《亲和力》与歌德晚年对启蒙理性的反思

歌德的小说《亲和力》讲述了一个具有神秘主义色彩的爱情故事,这与启蒙时代对于理性的高扬表现出一定的差距,为反思启蒙理性提供了别样的视角。与此同时,这种爱情描写所体现出的对启蒙理性的反思与二战后西方社会兴起的对理性的质疑、批判热潮不尽相同,在一定程度上表达出对更高层面上的理性的坚持和追求,由此完成了理性由工具到信仰的超越。

《亲和力》中园林风景蕴含的双重解构

园林的设计风格能直观地反映出人与自然之间的相互关系。歌德的小说《亲和力》中与自然融于一体的园林风景可以说是对几何园林模式的解构;同时,主人公们对自然界不可知力的敬畏在一定程度上是对"人类中心主义"的反思与解构。

亲和力:一种永恒的魔力——纪念歌德逝世190周年

歌德创作《亲和力》时已将近60岁了,小说出版后毁誉参半,但歌德坚持认为这是自己最好的小说。相对于歌德其他重要作品而言,有关这部小说的关注和研究明显不足,较为薄弱。歌德创作这部小说的动机是什么?小说中的主要形象源自哪里?歌德为什么将他的小说命名为“亲和力”?亲和力对于我们究竟有什么意义和价值?这些都是饶有趣味亦颇有意义的问题。本文将对这些问题进行追根究底地探索和分析。在歌德那里,亲和力是一种永恒的魔力,即便在今天对于我们也具有某种启发和启示意义。

情书无语,身体有言——论歌德小说《亲和力》的情书书写与活人静画

论文拟针对歌德长篇小说《亲和力》的情书书写与活人静画,具体勘查情书这一书面爱情沟通媒介在歌德晚期作品中的式微退场及其深层原因,以及取而代之的神秘身体感应和拒绝沟通的沉默状态。人物的无语必然增加文学进行人物塑造的难度,而借助活人静画这一跨媒介的艺术形式,作品将静画描述与剧场再现相结合,凸显同一艺术媒介在两位女性角色的表演中展现出的不同内涵,从而实现对人物的对照式深度刻画。论文由此挖掘活人静画在歌德时代介于模仿与拟像之间的张力关系,探讨文字的媒介性以及文字所实践的跨媒介艺术。

Affinity and fluorescent detection of surfactants/ssDNA and single-walled carbon nanotube

A new biosensor platform was explored for detection of surfactant based on fluorescence changes from single strand DNA （ssDNA） and single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWNTs）. Thermodynamics assay was performed to value the stability of probe. The affinities of SWNT to five common surfactants （SDS, DBS, Triton X-100, Tween-20 and Tween-80） were investigated by real-time fluorescence method. The effects of Mg^2＋ and pH on the fluorescence intensity of self-assembled quenched sensor were performed. The fluorescent emission spectra were used to measure the responses of self-assembled quenched fluorescent of ssDNA/SWNTs to different concentration surfactant（Triton X-100）. The FAM-DNA wrapped SWNTs probe was stable in a wide temperature range （5 ℃ to 80℃）. The binding strength of surfactants and single-stranded DNA （ssDNA） on SWNTs surfaces was shown as follows： Triton X-100〉DBS〉Tween-20〉Tween-80〉ssDNA〉SDS, and the optimized reaction conditions included pH 7.4 and 10 mmol/L Mg2＋. The fluorescence of FAM-ssDNA wrapped SWNTs was proportionally recovered as a result of adding different concentrations of Triton X- 100, which realizes the quantitative detection of Triton X- 100.

Affinity peptide developed by phage display selection for targeting gastric cancer

AIM:To develop an affinity peptide that binds to gastric cancer used for the detection of early gastric cancer.METHODS:A peptide screen was performed by biopanning the PhD-12 phage display library,clearing non-specific binders against tumor-adjacent normal appearing gastric mucosa and obtaining selective binding against freshly harvested gastric cancer tissues.Tumortargeted binding of selected peptides was confirmed by bound phage counts,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,competitive inhibition,fluorescence microscopy and semi-quantitative analysis on immunohistochemistry using different types of cancer tissues.RESULTS:Approximately 92.8% of the non-specific phage clones were subtracted from the original phage library after two rounds of biopanning against normal-appearing gastric mucosa.After the third round of positive screening,the peptide sequence AADNAKTKSFPV(AAD) appeared in 25%(12/48) of the analyzed phages.For the control peptide,these values were 6.8 ± 2.3,5.1 ± 1.7,3.5 ± 2.1,4.6 ± 1.9 and 1.1 ± 0.5,respectively.The values for AAD peptide were statistically signif icant(P < 0.01) for gastric cancer as compared with other histological classif ications and control peptide.CONCLUSION:A novel peptide is discovered to have a specific binding activity to gastric cancer,and can be used to distinguish neoplastic from normal gastric mucosa,demonstrating the potential for early cancer detection on endoscopy.

A Sensitive Competitive ELISA for Determination of Biotin in Transformed Yeast Culture Media

Aim To develop a sensitive competitive ELBA for the determination of biotinin transformed yeast culture media. Methods The ELBA plate was firstly coated with Mycoplasmahyopneumoniae, and then successively incubated with rabbit anti-Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae serum andgoat anti-rabbit IgG-biotin to form the solid biotin, which competed with the biotin in the solution(standard or sample) for the limited streptavidin-horse radish peroxidase conjugate. The standardcalibration curve for biotin analysis was constructed in the range of 50 - 2000 ng·L^(-1). ResultsThe detection limit for biotin was found to be 83 ng·L^(-1), which was about 1000 times lower thanthe lowest determination concentration in the reported ELISA for biotin analysis. The relativestandard deviations for the spiked samples at biotin concentrations of 200 ng·L^(-1), 500ng·L^(-1), and 1000 ng·L^(-1) were 24.87%, 6.15% , and 7.86% , respectively, with the averagerecovery of 101.13% . The wild yeast and its sixty-three transformed yeast culture media wereapplied to the developed ELBA for the determination of biotin. It was found that the biotinconcentrations in more than 85% of the tested samples were enhanced with different increase factorsafter transformation. Conclusion Utilization of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae as the coating proteinimproves the precision and accuracy of the ELBA assay, which might be used for the biotin assay inother media.

High affinity mouse-human chimeric Fab against Hepatitis B surface antigen

AIM： Passive immunotherapy using antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） has been advocated in certain cases of Hepatitis B infection. We had earlier reported on the cloning and expression of a high affinity scFv derived from a mouse monoclonal （5S） against HBsAg. However this mouse antibody cannot be used for therapeutic purposes as it may elicit anti-mouse immune responses. Chimerization by replacing mouse constant domains with human ones can reduce the immunogenicity of this antibody.METHODS： We cloned the VH and V, genes of this mouse antibody, and fused them with CH1 domain of human IgG1 and C, domain of human kappa chain respectively. These chimeric genes were cloned into a phagemid vector. After initial screening using the phage display system, the chimeric Fab was expressed in soluble form in E. coli.RESULTS： The chimeric Fab was purified from the bacterial periplasmic extract. We characterized the chimeric Fab using several in vitro techniques and it was observed that the chimeric molecule retained the high affinity and specificity of the original mouse monoclonal. This chimeric antibody fragment was further expressed in different strains of E. coli to increase the yield.CONCLUSION： We have generated a mouse-human chimeric Fab against HBsAg without any significant loss in binding and epitope specificity. This chimeric Fab fragment can be further modified to generate a fulllength chimeric antibody for therapeutic uses.

Affinity Purification of Insulin by Peptide-Ligand Affinity Chromatography

The affinity heptapeptide(HWWWPAS)for insulin,selected from phage display library,was coupled to EAH Sepharose 4B gel and packed to a 1-mL column.The column was used for the affinity purification of insulin from protein mixture and commercial insulin preparation.It was observed that the minor impurity in the commercial insulin was removed by the affinity chromatography.Nearly 40 mg of insulin could be purified with the 1-mL affinity column.The results revealed the high specificity and capacity of the affinity column for insulin purification.Moreover,based on the analysis of the amino acids in the peptide sequence,shorter peptides were designed and synthesized for insulin chromatography.As a result,HWWPS was found to be a good alternative to HWWWPAS,while the other two peptides with three or four amino acids showed weak affinity for insulin.The results indicated that the peptide sequence of HWWWPAS was quite conservative for specific binding of insulin.

Preparation and Application of an Immunoaffinity Column for Direct Extraction of Morphine and its Analogs from Opium

A rapid, simple and accurate method using an immunoaffinity column (IAC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis of the major alkaloids in opium is developed. The IAC was synthesized by coupling specific morphine polyclonal antibodies to CNBr-actived Sepharose 4B. The IAC showed high selectivity and obvious enrichment to morphine, codeine, dionin and thebaine. The extraction solution was analyzed by CE with β-cyclodextrin as an additive. Recoveries of the four alkaloids from PBS were between 93%-105% with RSD value less than 5.0%. The result showed that this method was practical for the determination of morphine analogs in opium.

Affinity ultrafiltration of DNA topoisomerases-targeted compounds determined with HPLC／ESI-MS for drug candidate screening

A method of screening assay is demonstrated. The approach is based on the affinity of antitumor candidates for topoisomerases. In this method, antitumor candidates are fished out using topoisomerases as targets. Traditional analysis of complex compounds typically encounters signal suppression due to the relatively low concentrations, but enzyme-affinity screening for the active compounds can effectively concentrate the desired analysts into a small volume of high concen-tration. Active compounds are separated from non-affinity compounds by ultrafiltration. The molecules-enzymes complexes that are retained on the filter are subsequently separated by acidification to obtain the topoisomerases-affinity compounds for analysis on High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detec-tion (ESI-MS). This enzyme-affinity based screening assay provides a highly specific and efficient method that can directly screen, identify, and acquire drug candidates thus improving the accuracy and speed of high-throughput screening activities.

Bio-reduction of Sulphur Dyes with Alkaline Pectinase

Sulphur dyes are invariably applied on cotton to produce deep shades at cheaper cost possessing all-round fastness properties except against chlorine. Being water insoluble, these dyes are reduced and solubilised with sodium sulphide at boil to develop affinity for cotton. Application of sulphide has generated global debate because of its eco-unfriendly technology of dyeing. In this work, attempts were made to substitute sodium sulphide with alkaline pectinase. Obtained results suggested the ability of the latter to cause effective reduction and solubilisation of sulphur dyes. Stability of reduction baths as well as colour fastness was also reported to be in line with those obtained using sodium sulphide.

Poor, Pitiful Monsters From Homer to Borges

This article reviews famous monsters in Western literature that reveal a hidden humanity or affinity with the hero that elicits compassion or emphasizes their bestiality in surprising ways. Their monstrosity is often a distorted mirror image of the hero＇s humanity. Shakespeare＇s Caliban is a famous example of the affinity between monster and protagonist. Homer＇s Polyphemus, the first monster in Western tradition establishes certain traits that persist through later literature： lawless, barbarian, cannibal, and giant. Polyphemus hates men, but loves his old ram. Grendel, Grendel＇s mother, and the dragon in Beowulf are giants, lawless, cannibals. The dragon Beowulf dies fighting anticipates the identity between hero and monster that Borges makes explicit in Asterion, the Minotaur. Dante＇s Satan in the Inferno fails to leave later successors. In Borges＇s ＂The House of Asterion＂ the Minotaur is both monster and hero. Asterion＇s affinities with other protagonists in Borges＇ stories suggest that the monster in the labyrinth is not the Minotaur, but the concept of infinity.

The West and the Middle East： Liberal Nationalism, Instrumental Nationalism

This paper argues that there is no real nationalism in the Middle East and if is, then it is an instrumental. The historical process of the region which relates to nationalism has had three stages： （1） the European conquest that forced the indigenous people to battle both for freedom and confront a secular idea such as nationalism; （2） arbitrarily marked borders by the West disregarding ethnic religious and tribal lines and affinity; （3） the creation of Arab nation states with no solid infrastructure of shared national values. This perspective can help understand current political developments in light of the Arab spring upheavals, in Iraq, Syria and Libya.

CHEMICAL DERIVATION OF HUMAN INSULIN SUPERAGONISM

The role of three highly conserved insulin residues Tyr^B26 was studied to better understand the relationship between insulin and receptor from rat adipose tissue plasma membranes, lnsulin analogues with a single amino acid substitution or single N-methylation of the peptide bond in the position B26 were all shortened in the C-terminus of the B-chain by four amino acids. The effect of modifications was followed by the binding to the insulin receptor. From our results, we can deduce several conclusions： （1） the replacement of tyrosine in the position B26 by histidine, [N-MeHis^B26]-des-tetrapeptide-（B27-B30）-insulin-B26-amide and [N-MeGlu^B26]-des-tetrapeptide- （B2-B30）-insulin-B26-amide, have no significant effect on the binding affinity and they show binding affinity 105%, 190% and 208%, respectively, of that of human insulin; （2） [Aad^B26] -des-tetrapeptide-（B27-B30）-insulin-B26-amide and [Phe（4-carboxy^B26）]-des-tetrapeptide- （B27~B30）-insulin-B26-amide affect the potency highly positively in vitro studies; they show binding affinity 529 and 289 %, respectively, of that of human insulin.

Fractal Geometry of a Dendrogram

The fractal structure shown by the poligonal created by unions of middle points of vertices, nodes or peaks of dendograms terminal classes is presented. Its generating fractal, the details of its construction, and the way to measure its segments are defined; its property of inverted scale, the type of meshing, its property of axial symmetry and a theorem on transformation of linear affinity are considered. This is exemplified by means of one application with real data.

Adsorption and Step Elution of Urokinase Using Affinity Chromatography-Comparison of Data with Rate Model Simulation

A non-equilibrium chromatographic rate model was employed to simulate the affinity chromatography of urokinase. The chromatography process was developed to a yield of high purity product of urokinase from crude materials. The affinity gel used in the process was prepared by an epichlorohydrin-activation method using epichlorohydrin activated Sepharose 4B as a matrix and p-aminobenzamidine as a ligand. The chromatographic process were numerically simulated and analyzed with the aid of VERSE-LC computer simulator. Considering the basic principles, rate model with the back mixing in column inlet was utilized in simulating and studying the effect of the column inlet pattern on other parameters. Comparison of the simulation results with the experimental data showed that the rate model can be used to describe the affinity chromatography of urokinase in a fixed bed column with satisfactory accuracy.

Preparation and activity analysis of the divalent and tetravalent humanized V_H single domain antibody against human lung cancer

In order to improve the functional affinity of the humanized VH single domain antibody against human lung cancer, the genes coding the homogenous dimers dihu3D3Vn and tetramers tehu3D3VH were constructed by fusing the SV5-Cys short peptide and p53 tetramefization structural domain gene to hu3D3VH gene via recombinant PCR technique, respectively. Then, the dihu3D3VH and tehu3D3VH genes were cloned to the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b（ ＋ ） and expressed in E. coli BL21 （DE3）. The proteins expressed were purified through Ni^2＋ -affinity chromatographic column. Meanwhile, the hu3D3VH, dihu3D3VH and tehu3D3VH proteins were labeled with FTTC, and their reactivity with antigen and specificity were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. As to their functional affinities, it was analyzed and compared by flow cytometry. The results indicated that these two genes were expressed as monomers and mainly as inclusion bodies. After purification and renaturation, there were about 50% of dimers and 70% of tetramer remaining in the protein solution. In addition, the dihu3D3VH and tehu3D3VH proteins still remained the reactivity with antigen and specificity of hu3D3VH protein, and their functional affinities were increased about 60% or 100% respectively, compared with those of hu3D3VH protein. It is evident that the functional affinity of hu3D3VH protein can be greatly improved by increasing its binding valency.

Interactions Mode of Amphoteric Molecules with Ordered Phospholipid Membrane

Aim To explore interaction mode between amphoteric molecules with the orderedphospholipid membrane. Methods Membrane interactions were determined by immobilized artificialmembrane (IAM) chromatography and solutes' hydrophobicity was measured by n-octanol/buffer system.Results The ampholytes, similar to bases, generally exhibited higher membrane affinity than expectedfrom their hydrophobicity, resulting from the attractive polar interaction with phospholipidmembrane. Furthermore, the strength of additional polar interaction with membrane (Δlg k_(IAM)) wasthen calculated. The Δlg k_(IAM) values were far greater for bases and ampholytes ranging from0.50 - 1.39, than those for acids and neutrals with the scope from - 0.55 - 0.44. ConclusionConsidering the microspecies distribution of amphoteric molecules, it was assumed that not onlyneutral and positive but also zwitterionic microspecies are capable of partitioning into orderedamphoteric lipid membrane with complementarily conformational and energetically favorableinteractions.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].