“浙学”:一种修辞惯例及其阐释

南宋士大夫对“学”进行了各种政治与学术的语言建构,创造出了多种多样的范畴性集合名词,形成了一种关于“学”的修辞惯例。当朱熹提出“浙学”一词时,这仅仅是对修辞惯例的一种应用。这一类推式的镜像表述,使“浙学”能自动地成为可以汇集信息、突出主旨和设定的类型词汇。朱熹以“浙学”作为其思想演绎的方法,他对浙学的概写与定位关乎的是自身的范式性话语,是在关于自身的内在视角之外提供了一个外在的视角,以达成巩固自己学说的优越感与认同感的目的,最终将自我的学术视为道学的唯一合法性话语。他用多种修辞方式对浙学进行直接且明确的批判与矫正,将之作为一种异论之学,表达了“无法同己”的情感与态度。“浙学”这一类的修辞依据,不仅有助于构建群体观念,还提供了一种认知思路。在历史的沿用过程中,通过挪用和转译的方式,“浙学”的词义本身及其引申的意涵会随着时代的变迁而展现出相当大的差异与变化。

“这种人”负面评价意义的规约化

短语“这种人”高频用于负面评价,且类型丰富,经常与贬义“指人NP”、贬义属性谓语或修饰语共现。从立场表达三角理论来看,“人称+这种人”是立场表达者对特定主体或客体的负面评价。“语境吸收”“礼貌原则”和“概括机制”是“这种人”负面评价倾向形成的主要机制。

金哲辨治未破裂卵泡黄素化综合征经验

总结金哲教授治疗未破裂卵泡黄素化综合征(LUFS)经验。根据B超下卵泡大小,LUFS可分为小卵泡型、卵泡滞留型和卵泡持续增大型,其中卵泡滞留型多合并子宫内膜异位症和多囊卵巢综合征,不同分型的LUFS各有其特点,金教授认为应分型辨证。治疗上,需总体把握种子调经这一核心思想辨证论治,并根据月经周期的阴阳消长规律进行分期论治。创立“育卵三法”分期论治小卵泡型LUFS;卵泡滞留型LUFS合并子宫内膜异位症者,以化瘀为首,合并多囊卵巢综合征者,以利湿化痰、散瘀调经为主;对于持续增长型LUFS,则以化痰消癥为法,分期治疗。

外宣纪录片《美丽浙江》的多模态翻译与国际传播

文章选取外宣纪录片《美丽浙江》中英文LOGO及图文视觉符号,从多模态翻译视角切入,考察文化符号的跨媒介与跨模态符号表意行为。研究发现,英文LOGO有效融合汉字偏旁、拼音等视听语言符号及英文书写视觉符号共同构成的多模态符号整体体现多模态意义聚集,以增强意义传播效能。此外,还发现图文视觉符号之间形成跨模态与跨媒介意义互指关系,尤其借助像似符和转喻手段完成跨媒介与跨模态符号表意。基于如上分析,文章最后对具有浙江标识的中华文化国际传播提出对策建议。

基于现代汉语语料库统计分析的“正V着”与“在V着”对比研究

汉语是一种分析性语言,缺乏严格意义上的形态变化。语法形式和语法意义并不是一一对应的,同一种语法意义可由多种语法形式来体现。现代汉语中的“正V着”与“在V着”均可表达“进行”或者“持续”的语法意义,而二者在表达“进行—持续”的语法意义的时候,在语义、句法和语用方面均存在差异。文章以北京大学现代汉语语料库中检索到的2886条“正V着”句子和3180条“在V着”句子为对象,展开定量的统计分析,在此基础上对“正V着”与“在V着”的区别作了定性的分析。

“V着”存在句的语体结构与语法属性

将有“在”与无“在”的“V着”存在句视为相同的结构无法解释存在句中有无“在”造成的合法与非法。考察有无“在”“V着”的存在结构发现:(1)“LocP_(1)+VP”与“P+LocP_(2)+VP”是两个不同的句法结构,前者是口语体,后者是正式体,内含体原子不同。(2)“P+LocP_(2)+VP”的合法与否是由“三维语法”中的语体之法决定,只有“P+LocP_(2)”满足双步平衡律,结构才能合法。同时,这也是“在”后音节数较多的本质原因。

西宁方言的“着”和“者”

“着[t■■]”和“者[t■■]”是西宁方言中语法功能多样且使用频率很高的两个虚词,二者读音相似且用法上也有交叉。作为动态助词,“着”主要用于持续体,兼表完成体和先行体;而“者”则用于进行体和持续体。作为语气词,二者都出现在句尾,但“着”表祈使语气,而“者”则表肯定和确认。同时,“着”作为处所介词、方式标记和结构助词的用法都是“者”所不具备的。就“着”和“者”的来源来说,表附着义的动词“着”在魏晋时有了方位介词的用法,在唐代语法化为完成体标记,并进一步虚化为结构助词;六朝时“着”还可表持续体,唐代发展为进行体标记,受蒙古语副动词影响,元代“着”产生了方式标记的用法;祈使语气词“着”是由持续体标记演变而来,在此基础上发展为先行体标记。“者”的语气词用法当是由上古的指代词“者”虚化而来,进行体和持续体标记的“者”则是语言接触的产物,是用语气词“者”对译蒙古语动词后的附加成分产生。

省域意识与晚明党争--以“浙党”为中心的考察

有明一代,随着行省制度的成熟及诸省份省域范围的固定,在省级政区和科举制度的双重规整下,一种立足于特定地域文化认同和地域利益的省域意识开始形成。作为这种省域意识的现实反映,晚明政坛上出现了若干个以省为认同单位的地域性政治派别,浙党即为其中的典型代表。浙党兴起的基础,是浙江士大夫基于本省同乡的群体意识以及相似的文化认同和价值取向。在其发展过程中,又集中体现了浙江士大夫集团的相互帮衬、扶持及对异派的倾轧。晚明浙党的兴起与发展,折射出省域意识在明代政治生活中有着不可忽视的作用和影响。

习近平总书记与湖州——在阅读《习近平在浙江》中寻找美丽湖州

《习近平在浙江》一书以访谈汇编的形式,记述了诸多亲历者回忆的习近平同志在浙江工作期间的多个感人故事。文章将其中一些具有代表性的习近平与湖州的故事摘录出来,通过分析这些习近平在浙江工作期间到湖州各地调研的小故事,说明湖州正是在习近平同志的悉心指导和关怀下,形成了“绿水青山就是金山银山”的发展理念,并逐渐明确了“在湖州看见美丽中国”的发展目标。

从张景岳郁证论治谈对丹溪学说的继承与发展

[目的]探析明代浙江医家张景岳对朱丹溪治郁证经验的继承与发展。[方法]采用文献研究和数据挖掘法,以《朱丹溪医学全书》《景岳全书》为蓝本,构建“郁证方药数据库”,探究用药规律,并研读整理郁证相关内容,从理法方药各角度归纳比较二者临证经验。[结果]二者均认同气血结聚、升降失职的病机理论,然丹溪以脾胃为要,景岳以气机为关键。在临床辨证中,丹溪以病理因素为依据,将郁证分为气血湿食痰热六者;景岳吸收“六郁”理论,将郁证分为五气之郁和情志之郁。在用药上,丹溪从脾、肝、肺经入手,祛邪为要,理气为主,并辅以甘缓养阴;景岳用药,温补为主,又采丹溪之则,尤重滋阴,并以祛邪,故其用药攻补兼施,补益为主。[结论]朱丹溪与张景岳均认同致郁关键为气血怫郁。丹溪分郁证为六郁,以祛邪为要;景岳分郁证为五气之郁、情志之郁二类,攻补兼施,尤重滋阴。景岳在继承丹溪理论之外,形成了独具特色的辨证论治体系。二者的郁证诊疗经验,可为当今郁证治疗提供范本。

试论上博简中“孝”字的一种特殊写法

上博简第二册《昔者君老》简4之“ ”字,当隶定为“ ”,分析为从学省声、从丂声的双声省声字,在此应读为“孝”。从字形上看,“ ”字上部与常见的“学”字上部一致,下部与古文字中某些“丂”字写法相同;从语音上看,学、丂、孝三者声韵地位相近,可通假;从文意上看,《昔者君老》与《内礼》为同一篇简文,内容为曾子学派讨论“孝”,读为“唯邦之大孝是敬”契合简文主旨;从辞例上看,虽然“大孝”、“大务”二者文献中均常见,但简文相关的“悲思”、“哀思”、“孝敬”等辞例文献中常见,而“务敬”则不辞。从各方面考虑,此字学者一般认为读为“务”字,很可能是不对的。

苏轼两浙仕宦的治政策略与理念——以奏议为考察中心

苏轼一生三次仕宦两浙,知杭州期间频繁上书宋廷,奏请赈灾恤患、修缮官舍、减免赋税等事。在两浙治理策略上,苏轼采取了轻税薄赋以宽减民力、浚湖开河以恤吏便民、纠贪刺恶以礼刑平等的措施,表现出勤政务实的政治品格。苏轼两浙治策体现出民本、均平与豫立的治政理念。其勤政爱民的儒家人格与治政业绩,赢得两浙士民高度赞誉。

也谈关于“坐(卧/立)+地”结构中“地”的词性问题

关于“地”字,除了常见作结构助词的用法,在近代汉语中还出现了一种跟在不及物动词“坐、卧、立”之后的“地”的用法,关于后一种“地”的词性问题,尚未有定论,值得继续讨论分析。文章对“坐(卧/立)+地”结构的历史发展变化做了简要梳理,认为该结构中“地”在一开始应该是一个名词,在使用过程中由于语义羡余发生语法化,语法化后的“地”应当为助词,而非词缀,其部分用法与“着”重合,但也有部分用法与“着”不同,不能完全将这类“地”等同于“着”。“坐(卧/立)+地”结构中的动词并没有从坐、卧、立扩展到其他动词中,可能是受到助词系统中其他强势词的影响,从而逐渐在汉语中消失。

试论结果标记与条件句的互动关系--以中古汉语结果标记使用为例

中古汉语条件句结果标记类型丰富,常见的七个结果标记“乃、即、必、辄、便、当、皆”在条件句中句法功能和语义特征表达有很大差异,由此说明结果标记对条件句之间同样存在着互动关系。结果标记的粘合功能强弱与条件句小句融合程度成正相关,并形成“[皆>便>辄]>[当/必/即/乃]”的粘合功能连续统。结果标记主观性强弱与条件句小句连接的语义层次分布密切相关,七个结果标记所在条件句主要分布在主观性较低的情状层和态度层,并形成一个主观性连续统“必、当>乃>皆、便>辄、即”。

苏辙《诗集传》初名考

苏辙的《诗集传》是《诗经》学史上由汉学向宋学转变过程中的关键性著作。此书上承欧阳修《诗本义》,下启朱熹《诗集传》,具有非常重要的地位。尤其是它从整体上“腰斩”《诗序》的做法,更是对《诗经》的研究开辟了新途径。因此,此书也被后世学者频繁称引。但在具体的称引过程中,学者对苏辙此书的称谓却各凭己意,互有出入,以致有十几种之多。更有甚者,例如朱熹、王应麟等学者称引苏辙此书时,就曾因名实不副,犯下张冠李戴,难证其引的错误。这样繁乱的现象已造成学术上的严重困扰,并且仍继续影响着现今学界的研究。但学界对于这一现象却并未引起重视,偶有一二学者讨论到这个问题,却也含糊不清。厘清前人对苏辙《诗集传》的误称并探析其初名具有重要意义。

苏辙与王巩交谊考论——以苏辙诗文为例

北宋文人好交游,因各自志向、理想或是政治倾向组成了不同的文人集团。苏辙为北宋官员,“唐宋八大家”之一,性格深沉,感情细腻。王巩出身官宦世家,性格洒脱,潇洒恣意。二人因较高的道德水平、相似的仕途经历、相同的兴趣爱好等因素交游长达数十年。二人互相扶持,彼此成就,是古代知识分子君子之交的典范。本文以苏辙诗文为例,探讨二人友谊的发端及发展过程并简要总结二人交谊密切的成因。

Upwelling and anthropogenic forcing on phytoplankton productivity and community structure changes in the Zhejiang coastal area over the last 100 years

Phytoplankton productivity and community structure in marginal seas have been altered significantly during the past three decades, but it is still a challenge to distinguish the forcing mechanisms between climate change and anthropogenic activities. High time-resolution biomarker records of two 210Pb-dated sediment cores（#34： 28.5°N, 122.272°E; CJ12-1269： 28.861 9°N, 122.515 3°E） from the Min-Zhe coastal mud area were compared to reveal changes of phytoplankton productivity and community structure over the past 100 years. Phytoplankton productivity started to increase gradually from the 1970 s and increased rapidly after the late 1990 s at Site #34; and it started to increase gradually from the middle 1960 s and increased rapidly after the late 1980 s at Site CJ12-1269. Productivity of Core CJ12-1269 was higher than that of Core #34. Phytoplankton community structure variations displayed opposite patterns in the two cores. The decreasing D/B（dinosterol/brassicasterol） ratio of Core #34 since the 1960 s revealed increased diatom contribution to total productivity. In contrast, the increasing D/B ratio of Core CJ12-1269 since the 1950 s indicated increased dinoflagellate contribution to total productivity. Both the productivity increase and the increased dinoflagellate contribution in Core CJ12-1269 since the 1950–1960s were mainly caused by anthropogenic activities, as the location was closer to the Changjiang River Estuary with higher nutrient concentration and decreasing Si/N ratios. However, increased diatom contribution in Core #34 is proposed to be caused by increased coastal upwelling, with higher nutrient concentration and higher Si/N ratios.

Deformation Stages and Ar-Ar Age Data of the Wan-Zhe-Gan Tectonic Zone,Southeast China,and Their Tectonic Significance

The major tectonic zone that passes through the border regions of the Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi Provinces in southeast China has been commonly referred to as the Wan-Zhe-Gan fault zone. Geologically, this zone consists of several regional fault belts of various ages and orientations. We have categorized the faults into four age groups based on field investigations. The Neoproterozoic faults are northeast striking. They start from the northeast Jiangxi Province and extend northeastward to Fuchuan in Anhui Province, the same location of the northeast Jiangxi-Fuchuan ophiolite belt. The faults probably acted during the Neoproterozoic as a boundary fault zone of a plate or a block suture with melange along the faults. The nearly east-west- or east-northeast-striking faults are of Silurian ages （40Ar/39Ar age 429 Ma）. This group includes the Qimen-Shexian fault and the Jiangwang-Jiekou ductile shear belt. They represent a major tectonic boundary in the basement because the two sides of the fault have clear dissimilarities. The third group of faults is north-northeast striking, having formed since the early-middle Triassic with 40Ar/39Ar ages of 230-254 Ma. They form a fault belt starting from Yiyang in northern Jiangxi and connect with the Wucheng as well as the Ningguo-Jixi faults. This fault belt is a key fault-magmatic belt controlling the formation of Jurassic-Cretaceous red basins, ore distribution, magmatic activity, and mineralization. When it reactivated during the late Cretaceous, the belt behaved as a series of reverse faults from southeast to northwest and composed the fourth fault group. Therefore, classifying the Wan-Zhe-Gan fault zone into four fault groups will help in the analysis of the tectonic evolution of the eastern segment of the Jiangnan orogen since the Neoproterozoic era.

Rates and fluxes of centennial-scale carbon storage in the fine-grained sediments from the central South Yellow Sea and Min-Zhe belt, East China Sea

The global carbon cycle has played a key role in mitigating global warming and climate change.Long-term natural and anthropogenic processes influence the composition,sources,burial rates,and fluxes of carbon in sediments on the continental shelf of China.In this study,the rates,fluxes,and amounts of carbon storage at the centennial scale were estimated and demonstrated using the case study of three fine-grained sediment cores from the central South Yellow Sea area(SYSA) and Min-Zhe belt(MZB),East China Sea.Based on the high-resolution temporal sequences of total carbon(TC)and total organic carbon(TOC)contents,we reconstructed the annual variations of historical marine carbon storage,and explored the influence of terrestrial and marine sources on carbon burial at the centennial scale.The estimated TC storage over 100 years was 1.18×10~8 t in the SYSA and 1.45×10~9 t in the MZB.The corrected TOC storage fluxes at the centennial scale ranged from 17 to 28 t/(km^2·a)in the SYSA and from 56 to 148 t/(km^2·a)in the MZB.The decrease of terrestrial materials and the increase of marine primary production suggest that the TOC buried in the sediments in the SYSA and MZB was mainly derived from the marine autogenetic source.In the MZB,two depletion events occurred in TC and TOC storage from 1985 to 1987 and 2003 to 2006,which were coeval with the water impoundment in the Gezhouba and Three Gorges dams,respectively.The high-resolution records of the carbon storage rates and fluxes in the SYSA and MZB reflect the synchronous responses to human activities and provide an important reference for assessing the carbon sequestration capacity of the marginal seas of China.

The difference analysis of physical-mechanical properties of sediments in the central South Yellow Sea and Zhe-Min coastal area in China

The difference analysis of physical-mechanical properties of muddy sediments is made in the central South Yellow Sea and the Zhe-Min（Zhejiang Province to Fujian Province of China） coastal area. The results show that sediments in the two regions are both dominated by mud. There are perfect negative power function correlations between the water content and the density, the compression coefficient and the compression modulus; a good positive power function correlation between the liquid limit and the plastic limit, a perfect positive linear correlation between the water content and the void ratio, and a perfect polynomial function correlation between the miniature vane shear strength and the pocket penetration resistance. In general, compared with sediments in the Zhe-Min coastal area, sediments in the central South Yellow Sea possess high water content, high void ratio,low density, high plasticity, high compressibility, low shear strength. The causes of the differences between physical-mechanical properties of sediments are analyzed from the topographic features, material sources,hydrodynamic conditions, deposition rate, and material composition. Compared with the Zhe-Min coastal area,the central South Yellow Sea is far from the Mainland and low-lying; has poor hydrodynamic condition; the materials diffused to the area are less and dominated by fine clay, have the high content of smectite and organic matters. These factors lead to sediments of the central South Yellow Sea has the higher water content, the higher plasticity, the lower density, and the lower strength than sediments in the Zhe-Min coastal area.