开发利用史上具有代表性。二十世纪五六十年代,黄河下游引黄灌溉陷入“失序”状态,具体表现为:引黄工程蜂拥上马和灌区用水“大引大灌”,最终导致了严重的内涝和次生盐碱化问题。黄河下游引黄灌溉不得不按下“暂停键”。究其缘由,与完成粮棉高产指标和缺乏有效监管不无关系,根本上则暴露了黄河水权制度建设的缺陷,为开发利用黄河水资源敲响了警钟。随着黄河下游引黄工程的复灌,水权和黄河水资源管理也逐渐确立和规范起来。回顾这段历史,既是对新中国治水兴水艰辛历程的再回顾,也有助于我们理解当前黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略所要求的水资源集约节约利用的历史必然性。

疏勒河灌区不同灌溉方式下不同作物水效益分析

在疏勒河流域智慧水利建设过程中,按照数字孪生灌区农田作物精准化灌溉的要求,为掌握不同灌溉模式下不同作物水效益,该文通过对疏勒河灌区广泛种植的小麦、玉米和食葵进行水效益分析研究并得出相应的数据。试验表明,滴灌模式下不同作物的水效益最高,灌区传统的漫灌方式水效益最低,已无法适应现代化灌区的建设要求。因此,在疏勒河灌区大力推广节水灌溉技术,是建设现代化灌区的必然要求。