Urban Spatial Restructuring in Transitional Economy——Changing Land Use Pattern in Shanghai

For almost three decades, China has been undergoing significant transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Fast-paced economic growth and urbanization, interacting with market-oriented reforms in land re- sources allocation, have caused profound spatial restructuring of Chinese cities. This paper examines urban expansion and land use reconfiguration in Shanghai’s central city from 1979 to 2002, with a special focus on the effect of the adoption of the land-leasing system in 1988. The empirical research, which employs GIS-based spatial analysis tech- niques to explore land use data for multiple years, indicates fundamental changes in the spatial characteristics of urban development in Shanghai after this important land policy reform.

Changes and Effecting Factors of Grain Production in China

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper aims to examine the spatial and temporal change characteristics of total grain production and its affecting factors. The results show that： 1） During 1980 to 2007, total grain production increased from 3.20 ~ 108 t to 5.02 x 108 t in China, with annual increasing rate of 1.68%. From the regional disparities, most of the regions present increasing trend of total grain production except for several regions with higher level of economic development; 2） Grain sown area decreased from 1.17 × 108 ha in 1980 to 1.06 x 108 ha in 2007, which has negative effect on total grain production; 3） The increase of grain yield per unit area caused by land use intensity changes contributed to the increase of total grain yield greatly. However, as the land use intensity showed that farmers pay more attention to labor-saving input but not yield-increasing input, the less enthusiasm of farmers in grain production may become an important constraint on fu- ture grain production increase in China; 4） Based on the results, this paper proposed different land management poli- cies in different regions, for example, the government should protect cultivated land, promote large scale production. As to the less developed regions, the government should pay more attention to agricultural subsidies to promote farm- ers＇ enthusiasm in grain production.

Evaluation on the Process and Effects of Monetary Policies to Chinese Real Estate Market

The process of China＇s monetary policy regulation on the real estate market can be roughly divided into four stages since 1998. The first and the third stages are to raise housing price, while the second and the fourth stages are to curb housing price. There are both successful experiences and failure lessons in these stages of regulation. The present monetary policy instruments should be based on quantitative instruments, while the price instruments shall serve only as a supplement. We should use comprehensive polices including land policies, fiscal policies, legal and political means to develop a variety of specific and flexible policies to prevent financial risks, so that to fully play the important role of real estate market.

A STUDY ON LAND SYSTEM INNOVATIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL TOWNS IN CHINA

The economic development in China and the rising of the living standard need to speed up the urbanisation. The development of small towns is an important way to Chinese urbanisation. Land use plays a very important role in the development of small towns. However there are many problems in the development of small towns, esp. in land use. The paper first discusses the land problems in the development of small towns. Such as much cultivated land lies idle, under utilization and waste of land, increasing illegal use of land, unstable contractual relationship for land use. The relationship between the development of small towns and land use is also studied. Then the guidelines for the land system innovations of small towns are put forward. Namely the sustainability of social and economic development, the balance between land reservation and land utilization, the provision of service to village, agriculture and farmer, the management of land resource and land assets, the parsimonious and legal use of land. The basic framework of land system innovations of small towns is put forward finally. It include the land replacement policy for small towns and the permanent tenancy of farmland, the overall plan for land uses and other plans in harmony, the establishment of a flexible system of land supplies, using land with payments, the transfer of agricultural land and refining the land law related to the construction of small towns.

Nuclear Energy in the Energy Expansion of Turkey

Dependency of the human on the energy is ever-increasing today and the energy policies are reaching undeniable and un-ignorable dimensions steering the political events as well. Therefore, access to the energy and/or energy resources is becoming the highest priority for the countries. In this study, the criteria that have to be kept in view while creating the energy policies are explained first of all. Then the geopolitics, redundancy and diversity are described as the strategic criteria and furthermore, the availability, energy resources geography, and the technological, economical and environmental criteria are examined as the operative criteria and thereafter the issues such as installation period, utilization period, reliability, repair-maintenance and public validation are handled as the tactical criteria. The nuclear power plants are examined and evaluated according to the criteria set forth above while creating the energy policies. Under the light of this evaluation, the situation is examined and explicated in terms of the energy expansion of Turkey. Thus the place of the nuclear energy in the energy expansion of Turkey is clarified and emphasized.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE BUILT-UP AREA OF DALIAN CITY

With the astounding development and gradual improvement of remote sensing technology,as an advanced science technology,it is used to pro vide multi-temporal,large scope re al-time information for land-use dynamic change,and also is one of the best efficient m ethods for studying the earth resour ces and environment.Remote sensing image has its characteristics of ample inform ation and reflecting the objective r ealities.The paper uses multi-temp oral TM images in1986,1996and 2000,and relevant sta tistic data to analyze land-use chan ges of Dalian City in Liaoning Provin ce of Chi-na over ten years by means of the corre lation analysis method.The results have shown that two methods could con-formably reflect the present land-u se change.Urbanization is closely c orrelative to natural factors and ec onomic develop-ment.Especially in recent 20years,under the influence of the reform and open-up policy,Dalian,as a specifi c coast city,is becoming an international m etropolis.

Farmland Merging in Poland--A Success or Failure in Land Management Policy

Farmland merging is a significant tool in comprehensive rural areas development. Although a broad range of research relating to this field already exists, not enough emphasis has yet been placed on this issue in Poland. In all probability it would not be a point for broad discussion if this situation related to a country, where agriculture is negligible. Nonetheless, in Poland agriculture plays a very important role in the economy： it employs 17% of labour force and arable land covers about 60% of the total area. Yet, even where land consolidation work has been carried out for years, the expected effects are still not appreciable, mostly because of the disastrous formal and legal policy. This paper intends to make a contribution to the field of knowledge of farmland merging in Poland. Particular attention was focused on the importance of land management policy in the streamlining of land consolidation activities. The study brings a fresh view on the examination of the effectiveness of farmland merging work, based on two different formal procedures carried out in Poland. During the investigation the main obstacles and weaknesses in legal regulation were revealed while at the same time, producing possible solutions.

Landform Classification for Community Siting: A case Study in Quxian County, China

This study is to explore a suitable method to classify landform, in order to support the decision making for community siting in mountainous areas.It first proposes the landform classification for community siting(LCCS) method with detailed discussions on its rationality and the chosen parameters.This method is then tested and verified in Quxian county.The LCCS method entails twograde parameters, which uses relative relief as the first grading parameter, slope as the second, followed by a synthesis process to form a suitable landform classification system.By applying the LCCS method in Quxian county, the result shows that its use of watershed to identify geomorphometric units, and its use of the altitude datum concept, can effectively classify landform according to the local cultural traditions, and the economic and environmental conditions.The verification result shows that comparing to the conventional methods, the LCCS method respects to people's daily experience due to its bottom-up approach.It not only help to minimize the disturbance to the nature when choosing locations for community development, but also helps to prepare more precise land management policies,which maximizes agricultural production and minimizes terrain transformation.

Agricultural Support Policies and Public Budgeting in Turkey

Agriculture is a leading strategic sector in Turkey as it is in entire world. Despite this strategic significance, risks, and uncertainties, the dependence on natural conditions turns agriculture into a disadvantaged sector. Just because of these disadvantages, agriculture is protected by various support policies throughout the world. Agricultural policies of Turkey have initiated with institutionalization policies of the Republican period and progressed through product supports, input supports, and low-interest credit implementations of the planned period. These policies experienced serious reforms at the beginning of 2000s. Within the scope of Agricultural supports and Reforms Implementation Project （ARIP）, agricultural supports tried to be gathered under a single roof and Direct Income Support （DIS） implementations started. The DIS implementations lasted for eight years and terminated in 2008. The aim of this study is to examine agricultural supports in Turkey and their shares in the public budget. As material, macroeconomic data are used in this study. The data consist of transfers from the ministry of food, agriculture, and livestock to agriculture and budget numbers. The results of the study reveal that current agricultural policy tools are implemented as area-based supports, subsidiary payments, rural development, and agricultural insurance supports. The budget allocated to agriculture and the share of agricultural supports in Gross Domestic Product （GDP） of Turkey does not exhibit much change in years. Considering the policies and supports provided in developed countries and especially in European Union （EU） countries, it recommend for Turkey that the share of agricultural supports in total budget should be increased to levels in those countries.

Historical Analogy： Japan＇s Road Toward War and Japan＇s Postwar Road

In 1931, Japan launched the Sept. 18th attack against China. Ever since, there have been many different views over the origin of Japan＇s road toward war, which mostly concern with Japan＇s land policy. This paper holds that Japan＇s land policy was an evolving one and it transformed along the change of its supporters and implementers during different stages. It is mostly a contention about the different strategies on Manchuria and Mongol; the northward or the southward advance faction; the orientations of the radical military occupation or the moderate economic occupation. Interestingly, the development of Japan＇s postwar policy toward China, especially in the recent years, resembles the evolvement of Japan＇s land policy in the 19th century. They both show tendency from the economic effort to the military activity.

Three Decades of External Imbalances and Macroeconomic Fundamentals： The Case of Turkey

The paper aims to investigate the current account imbalances in the context of an overview of macroeconomic fundamentals after the liberalization process in Turkey. Two main questions discussed here are： （1） What is the link between liberalization and current account imbalances; （2） What kind of mechanisms ensured this link to become a vicious circle. The period after 1989, Turkey was characterized by significant fluctuations in macroeconomic activity by the implementation of liberalization policies. Once financial liberalization is adopted, Turkey faced with a new challenge： large current account deficits. On the other hand, foreign capital inflows aggravated a lending boom. Because of excessive risk taken by banks, interest rates began to rise. As mentioned above, the paper studies Turkey＇s liberalization process with a number of indicators that point to a fragility of the external balance： unhealthy structure of financial sector, particularly banking sector, large fiscal imbalances, low savings and investment rates, unstable GDP growth. Domestic structural features combining with macroeconomic policy stance and political factors are examined as well

To Look at Turkish Modernization from the Korean Mirror： A Comparative Analysis

This study tries to compare the modernization of Republican Turkey and South Korea. It should be considered on two important points about the history of modernization of Republican Turkey. The first of these is mentalities and ideological attitudes of modernizing elites. The emphasis to be made is to actually point to an opposition： Republican bureaucracy, in other words, the Kemalist elites, believed that progress in the sense understood by the French revolutionaries, positivist ideas, and secular point of view, on the other hand refused to tradition, namely Ottoman-lslamic past/background. Secondly, the Kemalist bureaucracy followed a specific application of the statist economic strategy. The state on the one hand has made investments using its own resources on heavy industry, established monopoly on certain products, on the other hand has followed liberal policies in order to create a national bourgeoisie. In addition, it cannot resolve/transform land ownership regime in favor of landless peasants. The turning point in the economic development of Korea was the military government of Park Chong Hee. The main policy during the 20 years of government was self-sufficient national economy. A presidential central industrial planning board （EPC） was responsible for the planning of all new investment areas and provided policy coordination among related ministries. Government could control the allocation of all financial resources through nationalized commercial banks. Economic planning by government included resource allocation, setting export targets for big family holdings, selective support of strategic industries, and successful private companies. So, government played an important role in the accumulation of capital in the hands of selected loyal new bourgeoisie class, big family holdings （chaebols）, which helped the succession of national development projects. The government used nationalism and moderated Confucius values as a means of creating developmental spirit. Anti-industrial teachings in Confucianism has been changed by Western values to form a new development-oriented work ethics, but core teachings like paternalism, hierarchical order in groups, emphasis on education, harmony, collectivism were strengthened by national education. Government policies and modified cultural elements caused an able and willing labor force and committed nation for overcoming poverty, strengthening Korea＇s economic position in the region.

Relationships of Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR） With Accounting Information Systems A Study

The objectives of the present study are to put forth the concept of corporate social responsibility （CSR） in Turkey （Kayseri） and to examine research on this concept and the relationships between CSR and accounting information systems. Research data were gathered from 100 accounting managers who work in businesses with 250 or more employees in Kayseri. The dimensions of CSR were considered as business policies, environmental policies, market policies, and social policies, and the effects of these factors on accounting information systems were tested. Market policies and social policies dimensions of CSR had no significant impact on accounting information systems. Business policies and environmental policies dimensions of CSR had significant impacts on accounting information systems. Two basic conclusions were drawn from the current study： The business policy dimension of CSR had significant impacts on accounting information systems; the business policy and environmental policy dimensions of CSR together had significant impacts on accounting intbrmation systems.

Housing Policies in Turkey： Evolution of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） as an Urban Design Tool

With the mission of absorption of the capital through urban renovation, AKP （the Justice and Welfare Party） took over the metropolitan municipality administrations in big cities in 1995, and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in 2002. Together with the 2003 Mass Housing Act, 14 legal regulations were enacted between 2002 and 2008 to expand the field of activity and increase the funds of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） which was already established during ANAP （the Motherland Party） Government in 1980s. As a result of those regulations, TOKI, as the ＂latest goddess of the construction myth＂, became the only authorized organization in the field of housing and land production in AKP＇s cities. It acquired new duties from generating profit-oriented projects to protecting historical texture, and it was authorized to make and approve zoning plans for the lands and plots handed over to TOKI of the last government （the Justice and Welfare Party） created as an investor-entrepreneur-contractor-performer group. This paper＇s aim is to indicate the transformation of TOKI foundation during the last twenty years, and also to prove that TOKI, as a governmental profit-oriented design tool, has demolished the unique DNA/morphological textures of the contemporary Turkish big cities by producing low profiled similar architecture and urbanity in the recent past.

Total Spending Equation of St. Louis Model： A Causality Analysis for Turkish Economy

Andersen and Jordan （1968） aimed to measure efficiency of monetary and fiscal actions on real GDP by employing a time-series model which was called as St. Louis Model afterwards. Although the model is performed in many countries similarly, the results differ from each other in accordance with the economic structure of relevant country In this regard, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies on real activity and to find out causal relationship among questioned variables using OLS and causality methodologies in Turkish economy over the period 1998：1-2010： IV. Empirical findings indicate that only monetary policy has a significant positive effect on economic activity in the short run, Nonetheless, neither monetary nor fiscal policy has significant impact on real output in the long run. Causality analysis shows that there exists a unidirectional causality running from real output and money stock to government expenditures. Moreover, not surprisingly, it is also found that crisis experiences of Turkey in sample period have highly adverse impact on real activity. Causality analysis suggests us considering government expenditures as explained variable instead of real output. Hence, it can be concluded that St. Louis Model total spending equation is not applicable for Turkish economy during 1998-2010 periods

Teacher Training in Turkey From Historical Perspective

A major educational debate today concerns how to recruit and prepare teachers all over the world. In other words policy makers in education attempt to figure out high quality initial teacher training programs. Similarly, one of the main controversial issues in Turkey is who is going to be a teacher. Alternative programs for recruiting and preparing teacher have been devised, discussed, and applied. However, these programs have been implemented not because of results of research comparing the effectiveness of teachers from different types of preparation backgrounds but the program has been implemented because of current government policies. Since Turkish education system is centralized, the Ministry of National Education appoints all novice teachers according to their scores in the nationwide state examination conducted by state for state employee. Teachers in Turkey are recruited from two sources： One is education faculty graduates to be teacher at elementary, middle and high schools. The other source is different faculty graduates such as faculty of literature, art, science, theology, and etc. to teacher, particularly, at high schools. The aim of this study is to review teacher training and recruitment in Turkey from 1923 to present. The method of this study is to analyze printed document and changing policies and reforms about training and recruiting teachers in Turkish schools. During the Republic Era teacher training policies and applications have been changed several times radically. In addition, the effectiveness of factors on teacher training policies in terms of year and theory is indicated.

Research on the Influence of Land Use Changing on Non-point Source Pollution in Heihe River Basin

Based on the exploring of SWAT model suitability in Hei River Basin, this paper analyze quantitatively and compare non-point source pollution loads occurred under different land use scene. At last, the following conclusion can be attained： （1） Land use change exerts tremendous influence on non-point source pollution. Since forest land can save water and reduce soil loss, which decreases greatly the source of non-point source pollution; （2） Strengthening land management and promoting reasonable land use, especially the over 15 degree slope farmland, will be the effective measure to control non-point source pollution and protect the quality of water in the Hei River basin; （3） The best land use situation in Hei River basin should be like the following modes： complying with national water source protection policy, gradual evacuation of river basin population, returning all the sloping farmland which is above 15 degree to forest land, allowing the existence of few farming land below 15 slope degree on the premise that the drinking water quality standard is reached, no unused land, good vegetation covering situation. At then, total nitrogen load is 13.25 kg, total phosphate load is 3.29 kg, which means it will not contaminate

Impact assessment of river sand resource shortage under different policy scenarios in China

More than half of the annual global concrete materials were produced in China due to the rapid developing construction industry,which partly led to the shortage of river sand.However,mining rate exceeds the natural replenishment rate of river sand recently,resulting in depletion of natural river sand accumulation.The increasing demand of river sand influences lots of aspects including altered landforms,increasing carbon emissions,ecological deterioration,international trades and disputes.To face the river sand resource shortage in China and to propose possible coping strategies,the data of river sand for construction in China and other related data were collected,and it is suggested that effective policy measures should be taken right now to protect river sand and strictly manage sand mining.Professional solutions for river sand shortage can be summarized as“5Rs”principle,which includes reduce,recycle.reuse,replace and recover.System dynamic model is established to predict the trend of river sand shortage and it was predicted that the gap between river sand supply and demand will come up to 63%.The impact of three policy scenarios is tested in the model,and the gap can be reduced to 35%by single policy scenario,while the scenario with all policy measures is able to reduce the contradiction between supply and demand to 4%.Suggestions are proposed from the aspects of structural and material technology,policy measures and international alliances.Attention should be paid to the shortage of river resources,to realize the sustainable development of the construction industry and other related industries,and to promote the harmonious coexistence of human and nature.

Estimates of Variation in Chinese Terrestrial Carbon Storage Under an Environmental Conservation Policy Scenario for 2000-2025

Policies always have strong impacts on land-use and land-cover change （LUCC）,and thus indirectly affect the terrestrial carbon balance.In this paper,land use change from 2010 to 2025 in China was simulated with the Dynamics Land System （DLS） under an environmental conservation policy scenario,and the projected effect of this policy scenario on Chinese terrestrial carbon storage was evaluated.Under the simulation,forest coverage will increase by 23% while cropland and grassland will decrease by 37% and 11% respectively.Due to the large expansion of forest coverage,the forest carbon storage will have an accumulation of 66.0 Tg C y-1.This will take place mainly in central China in a band from the northeast to southwest.Grasslands,however,will be a carbon source of 5.7 Tg C y-1 in the same period as a result of the transformation of grassland to woodlands or deserts.As the carbon storage capacity of forest soil is considerably higher than that of grassland and cropland,such LUCC will eventually result in a soil carbon accumulation of 13.3 Tg C y-1.From 2000 to 2025,the carbon storage of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem is likely to increase by 1.8 Pg C,and thus the terrestrial ecosystem will be a carbon sink of 0.074 Pg C y-1,89.6% of which will result from an increase in forest carbon storage.