Huanqiu and Jinlun Brand Tyres

The world renowned Huanqiu and Jinglun brand tyres, produced separately by the Beijing Huanqiu Rubber Plant and Beijing Jinglun Tyre Plant, key State manufacturers, sell well in over 30 countries and regions and bring in over USS 10 million annually. With equipment introduced from Japan, Britain and Italy, the plants have an annual capacity to turn out 1.7 million meridian tyres in 40 categories for

Basic Properties of Pyrolysis Carbon Black of Waste Tyres and Application of Pyrolysis Carbon Black in Transition Layer Rubber of All Steel Radial Tire

The main chemical composition of pyrolysis carbon black of waste tires is C,O,Cu,Zn and so on.The content of ash and fine powder in pyrolysis carbon black is high,and the 300%elongation stress is high.The difference between pyrolysis carbon black and furnace black N326,which is commonly used in rubber,is obvious compared with chemical property.The pyrolysis carbon black was used to replace furnace black N326 in the transition layer of all steel load Radial tire rubber through experimental study.It was found that the compression heat generation and dynamic loss(Tanδ)of the blend rubber before and after aging were obviously reduced,the elongation at break and resilience increased,while the tensile stress and tear strength decreased by 100%and 300%,but the hardness and tensile strength changed little before and after aging.According to the latest raw material price calculation,15 used tire pyrolysis carbon black instead of furnace carbon black N326 used in all steel Radial tire transition layer rubber application,excluding labor costs,electricity and equipment depreciation,a ton of blended rubber saves about$22.86 in production costs.

Conditions of Vehicle Tyres on Nigerian Roads-Better Road Safety Data for Better Safety Outcomes

Tyre related crashes accounted for 8.38%,9.24%,7.40%,7.24%,6.73%,6.10%of total crashes on Nigerian roads in year 2011,2012,2013,2014,2015 and 2016 respectively,making appraisal of conditions of tyres very crucial.Data on the use of tyres in the country are not available hence,the need to conduct a survey on this aspect.The aim of the research is to collate data to assess the conditions of tyres for informed decision on road safety.The objectives are to ascertain the level of awareness on tyre usage and identify the condition of tyres being used.Questionnaires were administered to private,commercial and government drivers nationwide by the Federal Road Safety Corps(FRSC).A total of 124,510 tyres on 30,242 vehicles were checked.Forty percent(40%)of the total tyres were expired out of which 44%were for commercial vehicles.Thirty percent(30%)of total tyres surveyed had correct pounds per square inch(PSI)as many of the tyres were either under or over inflated.Sixty-five percent(65%)of the tyres met thread depth of 1.6 mm while 8%of the tyres had bumps.Twenty-three percent(23%)of the drivers are unaware of tyre information.FRSC used this in developing strategies to educate the public on better usage of tyres.

Pyrolysis of scrap tyres pretreated by waste coal tar

For disposal of scrap tyres,there have been a lot of studies done by previous researchers,but it yet remains a longstanding challenge in practice.To find a solution for this problem,the feasibility of a proposed approach in a laboratory scale was tested.The pyrolysis of scrap tyres pretreated by waste coal tar(noted as "as-pretreated" tyres)was performed in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure.Waste coal tar was used to modify the scrap tyres to improve the pyrolysis efficiency of scrap tyres input and the quality of the product tar.The swelling behavior of scrap tyres soaked in waste coal tar at 10℃,effect of pyrolysis temperature on the product yields,and the synergies during pyrolysis of the as-pretreated tyres and co-pyrolysis of scrap tyres/waste coal tar mixture were all investigated in detail.The results observed found that by comparison of the calculated yields and the observed experimental yields for pyrolysis products,the synergy from co-pyrolysis of scrap tyres/waste coal tar mixture boosted the gas yield without increasing the tar yield.In contrast,the synergy during pyrolysis of the as-pretreated tyres could enhance the tar yield,but reduced the gas and char yields.According to the distillation range analyses of the tar,more light fractions were found in the tar from pyrolysis of the as-pretreated tyres,in which the gasoline fraction,diesel fraction and kerosene fraction were 38.4 wt%,46.8 wt%and 50.2 wt%,respectively.This work is expected to be helpful in further use of scrap tyres.

Influence of the Partial Substitution of Bitumen by a Mixture of Sulphur and Tyre and Plastic Bottle Powders on the Behaviour of Bituminous Concrete

This article deals with the influence of the partial substitution of bitumen by a mixture of sulphur and tyre and plastic bottle powders on the characterization of asphalt concrete. The approach adopted was to subject a control asphalt concrete to level 2 formulation tests as well as those modified at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by substituting bitumen with a mixture of tyre powder, plastic bottle powder and sulphur at 40%, 28% and 32% respectively. The results of the PCG, Duriez and rutting tests carried out on the control and modified bituminous concretes (manufactured using the wet process) revealed three (03) major findings, in particular with regard to workability, resistance to simple compression and rutting. The experimental results show an increasing trend in the essential parameters. At 40% substitution, there was a 22.73% increase in compactness, reflecting a significant improvement in the material’s workability. With regard to simple compressive strength, the increase is 34.02% at 40% substitution, highlighting the limitation of crack formation and propagation under heavy precipitation. With regard to rutting, the 16% drop in susceptibility at 40% substitution reflects a significant improvement in the behaviour of the material under dynamic mechanical stresses in heavy precipitation. The improvement in these behaviours results from the insertion of the plastic bottle powder into the interstices of the granular skeleton, thus reducing its cellular structure, and also from the interactions between the sulphur with the tyre powder and the sulphur with the plastic bottle powder, i.e. cross-linking or vulcanisation.

Steady-State Cornering Properties of a Non-pneumatic Tire with Mechanical Elastic Structure

Mechanical elastic wheel(ME-wheel)is a new type of non-inflatable safety tyre,and the structure is significantly different from traditional pneumatic tyre.In order to investigate cornering properties of ME-wheel,experimental research on mechanics characteristics of ME-wheel under steady-state cornering conditions are carried out.The test of steady-state cornering properties of ME-wheel at different experimental parameter conditions is conducted by test bench for dynamic mechanical properties of tyre.Cornering property curves are used to analyze the steady-state cornering properties of ME-wheel,namely the variation tendency of lateral force or aligning torque with the increase of side-slip angle.Moreover,evaluation indexes for cornering properties of ME-wheel are extracted and the effect of different experimental parameters(including vertical load,friction coefficient,and speed)on cornering properties of ME-wheel is contrastively analyzed.The proposed research can provide certain reference to facilitate structure parameters and cornering properties optimizing process of ME-wheel.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON TYRE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE IN AUTOMOTIVE BRAKING

Using a nonlinear time varying tyre model, this paper simulatively analyzes the influence of road surface roughness amplitude and road spatial frequency on automobile ground adhesion ability. The result shows that with the increase of road surface roughness, the tyre adhesion ability declines, and the automotive braking distance increases. Moreover, the reliability of the nonlinear time varying tyre model in reflecting the influence of the road surface roughness is validated. It is testified that this model is an effective dynamic one in the simulation of automotive braking performance on uneven road.

Design of PLC control system of RTG spreader in Qingdao Port Container Terminal

The control method of rubber tyre gantry （RTG） spreader in Qingdao Port Container Terminal is logic board control,which has many shortcomings such as expensive spare parts and high faults.This paper designs a new control system using programmable logic controller （PLC） centralized control to replace the original logic board control.The new system mainly contains complete ELME spreader control scheme design,hardware selection and PLC control program development.Its field application shows that the system has characteristics of high efficiency,low running cost,easy maintenance.

Sustainable Practice in Pavement Engineering through Value-Added Collective Recycling of Waste Plastic and Waste Tyre Rubber

Waste plastics,such as waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET)beverage bottles and waste rubber tyres are major municipal solid wastes,which may lead to various environmental problems if they are not appropriately recycled.In this study,the feasibility of collectively recycling the two types of waste into performance-increasing modifiers for asphalt pavements was analyzed.This study aimed to investigate the recycling mechanisms of waste PET-derived additives under the treatment of two amines,triethylenetetramine(TETA)and ethanolamine(EA),and characterize the performances of these additives in modifying rubberized bitumen,a bitumen modified by waste tyre rubber.To this end,infrared spectroscopy and thermal analyses were carried out on the two PET-derived additives(PET–TETA and PET–EA).In addition,infrared spectroscopy,viscosity,dynamic shear rheology,and multiple stress creep recovery tests were performed on the rubberized bitumen samples modified by the two PET-derived additives.We concluded that waste PET can be chemically upcycled into functional additives,which can increase the overall performance of the rubberized bitumen.The recycling method developed in this study not only helps alleviate the landfilling problems of both waste PET plastic and scrap tyres,but also turns these wastes into value-added new materials for building durable pavements.

Evolution of aggregate surface texture due to tyre-polishing

Three kinds of aggregates were polished by genuine pneumatic rubber tyres.The initial states of surface texture and dynamic friction coefficient were measured and their developments in polishing process were monitored.The characterizations of height distribution and power spectral density of aggregate surface texture were estimated.The changes of micro-texture were also investigated based on a fractal filtering method with sound theoretical backgrounds of rubber friction on rough surfaces.Global height reduction and differential removal of mineral component are observed in polishing process.It is concluded that the tyre-polishing action plays the critical roles in the micro-scale texture,and the evolution of friction of aggregate is governed by the micro-texture changes due to the differential removal of mineral component.

Application of the Hand-instrument of Measurement of Tyre Gap and Diameter in Cement Rotary Kiln

This article is concerned with the cement rotary kiln, thehand-instrument of measurements of tyre gap and the outer diameter.The accuracy of measurements of tyre gap and diameter is less than ±1 mm. The hand-instrument wins two patents in China. It has beenapplied to the measurement for 16 sets of cement ro- Tary kiln inChina.

Reducing Fuel Consumption Using Flywheel Battery Technology for Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes in Container Terminals

Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is used as an energy regeneration system to help with reducing peak power requirements on RTG cranes that are used to load or unload container ships. Nevertheless, with the use of FESS, Port Operator can deploy undersized generator for new RTG as this will further reduce fuel consumption. This paper presents the investigation of the amount of energy and fuel consumption that can be reduced in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes in container terminals by the use of simulation. In addition, Variable Speed Generator is integrated to the simulation-hybridized RTG. Simulation results reveal that the total energy saving exceeded 30% relatively to conventional RTG. A hardware-in-loop system is introduced for the purpose of validating the simulation results. The hardware components procured include a FESS, a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) and brake resistors.

Contact pressure distribution and support angle optimization of kiln tyre

According to the shearing force character and the deformation coordination condition of shell at the station of supports, the mathematical models to calculate contact angle and contact pressure distribution between tyre and shell were set up, the formulae of bending moment and bending stress of tyre were obtained. Taking the maximum of tyre fatigue life as the optimal objective, the optimization model of tyre support angle was built. The computational results show that when tyre support angle is 30°, tyre life is far less than that when tyre support angle is optimal, which is 35.6°, and it is unsuitable to stipulate tyre support angle to be 30° in traditional design. The larger the load, the less the nominal stress amplitude increment of tyre, the more favorable the tyre fatigue life when tyre support angle is optimal.

Classifying Machine Learning Features Extracted from Vibration Signal with Logistic Model Tree to Monitor Automobile Tyre Pressure

Tyre pressure monitoring system(TPMS)is compulsory in most countries like the United States and European Union.The existing systems depend on pressure sensors strapped on the tyre or on wheel speed sensor data.A difference in wheel speed would trigger an alarm based on the algorithm implemented.In this paper,machine learning approach is proposed as a new method to monitor tyre pressure by extracting the vertical vibrations from a wheel hub of a moving vehicle using an accelerometer.The obtained signals will be used to compute through statistical features and histogram features for the feature extraction process.The LMT(Logistic Model Tree)was used as the classifier and attained a classification accuracy of 92.5%with 10-fold cross validation for statistical features and 90.5% with 10-fold cross validation for histogram features.The proposed model can be used for monitoring the automobile tyre pressure successfully.

TYRE DYNAMICS MODELLING OF VEHICLE BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES

Various methods of tyre modelling are implemented from pure theoretical to empirical or semi-empirical models based on experimental results. A new way of representing tyre data obtained from measurements is presented via support vector machines （SVMs）. The feasibility of applying SVMs to steady-state tyre modelling is investigated by comparison with three-layer backpropagation （BP） neural network at pure slip and combined slip. The results indicate SVMs outperform the BP neural network in modelling the tyre characteristics with better generalization performance. The SVMsqyre is implemented in 8-DOF vehicle model for vehicle dynamics simulation by means of the PAC 2002 Magic Formula as reference. The SVMs-tyre can be a competitive and accurate method to model a tyre for vehicle dynamics simuLation.

“Noisy”issues in road acoustics:A white paper

Despite almost a century of studies dealing with traffic noise,researchers and practitioners still face old and new issues when designing a low-noise pavement.Given that,this manuscript aims at focusing on a number of unsolved questions,namely theoretical or technological.1)Is it viable to balance diverse road-related needs(i.e.,noise,expected life,texture levels,and friction)?2)How much does the pavement material affect its acoustic performance(the remaining factors being constant)?3)How much reliable is the relationship between road texture and mixture aggregate gradation?Based on the analysis of these issues,it emerges that:1)optimal pavement design involves complex mix optimization and there are theoretical and practical bases to set up a balanced approach to address the complexity of pavement design;2)high percentages of crumb rubber could optimise road acoustic response but this latter has a relationship with the tyre/road noise(expressed,for example,in terms of close proximity index)that calls for further investigation;3)aggregate gradation appears to be a reliable basis to predict surface texture and therefore,under given boundary conditions,tyre/road noise;and 4)further studies and investigations are needed in terms of local calibration of deterioration curves and setting up of a sound method to assess the frequency response of asphalt concretes and to govern on-site noise indicators based on mixture properties.

A mechanical system to predict wet grip potential of pavements

A precise friction model is essential for the prediction of tyre wet grip performance and optimization of pavement surface texture design.A mechanical system for predicting the wet grip potential of asphalt pavement was systematically presented using an extended rubber material model by a time step integration scheme.This analytical approach was transferred to a 2D numerical multi-body system consisting of interconnected masses,coupling spring and elementary rubber element of a generalized Maxwell model of rubber tyre tread.The system consists of two basic modules with the same program structure and algorithm,considering the frequency-,temperature-,and strain-dependency behaviors of the complex dynamic modulus of rubber element.The dependence of penetration depth and friction coefficient on the velocity was simulated and validated.It can be concluded that this system can be used for predicting the wet grip potential of asphalt pavements.

AN X-RAY STUDY OF THERMODIFFUSION PROCESSES ON TYRE WIRE COATING

The thermodiffusion behaviors of brass coating on tyre wire obtained by electro-deposition of copper and zinc with controlled thickness,followed by continuous annealing in industry and isothermal annealing at laboratory,respectively,were studied by means of X-ray diffraction analysis.With the information of X-ray diffraction,the fraction of phase during different thermodiffusion processes was given and the phase homogeneity of a phase in the films was discussed.

Developing a Durable Quiet Road Surface

Road traffic noise can have a significant impact on the quality of life for residents close to major road networks.One of the most effective measures for reducing the noise from road traffic,particularly on high-speed roads,is to ensure the use of a low noise road surface.Research on pavement construction and the measurement of its acoustic properties has shown that significant noise reductions can be achieved through the use of certain road surface types.However certain low noise road surfaces do not exhibit the desired durability associated with more traditional pavements,leading to costly and disruptive maintenance regimes.This article looks at the mechanisms involved in tyre/road noise generation and how these interact with various road surface properties including a brief overview of some common surface types.It then goes on to explain how these concepts informed the development of an asphalt surfacing material with enhanced durability and good acoustic performance without compromising safety.Progress in testing the resulting Premium Asphalt Surfacing System(PASS)is outlined,including the completion of a successful network trial.

Tyre Pressure Supervision of Two Wheeler Using Machine Learning

The regulation of tyre pressure is treated as a significant aspect of‘tyre maintenance’in the domain of autotronics.The manual supervision of a tyre pressure is typically an ignored task by most of the users.The existing instru-mental scheme incorporates stand-alone monitoring with pressure and/or temperature sensors and requires reg-ular manual conduct.Hence these schemes turn to be incompatible for on-board supervision and automated prediction of tyre condition.In this perspective,the Machine Learning(ML)approach acts appropriate as it exhi-bits comparison of specific performance in the past with present,intended for predicting the same in near future.The current investigation experimentally assesses the suitability of ML scheme for vibration based on-board supervision of tyre pressure of two wheeled vehicle.In order to examine the vibration response of a wheel hub,the in-house design&development of DAQ(Data Acquisition System)is described.Micro Electro-Mechanical Scheme(MEMS)built accelerometer is incorporated with open source hardware and software to collect and store the data.This framework is easy to develop,monitor and can be retrofitted in two wheeled vehicle.For various pressure conditions,the change in response of wheel hub vibration with respect to time is collected.The statistical parameters describing these vibration signals are determined and the decision tree is applied to select distinguishing parameters between extracted parameters.The classification of different conditions of tyre pressure is carried out using ML classifiers.