Consciousness: Issues in Western Philosophy and Understanding It in Jainism Perspective

The concept of soul and consciousness was well established in ancient India.Western philosophy faces several problems in explaining consciousness.Consciousness and intelligence is the property of soul in Jainism.Jainism is a comprehensive system describing the role of karma,relation between the soul,mind and the body,and the cognition processes.The paper describes the Jain system,examines the issues on consciousness in western philosophy and shows that these issues do not arise in the Jain scheme.

The Claimed Revolution to Understand Consciousness:Information Plays the Driving/Essential Role for the Structuration and Behavior of the Living Organisms

A prestigious conference claimed recently a revolution in neuroscience to understand consciousness.In this paper it is shown that this revolution already came,revealing the determinant role of information for human and living structures,both for their structuration and behavior,explaining consciousness at human as the result of the activity of the Informational System of Human and Living Structures.For this,it is emphasized and discussed the informational structure of the eukaryotic cell,the basic/representative composing unit of the multicellular body of human,animals,and plants,showing that the composition and functions of the informational system are basically similar with that of human.To reveal the driving role of informational mechanisms in human and subhuman organisms,it is introduced the concept of matter-related information,showing that information can be hidden/“embodied”or released/“disembodied”in or from the elemental micro/macro components of the body,during the multiple chain/cascade interactions including transduction processes.It is shown that such interactions are initiated from two main categories of informational sources:implicit(genetic)and explicit(external/internal)sources,the first category leading to structuration of the body and the second the reactive behavior.Consciousness in human and subhuman organisms,expressed by two corresponding informational relations,is the result of the release of information by the mind,acting as an informational operator/device,the development degree of mind and consciousness depending on the complexity degree and adaptation.An analogy of this Informational Model of Human and Living Structures(IMHLS)with the ancient model of chakras is highlighted,showing that these models support each other,applied with beneficial effects in Reiki technique and music-based cognitive multi-task therapy for neuro-rehabilitation.

The Axiology of Consciousness in Mocombeian Consciousness Field Theory

This work explores the axiology of consciousness in Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material world.The paper critically assesses Mocombe’s consciousness field theory(CFT)within the larger body of contemporary ontological debates regarding the nature,origin,and constitution of consciousness in the universe.The work goes on to highlight the manifestation of Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material resource framework that is the earth,and the nature and origins of ethics and values.

Analysis of Commuting Modal Shift in Consideration of Social Interaction of Consciousness for Environment

It is the matter for achievement of the low carbon transport system that the excessive use of private vehicles can be controlled appropriately.Not only improvement of service level of modes except private vehicle,but also consciousness for environmental problem of individual trip maker is important for eco-commuting promotion.On the other hand,consciousness for environment would be changed by influence of other person.Accordingly,it is aimed in the study that the structure of decision-making process for modal shift to the eco-commuting mode in the local city is described considering environmental consciousness and social interaction.For the purpose,the consciousness for the environment problem and the travel behavior of the commuter at the suburban area in the local city are investigated by the questionnaire survey.The covariance structure about the eco-consciousness is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey by structural equation modeling.As the result,it can be confirmed with the structural equation model that the individual environmental consciousness is strongly related with the intention of self-sacrifice and is influenced with the local interaction of the individual connections.On the other hand,the intention of modal shift for the commuting mode is analyzed with the database of the questionnaire survey.It can be found out that the environmental consciousness is not statistically significant for commuting mode choice with the present poor level of service of public transport.However,the intention of self-sacrifice for the prevention of the global warming is statistically confirmed as the factor of modal shift with the operation of eco-commuting bus service with the RP/SP integrated estimation method.As the result,the multi-agent simulation system with social interaction model for eco consciousness is developed to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion.For the purpose,the carbon dioxide emission is estimated based on traffic demand and road network condition in the traffic environment model.On the other hand,the relation between agents is defined based on the small world network.The proposed multi-agent simulation is applied to measure the effect of the eco-commuting promotion such as improvement of level of service on the public transport or education of eco-consciousness.The effect of the promotion plan can be observed with the proposed multi-agent system.Finally,it can be concluded that the proposed multi-agent simulation with social interaction for eco-consciousness is useful for planning of eco-commuting promotion.

Timelessness and Time Dependence of Human Consciousness From a Scientific Western Viewpoint

Eastern philosophy and western science have convergent and divergent viewpoints for their explanation of consciousness. Convergence is found for the practice of meditation allowing besides a time dependent consciousness, the experience of a timeless consciousness and its beneficial effect on psychological wellbeing and medical improvements, which are confirmed by multiple scientific publications. Theories of quantum mechanics with non-locality and timelessness also show astonishing correlation to eastern philosophy, such as the theory of Penrose-Hameroff （ORC-OR）, which explains consciousness by reduction of quantum superposition in the brain. Divergence appears in the interpretation of the subjective experience of timeless consciousness. In eastern philosophy, meditation at a higher level of awareness allows the personal experience of timeless and non-dual consciousness, considered as an empirical proof for the existence of pure consciousness or spirituality existing before the material world and creating it by design. Western science acknowledges the subjective, non-dual experience, and its multiple beneficial effects, however, the interpretation of spirituality designing the material universe is in disagreement with the Darwinian Theory of mutation and selection. A design should create an ideal universe without the injustice of 3% congenital birth defects and later genetic health problems. The western viewpoint of selection is more adapted to explain congenital errors. The gap between subjectivity and objectivity, the mind-body problem, is in eastern philosophy reduced to the dominance of subjectivity over objectivity, whereas western science attributes equal values to both. Nevertheless, there remains an astonishing complementarity between eastern and western practices.

A Comparative Study on the Spatial Consciousness of Traditional Paintings in the East and the West

This article compares and analyzes the development history,ideological culture,and philosophical concepts of traditional paintings,landscape paintings,and still life paintings in the East and the West.The essence of painting is a form of visual consciousness.There is a unique way of processing and expressing spatial consciousness in different images,regions,and humanistic spirits of Eastern and Western paintings.The difference in spatial awareness promotes mutual learning,guidance,and promotion between the Chinese and Western art which have different historical backgrounds,aesthetic concepts,and national customs.Therefore,different ways of paintings would also have differences in the spatial consciousness of the paintings.

Research on the Problematic Consciousness of Western Translation Theories

From sticking to certain western translating theory to combining western translating theories to eastern translating theories,the problematic consciousness keeps implicit on the way to seeking translating rules. However,when researching on the problematic consciousness of the western translation theories,the paper finds that the translation theories of the western linguistics aim to strengthen the western centrism thought;the translation theories of the western culture attempt to deconstruct the western centrism thought through translation. The ideology,time and region of the problems concerning translation lead to the distinctiveness of translation theories,reducing its general characteristics. As a result,the construction of the modern Chinese translation theories must be based on the present translation problems instead of adopting the western translation theories or combining the western and eastern translation theories.

Consciousness—raising教学法对高职高专非英语专业教学研究

随着社会经济的高速发展，人们对于教育投入更多的目光，尤其是在高职高专非英语专业的教学过程当中，借助于Consciousness—raising教学法的使用，往往能够获得比较良好的效果，文章对于这一课题的研究，对于相关课题的研究有着一定的借鉴意义。

The Psychological Base of Stream of Consciousness:Explained through Ulysses

This article aims to study the psychological base of the stream of consciousness through an analysis of William James' principles and Freud's theories.

Vladimir Nabokov's Political Consciousness

This study consists of three parts. PartⅠ, entitled ' Nabokov’ s Women,' concentrates on the analysis of Nabokov’ s major women identities of different types. My purpose is to demonstrate that in his creation of the women characters, Nabokov’ s political consciousness—mainly his vindication of individual freedom—is unmistakably, although indirectly, exemplified. Due to the different types of women discussed in this study, and also due to the different aspect of his political consciousness that is emphasized in different women identities, this part is subdivided into three chapters. Chapter One, entitled 'Women in the Triangle: Martha and Margot,' focuses on the two women characters in Nabokov’ s early novels. King, Queen, Knave and Laughter in the Dark, aiming to provide an in-depth analysis of the two, and to show that Nabokov has be stowed his special purpose on the creation of Martha and Margot, that is, his condemnation on those who reduce the free and active individual into objects, and such condemnation echoing with Nabokov’ s later direct vindication of individual freedom. Chapter Two, entitled 'The Eternal Feminine:Lolita and Ada,' analyzes the two title characters in Lolita and Ada, or Ardor:A Family Chronicle, illustrating that Lolita is the victim in that her free consciousness is purposefully neglected by the other, man in that case;while Ada enjoys her life totally because she can conduct her free consciousness in her own life. Chapter Three, entitled ' Other Types and Women in His Mind’ s Eye,' deals with Elisabeth, another woman character in Laughter in the Dark, who is a good traditional wife, and Liza, ex-wife of Pnin in Pnin, who is what Nabokov terms as poshlost. In addition, this chapter also provides an examination of Nabokov’ s attitude toward women. Through this analysis, Nabokov’ s Russian Complex is to a degree illustrated.

A Woman Who Refused to Be Tamed——An Analysis on Female Consciousness of Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre,rebellious woman in the Victorian Age,holds her remarkable status in the English literature as the one who dare to fight against the patriarchal society.Unlike her contemporaries,Jane Eyre believes that men and women are born to be equal and women should never be tamed by the male-centered world or feminist ego.Under the tremendous pressure,she still guards her own dignity and determines to achieve self-actualization instead of being an accessory of men.It’s her female consciousness that lead her to be an unusual figure that enjoys both the financial self-reliance and social equality.Self-respect,selfreliance and self-actualization comprise Jane’s female consciousness that is instructive to women and worths a further exploration.

Reflective Consciousness of Teaching and Learning on English Curriculum in Higher Vocational Colleges

In English classroom of higher vocational colleges,there exist two essential factors:teachers'reflective consciousness and students'reflective consciousness.The former is teachers'awareness of learning activities and effect,and it contains the teacher's reflections on the classroom practice,the presentation of learning tasks,the participation of students and the interaction between teachers and students in the classroom.The latter refers to students'awareness of self-improvement and the growing process.It focuses on the self-realization of students and their professional ability,method ability and social ability.The two factors are interactive to each other;in the interaction,the former is dominated,and the latter is strongly influenced;through the interaction,a harmonious classroom is constructed so as to achieve the effective teaching.

Time and Consciousness in T.S Eliot's The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock

The relationship between time and consciousness is what T.S.Eliot concerns much in his early modernist poem The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock.This paper is an analysis of the way Eliot employs the stream of consciousness technique to create a typical Western modern man who suffers greatly from meaningless life and spiritual crisis.

The Growth of Scarlett's Consciousness of Feminism in Gone with the Wind

Most feminist analyses of Scarlett in Gone with the Wind are concerned with how feminism is reflected in Scarlett's personality,while this research pays attention to how her feminist consciousness grow through three stages.

Cultivation of Innovation Consciousness in English Graduation Thesis

This paper starts with the analysis of the lack of students'innovation consciousness in the topic selection,and aims to improve the teachers cultivation of students innovation consciousness in the process of students topic selection.Five guidelines:guide students to bring forth new ideas in“minor topic selection”,combine with the practical situation of the major,seek for innovation in the intersection of multiple disciplines,seek for innovation in previous research problems and seek for innovation in problem discussion.

Neuroimaging characterization of recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness

Elucidation of critical brain areas or structures that are responsible for recovery of impaired consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness is important because it can provide information that is useful when developing therapeutic strategies for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.In this review,studies that have demonstrated brain changes during recovery of impaired consciousness were reviewed.These studies used positron emission tomography,electroencephalography/transcranial magnetic stimulation,diffusion tensor tractography,and diffusion tensor tractography/electroencephalography.The majority of these studies reported on the importance of supratentorial areas or structures in the recovery of impaired consciousness.The important brain areas or structures that were identified were the prefrontal cortex,basal forebrain,anterior cingulate cortex,and parietal cortex.These results have a clinically important implication that these brain areas or structures can be target areas for neurorehabilitation or neurointervention in patients with disorders of consciousness.However,most of studies were case reports;therefore,further original studies involving larger numbers of patients with disorders of consciousness are warranted.In addition,more detailed information on the brain areas or structures that are relevant to the recovery of impaired consciousness is needed.

Measuring consciousness in coma and related states

Consciousness is a prismatic and ambiguous concept that still eludes any universal definition. Severe acquired brain injuries resulting in a disorder of con-sciousness(DOC) provide a model from which insights into consciousness can be drawn. A number of recent studies highlight the difficulty in making a diagnosis in patients with DOC based only on behavioral assessments. Here we aim to provide an overview of how neuroimaging techniques can help assess patients with DOC. Such techniques are expected to facilitate a more accurate understanding of brain function in states of unconsciousness and to improve the evaluation of thepatient's cognitive abilities by providing both diagnostic and prognostic indicators.

Seeking the Self-consciousness of Black Woman from the Point of View of“Womanism”in Everyday Use

Alice Walker is one of the prominent American writers in American women' s literature and black literature in 1950s-1960s.The short story Everyday Use was published early in her writing career.She displays the differences in the behav iors and minds of the mother and her two daughters during the process of seeking the self-consciousness of black woman from the point of view of " womanism".This paper attempts to explore the awakening of their heritage and self-consciousness in or der to deepen the understanding and thoughts on the theme of the text.