The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which i...The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.展开更多
Due to the over use of available water resources, it has become very important to define appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. In this paper, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) reg...Due to the over use of available water resources, it has become very important to define appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. In this paper, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region was chosen as the case study area for its special political and economic status and its severe water problem. To achieve effective planning, the information about crop water requirements, irrigation withdrawals, soil types and climatic conditions were obtained in the study area. In the meantime, a GIS method was adopted, which extends the capabilities of the crop models to a regional level. The main objectives of the study are: 1) to estimate the spatial distribution of the evapotranspiration of spring maize; 2) to estimate climatic water deficit; 3) to estimate the yield reduction of spring maize under different rainfed and irrigated conditions. Based on the water deficit analysis, recommended supplemental irrigation schedule was developed using CropWat model. Compared to the rainfed control, the two or three times of supplemental water irrigated to spring maize at the right time reduced the loss of yield, under different scenarios.展开更多
As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction o...As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.展开更多
Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers...Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers'perspective.展开更多
The coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei has been elevated as China's important strategy. And, the priority in considering how to bring the maximum effect of their coordinated development into pla...The coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei has been elevated as China's important strategy. And, the priority in considering how to bring the maximum effect of their coordinated development into play is to delineate the spheres of urban influence with regard to the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. By building an evaluation index system of urban comprehensive strength, this paper applies the principal component analysis method to determine centrality strength of the cities, and the breakpoint theory and weighted Voronoi diagram to identify the spheres of urban influence in all central cities of the region. Results show that 13 central cities within the region greatly differ in strength, which can be classified into four tiers and that the spheres of urban influence do not have a high goodness of fit with administrative jurisdiction scope. Cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Handan have larger spheres of urban, spheres of urban influence in Tangshan and Qinhuangdao are basically consistent with their administrative jurisdiction scopes, and seven cities including Langfang and Baoding have smaller spheres of urban influence. So according to these cities' comprehensive strength and spheres of influence, the region can be divided into five plates: Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan and Handan. The major influence factors for inconsistency between spheres of urban influence and spheres of jurisdiction include difference in urban administrative ranking, small number of central cities with weak strength, discrepancy in the number of counties under jurisdiction, unreasonable spheres of jurisdiction and diversity in topographical conditions. In order to solve the imbalance in the spheres of urban influence and those of jurisdiction and better facilitate the coordinated development of the region, it is advised to adjust administrative areas so as to obtain more optimized urban spatial layout and more reasonable urban scale hierarchy system.展开更多
Nowadays, the coordinated development of Jing-Jin-Ji has been a national strategy, and has brought unprecedented opportuniyies for the development fof education in this region. However, there are also some bottlenecks...Nowadays, the coordinated development of Jing-Jin-Ji has been a national strategy, and has brought unprecedented opportuniyies for the development fof education in this region. However, there are also some bottlenecks that restrict the development of this region. Therefore, this paper will analyze some typical cases of coordinated development of education in this region and put forward some suggestions and strategies to provide some references for the development.展开更多
On June 26,co-sponsored by CCPIT/CCO- IC Mediation Center and CEDR（The Center for Effective Dispute Resolution）,the International Commercial Mediation Seminar was held in Beijing.Before the seminar,CCPIT Vice Chairm...On June 26,co-sponsored by CCPIT/CCO- IC Mediation Center and CEDR（The Center for Effective Dispute Resolution）,the International Commercial Mediation Seminar was held in Beijing.Before the seminar,CCPIT Vice Chairman and Director of CCOIC Mediation Center,展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to survey the characteristics and treatments of cancer pain in Beijing hospitals,China.Methods:At 20:00 on December 22,2009,there conducted a questionnaire survey in 2238 patients with malig...Objective:This study aimed to survey the characteristics and treatments of cancer pain in Beijing hospitals,China.Methods:At 20:00 on December 22,2009,there conducted a questionnaire survey in 2238 patients with malignant tumors of 26 hospitals in Beijing,and the survey results were statistically analyzed.Results:The 531 cases in 2238 patients had pained and 121 cases (22.79%) had outbreak pain with one week.At 20:00 on December 22,2009,199 cases (38%) in the above-mentioned 531 pain patients suffered the moderate to severe pain (pain scores ≥ 4).The number of pain (pain scores ≥ 4) patients in the consecutive three days from December 20 to December 22 were 150.Conclusion:In the 531 cancer pain patients of the surveyed hospitals,38% of the patients were not satisfied with the pain control.Doctors believed that the main reason for pain not controlled was the non-standard treatment,but patients considered to be afraid of addiction.展开更多
As Russia＇s ongoing economic restructuring over the past twenty years has revealed, Russia＇s exchange mechanism departs from that of an ideally standard market economy. To a large extent, the problem can be traced b...As Russia＇s ongoing economic restructuring over the past twenty years has revealed, Russia＇s exchange mechanism departs from that of an ideally standard market economy. To a large extent, the problem can be traced back to the ＂power-property＂ system established by Ivan IIL That is to say, the possession of power is equivalent to the possession of property, and property becomes certain functions of power. For a long time, this system has been accepted as a natural state of society by the Russian people. Rapid economic growth under the Putin administration is characterized by the return to and strengthening of a ＂power- property ＂system dominated by the state and an abandonment of ＂institutional transplantation＂ from the Western liberal market economic model in the Yeltsin era under which power and property were separated Mr. Putin＇s reelection in 2012 means that the ＂long-Putin era＂ that started from 2000 will last at least until 2018. However, with the solidification of the ＂power- property＂ system, the Putin administration has been confronted with new challenges, and the prospects for Russia＇s economic modernization still face great uncertainties.展开更多
In this paper,the average dose level is introduced in an environment and area when BEPCⅡis debugged. The typical dose graphs are offered when the electronic storage ring is debugged and works in the synchrotron radia...In this paper,the average dose level is introduced in an environment and area when BEPCⅡis debugged. The typical dose graphs are offered when the electronic storage ring is debugged and works in the synchrotron radiation mode.At the same time,some suggestions about radiation protection are presented.All the data indicate that the main and local part shielding satisfy the need and attain the design target.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40171034)
文摘The role of retailing has diminished in the center of cities of Western countries since its heyday in the 1920s. This trend was caused by violent transformations in the economic, social and locational contexts which involve resi- dential suburbanization, as well as new forms of commercial development out of town. As far as transforming China is concerned, the downtown retailing center has also come to turning point of development in the context of suburbaniza- tion. Based on the survey of Beijing residents’ shopping behavior, the present research tends to making clear the actual change and development problem of downtown retailing center. Combining with the macro retailing environment, re- lated influencing factors are further discussed too. Study results show that downtown retailing still plays an important part in resident’s shopping activity. However, with rapid urban sprawl, retailing in urban center has been greatly threatened by booming out-of-town commerce. In the course of such spatial change, the suburbanization of resident, the prevalence of new commercial forms and the change of consumers’ life style all have exerted their own pressure on downtown retailing. But for the special socioeconomic background of development and the support of government policy, it will still keep its vitality of retailing for a long period of time.
基金Under the auspices of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. SU210200)
文摘Due to the over use of available water resources, it has become very important to define appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. In this paper, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region was chosen as the case study area for its special political and economic status and its severe water problem. To achieve effective planning, the information about crop water requirements, irrigation withdrawals, soil types and climatic conditions were obtained in the study area. In the meantime, a GIS method was adopted, which extends the capabilities of the crop models to a regional level. The main objectives of the study are: 1) to estimate the spatial distribution of the evapotranspiration of spring maize; 2) to estimate climatic water deficit; 3) to estimate the yield reduction of spring maize under different rainfed and irrigated conditions. Based on the water deficit analysis, recommended supplemental irrigation schedule was developed using CropWat model. Compared to the rainfed control, the two or three times of supplemental water irrigated to spring maize at the right time reduced the loss of yield, under different scenarios.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40830746,40871075)
文摘As responses to metropolitan suburbanization and rural urbanization,the formation and evolution of urban fringes should be understood against the background of overall economic development and spatial reconstruction of entire metropolises.At the same time,however,endogenous interactions between industrial structure and spatial patterns of non-agricultural activities are also worthy of scholarly attention.Since the 1980s,studies on urban fringes in China have been restricted by the lack of micro-level data.This paper investigates the spatial expansion and structural evolution of the urban fringe by taking the case of Beijing and uses systematic firm-level data in 1996 and 2001 from the National Census of Basic Units.The diversity of distribution patterns across industrial sectors brings about two interrelated results.On the one hand,structural adjustment of non-agricultural industries promotes the expansion and spatial evolution of the urban fringe.On the other hand,the stability and dynamics of industrial structure coexist in the moving urban fringe.This study also reveals that the outward-moving urban fringe is the optimal location for manufacturing,especially heavy manufacturing,as well as traditional producer and consumer services.However,industries with spatial stickiness such as tourism and sports have not moved with the fringe.Most advanced services remain concentrated in the city center.The authors argue that it is essential for understanding and managing urban fringes to take into account spatial evolution and industrial structural adjustment together with their interaction with each other.
文摘Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers'perspective.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471126)
文摘The coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei has been elevated as China's important strategy. And, the priority in considering how to bring the maximum effect of their coordinated development into play is to delineate the spheres of urban influence with regard to the cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. By building an evaluation index system of urban comprehensive strength, this paper applies the principal component analysis method to determine centrality strength of the cities, and the breakpoint theory and weighted Voronoi diagram to identify the spheres of urban influence in all central cities of the region. Results show that 13 central cities within the region greatly differ in strength, which can be classified into four tiers and that the spheres of urban influence do not have a high goodness of fit with administrative jurisdiction scope. Cities like Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Handan have larger spheres of urban, spheres of urban influence in Tangshan and Qinhuangdao are basically consistent with their administrative jurisdiction scopes, and seven cities including Langfang and Baoding have smaller spheres of urban influence. So according to these cities' comprehensive strength and spheres of influence, the region can be divided into five plates: Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan and Handan. The major influence factors for inconsistency between spheres of urban influence and spheres of jurisdiction include difference in urban administrative ranking, small number of central cities with weak strength, discrepancy in the number of counties under jurisdiction, unreasonable spheres of jurisdiction and diversity in topographical conditions. In order to solve the imbalance in the spheres of urban influence and those of jurisdiction and better facilitate the coordinated development of the region, it is advised to adjust administrative areas so as to obtain more optimized urban spatial layout and more reasonable urban scale hierarchy system.
文摘Nowadays, the coordinated development of Jing-Jin-Ji has been a national strategy, and has brought unprecedented opportuniyies for the development fof education in this region. However, there are also some bottlenecks that restrict the development of this region. Therefore, this paper will analyze some typical cases of coordinated development of education in this region and put forward some suggestions and strategies to provide some references for the development.
文摘On June 26,co-sponsored by CCPIT/CCO- IC Mediation Center and CEDR（The Center for Effective Dispute Resolution）,the International Commercial Mediation Seminar was held in Beijing.Before the seminar,CCPIT Vice Chairman and Director of CCOIC Mediation Center,
文摘Objective:This study aimed to survey the characteristics and treatments of cancer pain in Beijing hospitals,China.Methods:At 20:00 on December 22,2009,there conducted a questionnaire survey in 2238 patients with malignant tumors of 26 hospitals in Beijing,and the survey results were statistically analyzed.Results:The 531 cases in 2238 patients had pained and 121 cases (22.79%) had outbreak pain with one week.At 20:00 on December 22,2009,199 cases (38%) in the above-mentioned 531 pain patients suffered the moderate to severe pain (pain scores ≥ 4).The number of pain (pain scores ≥ 4) patients in the consecutive three days from December 20 to December 22 were 150.Conclusion:In the 531 cancer pain patients of the surveyed hospitals,38% of the patients were not satisfied with the pain control.Doctors believed that the main reason for pain not controlled was the non-standard treatment,but patients considered to be afraid of addiction.
文摘As Russia＇s ongoing economic restructuring over the past twenty years has revealed, Russia＇s exchange mechanism departs from that of an ideally standard market economy. To a large extent, the problem can be traced back to the ＂power-property＂ system established by Ivan IIL That is to say, the possession of power is equivalent to the possession of property, and property becomes certain functions of power. For a long time, this system has been accepted as a natural state of society by the Russian people. Rapid economic growth under the Putin administration is characterized by the return to and strengthening of a ＂power- property ＂system dominated by the state and an abandonment of ＂institutional transplantation＂ from the Western liberal market economic model in the Yeltsin era under which power and property were separated Mr. Putin＇s reelection in 2012 means that the ＂long-Putin era＂ that started from 2000 will last at least until 2018. However, with the solidification of the ＂power- property＂ system, the Putin administration has been confronted with new challenges, and the prospects for Russia＇s economic modernization still face great uncertainties.
文摘In this paper,the average dose level is introduced in an environment and area when BEPCⅡis debugged. The typical dose graphs are offered when the electronic storage ring is debugged and works in the synchrotron radiation mode.At the same time,some suggestions about radiation protection are presented.All the data indicate that the main and local part shielding satisfy the need and attain the design target.
