否定功能“用不着”和“不用”的差异及成因

否定是重要的语义语法范畴,否定表达在语义语法研究中占据重要地位。现代汉语“用不着”和“不用”是一对否定词语。二者均表说话人对命题事件的否定情态意义,均具有主观性,但二者表否定时本质上存在差异,“用不着”所表达的否定情态更强调主观性,而“不用”的否定情态则强调客观性。造成差异的原因在于本身词义、结构特点、信息量和主观化程度。

“少/免不得”“少/免/短不了”的情态演变及表达功用

能性述补词语“少/免不得”“少/免/短不了”经历了由道义情态到认识情态的演变过程。受“少”“免”“短”语义制约,以及“X不得”“X不了”结构的影响,五个词语在情态表达类别及使用频率上产生了此消彼长的变化。“少/免不得”出现早于“少/免不了”,前者数量由多到少,后者数量由少到多。“短不了”数量一直极低。“少不得”“少不了”多表道义情态,“免不得”“免不了”“短不了”多表认识情态。“少不得”“少不了”多后接中性成分,“免不得”“免不了”“短不了”多后接消极性成分。五者均都用于叙事,不同的是“少不得”还用于议论,“免不得”“免不了”多用于议论,“短不了”多用于对话。

“X不然”的词汇构式化及其形成机制

构词图式“X不然”包含“要不然、果不然、终不然、再不然、若不然、纵不然”6个词语,对其中具有典型特征的“要不然、果不然、终不然”进行句法语义和历时来源的研究,尝试由点及面地揭示构词图式“X不然”的6个成员在固化程度、固化时间、形成机制、表义倾向、历时演变等方面的共性与差异。构式化包括语法构式化和词汇构式化,本文对汉语“X不然”的词汇构式化研究,希望能对国内外的构式化理论有所丰富和发展。

不同应变率加载下硅的高压相变行为

高压相变是凝聚态物理、地球与行星科学、材料科学等领域关注的核心问题之一,而加载应变率是相变动力学过程的重要影响因素。由于动态加载下物质相结构原位诊断技术的不足以及宽广加载应变率下物质高压相变系统实验研究的缺失,难以开展基于原子尺度物理机制的相变动力学过程建模和数值模拟研究。由于硅的高压相极其丰富,且拥有大量亚稳相,动力学因素在其高压相变过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,因此,硅是研究高压相变动力学的理想材料,对普适相变动力学过程的理论建模具有重要意义。以硅为例,介绍其在准静态、中等应变率和高应变率加载下的相变行为,探讨加载应变率对其高压相变行为的影响。

能性述补结构“V得/不住”的情态特征及演变机制

能性述补结构“V得/不住”基于动力学图式,表达叙说者对主客观条件作用下事件或命题能否停留、稳固、经受等可能性的主观表现。该结构经历了由空间域到状态域、时间域的放射性隐喻扩展,多表动力情态,表认识情态和估价时已经词汇化。“V得/不住”在认知域、情态类型方面对称,在使用频率和语体方面不对称,与“(不)能V住”“(不)能V得住”在主观性程度上不同。“V得住”的语法化早于“V不住”,均受到了语义虚化、句法结构、语用因素等制约。

“要不然”类推论标记的来源及其关联功能的扩展

“要不然”类推论标记包括“不然”“要不然”“要不”,表示对上文某种情况作出否定性假设,然后推导出某个结论。推论标记“不然”始见于上古汉语,“要不然”和“要不”始见于近代汉语。从根本上说,“要不然”类推论标记来源于“(如果)不这样”义的否定性假设小句。“要不然”类推论标记的连词化并不伴随着语法化,其否定性假设小句的性质未变。不过“要不然”类推论标记连词化后进一步语法化了,关联功能得到扩展,可以表示选择,进而可以表示建议。“否定性假设小句→推论标记→选择标记→建议标记”是推论标记的形成和演变模式。

“不知道”的句法语义多角度研究

基于“不知道”进行多角度观察,主要讨论句法主语、言者主语和两解时的句法语义限制因素:第一,不同的句法层级对语义解读有着不同影响,其中语气>时体>句法成分。第二,主语、状语、宾语、谓词、固定结构及句式构成的事件能否表达强认识性或者[+控制性]是言者主语语义识解的关键因素;宾语小句的叙实性影响语义解读;不同的语气范畴倾向解读为不同的语义。第三,在叙实/非叙实框架下,“不知道”作为焦点敏感算子,与其他焦点敏感算子在句法语义各层面因素共同作用是这类特殊“S+不知道+VP”单解/歧解的必要条件,而充分条件或者内在动因则是信息结构的“完形重塑”。

内观认知疗法对医学生焦虑水平、自我效能感和应对方式的干预及机制

目的:探究内观认知疗法对医学生焦虑水平、自我效能感和应对方式的影响,并考察医学生内观认知疗法干预、自我效能感、应对方式和焦虑水平间的关系,以期为医学生心理健康教育工作和NCT疗法的作用机制研究提供理论支持。方法:采用随机数字表法将70名符合筛选标准的研究对象随机分配到内观认知疗法组和心理健康教育组,每组35人。内观认知疗法组接受为期7天的内观认知疗法干预,心理健康教育组接受相同时间的常规心理健康教育,最终共68人完成试验(内观认知疗法组34人,心理健康教育组34人)。干预前后使用SAS、GSES、SCSQ量表对两组研究对象进行测评。结果:①干预前,内观认知疗法组与心理健康教育组在焦虑,自我效能感,积极和消极应对方式得分上均不存在显著差异。②干预后,内观认知疗法组焦虑得分显著降低(t=5.835;P<0.01),自我效能感和积极应对方式得分均显著升高(t=2.289,4.668;P<0.05),消极应对方式得分不存在显著差异,干预前后心理健康教育组在上述所有量表得分中均不存在显著差异。③干预后,内观认知疗法组自我效能感和积极应对方式得分显著高于心理健康教育组(t=2.653,3.122;P<0.01),焦虑得分显著低于心理健康组(t=2.562;P<0.05)。④中介效应检验方面,内观认知疗法既可以直接影响医学生焦虑水平(β=-0.293,95%CI=-3.755~0.008),也可以通过自我效能感的中介作用(β=-0.307,95%CI=-0.612~-0.028)、积极应对方式的中介作用(β=0.140,95%CI=-0.293~-0.004)及自我效能感和积极应对方式的链式中介作用(β=0.222,95%CI=-0.553~-0.022)间接影响医学生焦虑水平。结论:内观认知疗法是一种能够有效降低医学生焦虑水平的干预手段,既能直接缓解焦虑,也能通过提高医学生自我效能感水平,改善积极应对方式间接降低医学生焦虑水平。

从多动因互动看强化否定还是弱化否定

本文主要从四个因素研究了“建议……不”和“不……建议”两个句式是强化否定还是弱化否定:否定的直接性、否定的明确性与加工效率、否定的词汇手段和否定的词汇化。从共时平面看,这两个句式属于性质不同的句式,不宜从某个动因看否定强化问题,而应该全面地从多动因互动角度看待此问题。

可控、意愿与情态述补结构的解读

情态述补结构“V得/不C”是汉语中的一种多义情态表达式,文章从语义-语用接口的角度,发现事件的[可控]和[意愿]两种特征都会对其情态类型的解读产生影响。[可控]是语义特征,对“V得/不C”的情态解读起到基础性作用,表现在:[+可控]会产生动力情态解读,[-可控]会产生认识情态解读。而[意愿]是在[可控]之上的语用特征,会改变[可控]对“V得/不C”情态解读的作用,表现在:[-可控]的事件如果具有[+意愿]特征,“V得/不C”就会反转为表达动力情态;[+可控]的事件如果具有[-意愿]特征,“V得/不C”就会反转为表达认识情态。

让步式评价构式“不是NP,胜似NP”——兼谈边缘范畴及其成员的实现路径

“不是NP,胜似NP”作为让步式评价构式,表达主体对陈述对象的范畴归属做出了边缘成员的断言。构式的语用功能可以表达言者的态度立场和认识立场。研究发现,边缘范畴的存在既有心理现实性,也有语言表现性。除了构式层面,语言中的词缀、词汇、话语标记等多个层面都有表征边缘范畴的形式。边缘成员的实现路径有两条:下行路径和上行路径。

“X不了一点”的构式解析及机制动因探索

“X不了一点”是一种新兴的口语表达,该构式由变项“X”和常项“不了+一点”组成。根据构式语法和语法化相关理论,能进入该构式的变项“X”的词性分布呈现动词为主,形容词次要,兼及名词的特点;在变项与常项进行构件组合的过程中,呈现出复杂的语义内涵及语义特征差异;该构式具有凸显主观评价态度的语用功能,其形成机制和动因可以归纳为构式压制、主观性和互动主观性、语言特区和语境吸收、高频率使用等核心要素。

秦汉简牍法律文献所见“毋害”考

秦汉简牍法律文献中所见“毋害”一词,是对官吏的评价用语。“害”为“造成危害”,“毋害”作为评价官员品性的用词,是由“没有瑕疵”引申而来的“严谨、认真”之义,强调官员提拔、任用的个人品行,将其作为察举官吏的标准之一。在秦汉律令文献中,“毋害”与“不害”在表达危害程度上有所差别。“毋害”强调从未发生具有危害性的事情;“不害”强调已经发生的事情不具有严重危害性,即危害程度较轻。

Real-time shear wave elastography combined with biochemical indicators for evaluating liver injury in patients with chronic kidney disease

Objective To observe the value of real-time shear wave elastography(SWE)combined with biochemical indicators for evaluating liver injury in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD).Methods Totally 210 patients with CKD(CKD group)and 64 healthy subjects(control group)were retrospectively enrolled.Patients in CKD group were further divided into CKD1—5 subgroups according to CKD stages.SWE parameters of liver and kidney,including mean value,the maximum value and the median value of Young's modulus(EQI mean,EQI max and EQI med)were compared between CKD subgroups and control group.Spearman correlation analysis were performed to explore the correlations of liver and kidney SWE parameters with CKD stage,as well as of liver SWE parameters with biochemical indicators.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen independent predictors of liver injury in CKD patients.Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn,the area under the curves(AUC)were calculated to evaluate the efficacy of the independent predictors alone and their combination for assessing liver injury in CKD patients.Results Significant differences of liver and kidney SWE parameters were found among CKD subgroups and control group(all P≤0.001).Pairwise comparison showed that liver SWE parameters in CKD5 subgroup and liver EQI max in CKD4 subgroup were all higher than those in control group(all P<0.003).Kidney SWE parameters in CKD3 subgroup were all higher than those in control group,while in CKD4 subgroup were all higher than those in control group and CKD1—3 subgroup(all P<0.003).Kidney EQI mean and EQI med in CKD5 subgroup were all higher than those in control group and CKD1—4 subgroup,while kidney EQI max in CKD5 subgroup were higher than those in control group and CKD1—3 subgroup(all P<0.003).Liver and kidney SWE parameters were lowly-moderately and positively correlated with CKD stages(r=0.364—0.665,all P<0.001).Liver SWE parameters of CKD were weakly and positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase(ALP)(r=0.229—0.248,all P<0.01).Theγ-glutamyl transferase,ALP and liver EQI max were all independent predictors of liver injury in CKD patients(all P<0.01),with AUC for evaluating liver injury in CKD patients alone of 0.645,0.756 and 0.741,respectively,lower than that of their combination(0.851,all P<0.01).Conclusion Real-time SWE combined with liver function indicators could reflect degree of liver injury in patients with different CKD stages.

Nickel catalysts with asymmetric steric hindrance for ethylene polymerization

α-Diimide catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their unique chain walking characteristics.A series ofα-diimide nickel/palladium catalysts with different electronic effects and steric hindrances were designed and synthesized for olefin polymerization.In this work,we synthesized a series of asymmetricα-diimide nickel complexes with different steric hindrances and used them for ethylene polymerization.These nickel catalysts have high ethylene polymerization activity,up to 6.51×10^(6)g·mol^(−1)·h^(−1),and the prepared polyethylene has a moderate melting point and high molecular weight(up to 38.2×10^(4)g·mol^(−1)),with a branching density distribution between 7 and 94 branches per 1000 carbons.More importantly,the polyethylene prepared by these catalysts exhibits excellent tensile properties,with strain and stress reaching 800%and 30 MPa,respectively.

A Hypothesis Regarding the Origin of Additional Surface Acidity in Solid Complexes with Same Metal Cations

Based on the criteria for additional surface acidity generation in composite oxides and composite fluorides proposed by Tanabe and Kemnitz et al.A hypothesis for the origin of additional surface acidity in solid composites with the same metal cations is proposed.The surface acidsites of We analyze three types of solid composite systems,that is,CrF_(3)/Cr_(2)O_(3),MgF_(2)/MgO,and ZnF_(2)/ZnO,is systematically analyzed,which agrees with experimental results.Accordingly,the origin of additional surface acidity in these solid composites is reasonably explained,and the types of acidic sites are also predicted.

语义功能语法视阈下“Adv.+不+V_(状)”结构句法语义特点

状态动词是汉语动词体系中较为特殊的一类成员,[+静止][+持续]的语义特征直接影响其与相关句法成分间的组合关系。受语义特征影响,在由状态动词充当谓语中心语的“Adv.+不+V_(状)”结构中起到限定语义作用的副词主要为范围副词和程度副词,且具有[+极性]语义特征;否定结构“Adv.+不+V_(状)”既可表达否定语义也可表达中性语义。文章着重考察“Adv.+不+V_(状)”结构的语义特征等内容,分析状态动词的语义特征对相关句法成分产生影响的内在动因,旨在呈现状态动词作为汉语动词体系中较为特殊的一类成员在句法结构中的语义功能。

A Multifunctional Chiral Metasurface with Asymmetric Transmission and Linear-Polarization Conversion

In this paper,a multifunctional chiral metasurface is presented to achieve asymmetric transmission(AT)and linear-polarization conversion(LPC).The designed metasurface consists of a cross swords-like shape and two holes in the lower side of the unit cell.In the frequency band from 8.3 GHz to 10.4 GHz,AT is realized with more than 90%efficiency and the same chiral metasurface transforms linear polarized wave into its orthogonal counterpart with high efficiency.For LPC,the polarization conversion ratio(PCR)is greater than 95%.The proposed metasurface is stable against the incident angles of striking electromagnetic(EM)waves up to 60°for both operations of AT and LPC.

Antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi (Polygalae Radix) extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in rats: modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway

Objective To investigate the antidepressant effects of Yuanzhi(Polygalae Radix;PR)aqueous extract on chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)-induced depression rat models and the underlying mechanisms.Methods A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into control;model;low dose of PR(PR-L;0.5 g/kg);high dose of PR(PR-H;1 g/kg);and fluoxetine(10 mg/kg)groups;with 8 rats in each group.Except for the rats in control group;those in the other four groups underwent CUMS-induced depression modeling.PR and fluoxetine were administered intragastrically once daily;30 min prior to the CUMS procedure;for 14 consecu-tive days until the behavioral tests were performed.After CUMS modeling;the sucrose prefer-ence test(SPT);open field test(OFT);novelty-suppressed feeding test(NSFT);forced swim test(FST);and tail suspension test(TST)were employed to assess the pharmacological ef-fects of PR on the mitigation of depressive-like behaviors in rat models.Additionally;the en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was utilized to quantify the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α;interleukin(IL)-6;and IL-1βin the rats.Western blot analysis was al-so conducted to evaluate the protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB);in-ducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS);cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2);nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3);apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain(ASC);and caspase-1 in the hippocampal tissues of the rats.Immunofluorescence staining was per-formed to observe the morphological changes in ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 positive(Iba-1+)cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)of rats with CUMS-induced depression.Results(i)Treatment with PR-H and fluoxetine resulted in significant enhancements in both the total distance and time the rats moved during tests(P<0.01 and P<0.05;respectively).Post-administration of PR-H and fluoxetine also led to statistically significant increase in su-crose preference among rats(P<0.05).Besides;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine treatment markedly decreased the latency of ingestion(P<0.05;P<0.05;and P<0.01;respectively).As observed from the FST;PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine presented antidepressant effects on rats with CUMS-induced depression;leading to the reduction in time of their immobility(P<0.05;P<0.01;and P<0.01;respectively).The results of TST indicated reduced immobility time in rats receiving PR-H and fluoxetine treatment as well(P<0.01).(ii)Rats in model group showed an increase in the levels of Iba-1+microglia in their left and right brains in compari-son with control group(P<0.01).However;such increase was negated post PR treatment(P<0.01).Treatment with PR-L;PR-H;and fluoxetine considerably reduced the levels of inflam-matory factors(TNF-α;IL-1β;and IL-6;P<0.01).In addition;treatment of PR-L and PR-H ef-fectively counteracted the elevated levels of NLRP3;ASC;and caspase-1;and markedly down-regulated the expression levels of phosphorylated p65(p-p65);COX-2;and iNOS in rats’hip-pocampus(P<0.01).Conclusion Collectively;these findings indicate that PR exerts an antidepressant effect on rats with CUMS-induced depression partially through the modulation of the NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Geriatric nursing competence of clinical nursing staff at different hospital levels in Chongqing,China:A cross-sectional study

Objectives:This study aimed to survey the geriatric nursing competencies of clinical nursing staff in Chongqing City,China,and provide suggestions to enhance these competencies.Methods:This study was conducted in 204 hospitals in Southwest China from December 24,2022 to January 7,2023.The“Geriatric Nursing Competence of Clinical Nurse Investigation Tool”was used to explore factors that influence geriatric nurses’competencies via stratified sampling.The survey was conducted by distributing and collecting questionnaires through the online platform Wenjuanxing.Results:A total of 10,692 nurses answered the questionnaires.Of these questionnaires,9,442 were valid.The total geriatric nursing competence score of the clinical nursing staff was 2.29±0.81,the secondary hospital score was 2.23±0.78,and the tertiary hospital’s overall mean score was 2.33±0.83.The factors that influenced secondary hospitals included the department of medicine,age of nurses and total length of career(P<0.05).The factors that influenced tertiary hospitals included the department of medicine,age of nurses,nurses’professional title,and geriatric practical advanced nurses’certification(P<0.05).Conclusions:Geriatric nursing competence among clinical nursing staff is imbalanced at a lower-middle level and is influenced by various factors.Thefindings highlight the need for further clinical training in geriatric nursing.The training of geriatric nurses should focus on necessary clinical skills and on preparing them to adequately manage comprehensive geriatric syndromes.