Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and it...Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.展开更多
The conversion of subalpine forests into grasslands for pastoral use is a well-knownphenomenon, although for most mountain areas the timing of deforestation has not been determined. The presence of charcoal fragments ...The conversion of subalpine forests into grasslands for pastoral use is a well-knownphenomenon, although for most mountain areas the timing of deforestation has not been determined. The presence of charcoal fragments in soil profiles affected by shallow landsliding enabled us to date the occurrence of fires and the periods of conversion ofsubalpine forest into grasslands in the Urbión Mountains, Iberian Range, Spain. We found that the treeline in the highest parts of the northwestern massifs of the Iberian Range(the Urbión, Demanda, Neila, and Cebollera massifs) is currently between 1500 and 1600 m a.s.l., probably because of pastoral use of the subalpine belt, whereas in the past it would have reached almost the highest divides(at approximately 2100–2200 m a.s.l.). The radiocarbon dates obtained indicate that the transformation of the subalpine belt occurred during the Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages. Forest clearing was probably moderate during fires prior to the Middle Ages, as the small size of the sheep herds and the local character of the markets only required small clearings, and therefore more limited fires. Thus, it is likely that the forest recovered burnt areas in a few decades; this suggests the management of the forest and grasslands following a slash-andburn system. During the Middle and Modern Ages deforestation and grassland expansion affected most of the subalpine belt and coincided with the increasing prevalence of transhumance, as occurred in other mountains in the Iberian Peninsula(particularly the Pyrenees). Although the occurrence of shallow landslides following deforestation between the Neolithic and the Roman Period cannot be ruled out, the most extensive shallow landsliding processes would have occurred from the Middle Ages until recent times.展开更多
In Jurassic sediments of Siberia, remains of Lycopodites are rare in occurrence. They are represented by two species ： Lycopodites tenerrimus Heer, and L. （.9） trichiatus Pryn. This paper presents an emended diag- ...In Jurassic sediments of Siberia, remains of Lycopodites are rare in occurrence. They are represented by two species ： Lycopodites tenerrimus Heer, and L. （.9） trichiatus Pryn. This paper presents an emended diag- nosis of the species L.（.9） trichiatus Pryn., and the descriptions of two new species： Lycopodhes subulifolius sp. nov., and L. baikalensis sp. nov. from the Early-Middle Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk coal basin, Eastern Siberia, Russia. As part of the research effort, it was found that the ecological preference of the new species was different： Lycopodites subulifolius sp. nov. grew in wet and open spaces, while Lycopodites baikalensis sp. nov. preferred to colonize young growth of bog forests.展开更多
The democratization process in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA）, better known as the Arab Spring, led to increased instability in the region. The civil war in Syria coupled with the attacks by the Islamic Sta...The democratization process in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA）, better known as the Arab Spring, led to increased instability in the region. The civil war in Syria coupled with the attacks by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria （ISIS） or later known as the Islamic State （IS） has resulted in one of the largest humanitarian crises since World War II. This security threat has spread to other regions, including Southeast Asia. Indonesia, with the biggest Moslems population in Southeast Asia, has been affected most significantly in comparison to other ASEAN member countries. ISIS has acknowledged its terrorist actions which involved suicide bomb attacks, and also claimed membership all over the archipelago. The continuing violence and resulting threats or feeling of insecurity negatively affect the lives, freedom, dignity, and development oft^e people. Not only related to political and military, the threat also affected human security, including economic, environmental, social, and other forms of harm done by the overall livelihood and wellbeing of individuals. Other threats related to the recruitment process of new ISIS member made use of conventional and social media. This arcticle aims to answer the question： ＂How has ISIS threatened human security in Indonesia？＂ Another question is： How has the Indonesian government reacted to securitize the above issues？ It concluded that the government has not comprehensively solved the issues to reduce human security threats in Indonesia展开更多
The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism an...The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism and Jihadism, the possibilities of using Georgian territories by the foreign and local fighters and steps taken by Georgian State. Also popularization of the idea of creation world Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East and ISIL Caucasus Province, joining the terrorist organizations ISIL and A1-Nusra Front in Iraq and Syria by some of the Georgian Muslims. The author analyzes the factors of the popularization of radical Islamism ideas among the young generation, the problems of Georgian Muslim communities and gives the recommendations for state actors.展开更多
Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue r...Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue region, west by Ebonyi and Enugu states and east by the Republic of Cameroon, this unique area experienced colonial rule. Christianity established its dominance in this area during colonial times, leaving no room for Islam. However, following the 1967 to 1970 civil war, groups of Islamic traders, clerics, and businessmen started trickling into the area, and settling there. They began to spread their faith in the region hut could not establish their political presence there. Some familiarised themselves with the culture of the indigenous people, and won converts not by force, but via the proselytisation of their faith. Community leaders did not abandon the old verities which bound traditional society in the region together. The pattern was often a pragmatic choice--accepting the best of the faiths resulting in peaceful co-existence and assured social harmony in the region. Pockets of Islamic converts could be found in Ogoja, Obudu, and some strategic commercial locations in the region. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the co-existence of Islam in the Upper Cross River Region （UCRR） and the impact made economically, culturally and religiously on the peoples of the region. The research adopted secondary and primary sources of information in its methodology. It therefore established that the UCRR of Nigeria serves as an excellent example, or a convenient model for the study of mutual religious co-existence between adherents of the Islamic and other faiths in the region.展开更多
Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic la...Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic language is not only restricted to the people spoken it as their mother language. Thus, it is globally applauded due to its effective recognitions and relevancies in other cultures and all human strata. History shows that the place of Arabic language in multicultural society is very applausive, especially after the emergence of Islam, when Islam spread beyond its domain to other continents like Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. Apparently, the position of Arabic language in multicultural societies, especially Nigeria （has the largest African population） which has predominant ethnic groups, cultures, and more than 400 ethnic dialects, with over 1,850,000,000 population is given a warmly applausive recognization. The reason is that its entry into the country dated back to the seventh century of the Hijrah era in which Arabic had been used for religious, social, economic, and cultural purposes. Therefore, this paper is aiming to give an expository analysis of the relevance of Arabic language in multicultural societies, and take Nigeria as a case study.展开更多
文摘Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.
基金the projects INDICA(CGL2011-27753-C02-01 and-02)DINAMO2(CGL2012-33063)funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
文摘The conversion of subalpine forests into grasslands for pastoral use is a well-knownphenomenon, although for most mountain areas the timing of deforestation has not been determined. The presence of charcoal fragments in soil profiles affected by shallow landsliding enabled us to date the occurrence of fires and the periods of conversion ofsubalpine forest into grasslands in the Urbión Mountains, Iberian Range, Spain. We found that the treeline in the highest parts of the northwestern massifs of the Iberian Range(the Urbión, Demanda, Neila, and Cebollera massifs) is currently between 1500 and 1600 m a.s.l., probably because of pastoral use of the subalpine belt, whereas in the past it would have reached almost the highest divides(at approximately 2100–2200 m a.s.l.). The radiocarbon dates obtained indicate that the transformation of the subalpine belt occurred during the Late Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Middle Ages. Forest clearing was probably moderate during fires prior to the Middle Ages, as the small size of the sheep herds and the local character of the markets only required small clearings, and therefore more limited fires. Thus, it is likely that the forest recovered burnt areas in a few decades; this suggests the management of the forest and grasslands following a slash-andburn system. During the Middle and Modern Ages deforestation and grassland expansion affected most of the subalpine belt and coincided with the increasing prevalence of transhumance, as occurred in other mountains in the Iberian Peninsula(particularly the Pyrenees). Although the occurrence of shallow landslides following deforestation between the Neolithic and the Roman Period cannot be ruled out, the most extensive shallow landsliding processes would have occurred from the Middle Ages until recent times.
文摘In Jurassic sediments of Siberia, remains of Lycopodites are rare in occurrence. They are represented by two species ： Lycopodites tenerrimus Heer, and L. （.9） trichiatus Pryn. This paper presents an emended diag- nosis of the species L.（.9） trichiatus Pryn., and the descriptions of two new species： Lycopodhes subulifolius sp. nov., and L. baikalensis sp. nov. from the Early-Middle Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk coal basin, Eastern Siberia, Russia. As part of the research effort, it was found that the ecological preference of the new species was different： Lycopodites subulifolius sp. nov. grew in wet and open spaces, while Lycopodites baikalensis sp. nov. preferred to colonize young growth of bog forests.
文摘The democratization process in the Middle East and North Africa （MENA）, better known as the Arab Spring, led to increased instability in the region. The civil war in Syria coupled with the attacks by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria （ISIS） or later known as the Islamic State （IS） has resulted in one of the largest humanitarian crises since World War II. This security threat has spread to other regions, including Southeast Asia. Indonesia, with the biggest Moslems population in Southeast Asia, has been affected most significantly in comparison to other ASEAN member countries. ISIS has acknowledged its terrorist actions which involved suicide bomb attacks, and also claimed membership all over the archipelago. The continuing violence and resulting threats or feeling of insecurity negatively affect the lives, freedom, dignity, and development oft^e people. Not only related to political and military, the threat also affected human security, including economic, environmental, social, and other forms of harm done by the overall livelihood and wellbeing of individuals. Other threats related to the recruitment process of new ISIS member made use of conventional and social media. This arcticle aims to answer the question： ＂How has ISIS threatened human security in Indonesia？＂ Another question is： How has the Indonesian government reacted to securitize the above issues？ It concluded that the government has not comprehensively solved the issues to reduce human security threats in Indonesia
文摘The paper describes and analyzes the chronology of radical Islamism activities in Georgia, the threats and challenges for Georgian state coming from terrorist organizations, the spread of Ideas of Militant Islamism and Jihadism, the possibilities of using Georgian territories by the foreign and local fighters and steps taken by Georgian State. Also popularization of the idea of creation world Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East and ISIL Caucasus Province, joining the terrorist organizations ISIL and A1-Nusra Front in Iraq and Syria by some of the Georgian Muslims. The author analyzes the factors of the popularization of radical Islamism ideas among the young generation, the problems of Georgian Muslim communities and gives the recommendations for state actors.
文摘Situated within the Cross River State of Nigeria, the Upper Cross River area covers the northern half of Cross River State comprising Ugep, Obubra, Ikom, Ogoja, and Obudu divisions. Bounded on the north by the Benue region, west by Ebonyi and Enugu states and east by the Republic of Cameroon, this unique area experienced colonial rule. Christianity established its dominance in this area during colonial times, leaving no room for Islam. However, following the 1967 to 1970 civil war, groups of Islamic traders, clerics, and businessmen started trickling into the area, and settling there. They began to spread their faith in the region hut could not establish their political presence there. Some familiarised themselves with the culture of the indigenous people, and won converts not by force, but via the proselytisation of their faith. Community leaders did not abandon the old verities which bound traditional society in the region together. The pattern was often a pragmatic choice--accepting the best of the faiths resulting in peaceful co-existence and assured social harmony in the region. Pockets of Islamic converts could be found in Ogoja, Obudu, and some strategic commercial locations in the region. Against this backdrop, the paper examines the co-existence of Islam in the Upper Cross River Region （UCRR） and the impact made economically, culturally and religiously on the peoples of the region. The research adopted secondary and primary sources of information in its methodology. It therefore established that the UCRR of Nigeria serves as an excellent example, or a convenient model for the study of mutual religious co-existence between adherents of the Islamic and other faiths in the region.
文摘Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic language is not only restricted to the people spoken it as their mother language. Thus, it is globally applauded due to its effective recognitions and relevancies in other cultures and all human strata. History shows that the place of Arabic language in multicultural society is very applausive, especially after the emergence of Islam, when Islam spread beyond its domain to other continents like Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. Apparently, the position of Arabic language in multicultural societies, especially Nigeria （has the largest African population） which has predominant ethnic groups, cultures, and more than 400 ethnic dialects, with over 1,850,000,000 population is given a warmly applausive recognization. The reason is that its entry into the country dated back to the seventh century of the Hijrah era in which Arabic had been used for religious, social, economic, and cultural purposes. Therefore, this paper is aiming to give an expository analysis of the relevance of Arabic language in multicultural societies, and take Nigeria as a case study.
