《专题地图制图学》学习指导

本文阐述了专题地图制图学的作用,介绍了专题地图制图学的学习内容、重点,并展望了专题地图制图学的发展趋势.

项目教学法在《专题地图编制》课程中的实践与探讨

为适应中等职业教育改革发展的需要,在《专题地图编制》教学中,引入项目教学法,强调"以学生为主体、教师为主导",注重学生的知识应用能力和创新能力培养,为中等职业教育探索了一些新的教学思路。

Multisensor Comparisons for Validation of MODIS Vegetation Indices

Vegetation indices （Ⅵ） are one of the standard science products available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）. Validation of MODIS-Ⅵ products was an important prerequisite to using these variables for global modeling. In this study, validation of the MODIS-Ⅵ products including single-day MODIS, level 2 （gridded） daily MODIS surface reflectance （MOD09）, 16-day composited MODIS （MOD13） was performed utilizing multisensor data from MODIS, Thematic Mapper （TM）, and field radiometer, for a rice-planting region in southern China. The validation approach involved scaling up independent fine-grained datasets, including ground measurement and high spatial resolution imagery, to the coarser MODIS spatial resolutions. The 16-day composited MODIS reflectance and Ⅵ matched well with the ground measurement reflectance and Ⅵ. The Ⅵ of TM and MODIS were lower than the ground Ⅵ. The results demonstrated the accuracy, reliability, and utility of the MODIS-Ⅵ products for the study region.

An integrated classification method for thematic mapper imagery of plain and highland terrains

The classification of thematic mapper imagery in areas with strong topographic variations has proven problematic in the past using a single classifier, due to the changing sun illumination geometry. This often results in the phenomena of identical object with dissimilar spectrum and different objects with similar spectrum. In this paper, an integrated classification method that combines a decision tree with slope data, tasseled cap transformation indices and maximum likelihood classifier is introduced, to find an optimal classification method for thematic mapper imagery of plain and highland terrains. A Landsat 7 ETM+ image acquired over Hangzhou Bay, in eastern China was used to test the method. The results indicate that the performance of the inte- grated classifier is acceptably good in comparison with that of the existing most widely used maximum likelihood classifier. The integrated classifier depends on hypsography (variation in topography) and the characteristics of ground truth objects (plant and soil). It can greatly reduce the influence of the homogeneous spectrum caused by topographic variation. This integrated classifier might potentially be one of the most accurate classifiers and valuable tool for land cover and land use mapping of plain and highland terrains.

Remote Sensing and Landscapes in Sahelian Africa

For decades, Africa has undergone many crisis, affecting economy, climate, food, politics as well as society with irreparable consequences on the environment. The protection of the latter, being one of the cornerstones of sustainable development, is only possible if it＇s based on a reliable and rigorous diagnosis and inventory. This study suggests a method to characterize natural resources, in particular agricultural ones, by showing their landscape context. In this perspective and in the absence of any pre-existing mapping, as it is often the case in Africa, this work provides a simple and reproducible approach that merely uses Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） （free） images, with the only constraint of the cross-checking of several images at different times of the plant cycle.

Assessment of Diyarbaklr Basalt Aquifer Hydrogeological Analyzed and Obtains Thematic Maps with GIS Geostatistical Analyst Tool

Diyarbaklr basalt aquifer is volcanic-rock aquifers which contain high quality water. It was main resources for Diyarbaklr city center drinking supply up to 2005. Somewhere, basalt aquifer groundwater is still used for irrigation in rural areas of Diyarbaklr city. In the study, Diyarbaklr city center＇s （which is located on the Tigris river basin） basalt aquifer groundwater potentials and hydrogeological features are examined and modeled by using GIS programmer. Firstly, general geological data, meteorological data and general information about natural water sources are collected together, afterwards, logs of well drilled by public institutions and private individuals within the Diyarbaklr city center are analyzed. Static water level, dynamic water level and well pumps yields are classified in these logs. Then, thematic maps produced with the help of Arc Info Professional GIS programmer with geostatistical analyst tool. Groundwater source potential of Diyarbaktr is examined by means of these thematic maps. In hydrogeological research, productivity by aquifer features, water retention capacity and groundwater level data evaluated with geological structure of area are taken into consideration.

Estimation of Antropogenenic Pressure on Landscapes of Oasises （on Example of Mid and Lower Part of Zarafshan River）

The paper discusses about anthropogenic pressure classification system on landscape oasises. As a result, based on designed criteria rates a thematic map titled ＂Anthropogenic pressure and its consequences on landscapes oasises of mid and lower part of Zarafshan River Basin＂ was developed. The thematic map depicts realthionship between ecological conditions and population diseases along various landscape oasises of the Zarafshan river valley.

Using GIS to Improve Monitoring of Water Quality in EI-Assi River

Lebanon, the water tower, occupies 15 permanent watercourses, i.e., rivers, locally the so-called ＂Naher＂. Likewise most of the Lebanese rivers, EI-Assi River or the Orontes River is witnessing indicatives of pollution. While it represents a vital vein in north of the Bekaa valley, a spectrum of pollutant sources is known to increase this geo-environmental problem. Hence, this study aims to give first-hand information on the parameters involved in the pollution problem, as a concept figure for further deal. Certainly, its objective is to end up with thematic maps pointing out to suitable localities for monitoring activities on the river tributaries.

Semiautomated OOA Map of Morphoclimatic Attributes from Sao Joao-MG River Basin, Brazil

This study proposes a survey of environmental information by applying techniques of modeling, image segmentation and OOA （object-oriented analysis） in the definition of landscape units based on morphoclimatic atributes. Landscape attributes such as climate and relief （morphoclimatic） were selected to start the characterization of the Silo Joio--MG river basin, located in southeastern region Brazil. The semiautomated mapping was produced from data extracted, respectively, of the DEM Aster and Topodata, and grid Worldclim. This database was processed and scaled to l：100,000 scale, generating a geomorphological classification, according to criteria of IPT （Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas）, two climatic classifications, the one by the methodology of Koppen and the other one by methodology Thornthwaite ＆ Mather and a classification of land use. The thematic maps were associated in GIS with a geological base, soil vector, defining landscape units.

Obtain Thematic Maps of Diyarbakir Basalt Aquifer＇s Water Quality Parameters with Using GIS Technique

In this study, groundwater quality and water features of Diyarbakir urban basalt aquifer which contains Baglar, Kayapmar, Sur and Yenisehir residential areas aimed to be determined. At this location, water wells opened for drinking water and irrigation water are used in the agricultural field. Therefore, in the study area, which opened in water samples taken from water wells were examined. It was reformed in the field, water samples were taken from the predrilled water wells. Water wells in the same coordinates are determined by Garmin etrex 30 handheld GPS system. Chemical analysis of water samples taken in the laboratory was made. The wells water＇s pH, Electrical Conductivity （EC） and Dissolved Solids （TDS） features were acquired by Portable Hanna HI 98125 pH/EC/TDS/℃ meter device at the field. At this study, basalt aquifer features are considered, and water quality and water chemical properties were determined in Diyarbakir city centre, pH, EC and TDS values of the water samples taken on site and those water chemical analyses were measured in the laboratory. Then, they were modelled by using ARC INFO 10.2.1 GIS programme and geostatistical analyst extension tool. At the end of this process, thematic map of Diyarbakir＇s basalt aquifer pH, EC and TDS were produced.

Using a global reference sample set and a cropland map for area estimation in China

A technically transparent and freely available reference sample set for validation of global land cover mapping was recently established to assess the accuracies of land cover maps with multiple resolutions.This sample set can be used to estimate areas because of its equal-area hexagon-based sampling design.The capabilities of these sample set-based area estimates for cropland were investigated in this paper.A 30-m cropland map for China was consolidated using three thematic maps(cropland,forest and wetland maps)to reduce confusion between cropland and forest/wetland.We compared three area estimation methods using the sample set and the 30 m cropland map.The methods investigated were:(1)pixel counting from a complete coverage map,(2)direct estimation from reference samples,and(3)model-assisted estimation combining the map with samples.Our results indicated that all three methods produced generally consistent estimates which agreed with cropland area measured from an independent national land use dataset.Areas estimated from the reference sample set were less biased by comparing with a National Land Use Dataset of China(NLUD-C).This study indicates that the reference sample set can be used as an alternative source to estimate areas over large regions.