论黎紫书《余生》对科学理性的反思

黎紫书在《余生》中花了较多的篇幅对近代文明、科学理性进行反思,包括"除魅"带来的伦理道德的堕落、"去人性化"带来的人的异化和扭曲、人工智能带来的人的生存困境等等,并以政治寓言的形式反思清理低端人口的问题。该种反思构成了黎紫书创作的一个突破,这与她多年跨区域、跨国度的文化行旅密切相关。令人玩味的是,小说的这一创作理念与小说出版宣传的理念形成了反讽性的冲突。

余生孤独是清欢

悠悠南风有谁顾你感受,谁让你忘记眉眼执愁？ 我还在这个慢节奏的小城,这里没有清晨海风拂过的微腥气息,没有空气里氤氲的潮意,没有一年四季温和的气候,没有酒窝和眯眯眼的你。但无论如何,感谢你给过我海的颜色。

《哥本哈根》与弗雷恩戏剧创作的哲理追寻

英国剧作家迈克·弗雷恩是当今欧美戏剧界的大师人物,他以严肃戏剧《哥本哈根》《民主》和《余生》,把现代主义戏剧推向巅峰,并毫无疑问地成为一个时代的经典名篇;他的严肃戏剧有着深邃的哲理,对人性的透视和发现独具洞见,令人惊愕并启迪人生,也由此建构了他的戏剧审美世界;迈克·弗雷恩的戏剧之路漫长而艰辛,他进入角色的意识之中而完成的人物创造,体现了现代主义戏剧在本体论意义上的美学精神。

Experimental study on zero excess sludge production process with ozonation unit in MBR process

In order to investigate the influence factors of zero excess activated sludge (EAS) process by ozonation, a 100 L membrane bioreactor coupled with a sludge ozonation unit (MBR-SO) was performed for 80 d without EAS wasting. Some mathematical models were developed to elucidate the relationship between process parameters and the operating effects. It is considered that the sludge lysing ratio (ξ), produced COD per unit mass lysed MLSS (η), observed sludge yield coefficient (Yobs) and intrinsic yield coefficient for COD produced by lysed sludge (Y2) significantly affect the flowrate to ozonation unit (q). When q is 0.0067 times of influent flowrate (Q) and ξ is about 0.72 for each batch ozonation, a relatively stable MLSS concentration of 8168 mg/L and zero Yobs are achieved in the MBR-SO system. The calculation of sludge disintegration number indicates that the high ξ can apparently decrease the sludge amount needed for ozonation. At the same ozone dose, the low input ozone concentration and high flowrate can enhance the sludge lysing effects and a low energy consumption of 0.041 Yuan/m3 wastewater is obtained.

Sludge ozonation and its effect on performance of submerged membrane bio-reactor

To investigate the effects of ozonation on minimizing the excess sludge and enhancing the nitrogen removal in an effluent, batch and continuous experiments in two MBRs with and without sludge ozonation （ namely combined and reference run） were carried out. Through ozonation at a dose of 0. 16 mg O3/mg MLVSS, 53.1% of the treated MLVSS was solubilized, and soluble SCOD/TN ratio of ozonized sludge （OS） was about 8. 6 due to the release of cellular nitrogen-contained materials and SCOD loss by ozone mineralization. In addition, the results of batch nitrification and denitrification tests with OS supernatant indicated that solubilized sludge could act as a reducing power for denitrification and a nitrogen source for nitrification. 40-day operation of-two MBR systems demonstrated that the recirculation of OS into a bioreaetor enabled the combined system have two advantages over the control one. The observed sludge yield （Yobs） was decreased from 0. 13 to 0. 06g MLSS/g COD, while the nitrogen removal was increased from 64. 6% to 72. 3%. And sludge ozonation elevated the inorganic fraction of MLSS, but did not impact sludge activities.

Performance of biological phosphorus removal and characteristics of microbial community in the oxic-settling-anaerobic process by FISH analysis

Performance of biological phosphorus removal in the oxic-settling-anaerobic(OSA) process was investigated. Cell staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) were used to analyze characteristics and microbial community of sludge. Experimental results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency was near 60% and the amount of biological phosphorus accumulation in aerobic sludge of the OSA system was up to 26.9 mg/g. Biological phosphorus removal efficiency was partially inhibited by carbon sources in the continuous OSA system. Contrasted to the OSA system,biological phosphorus removal efficiency was enhanced by 14% and the average total phosphorus(TP) contents of aerobic sludge were increased by 0.36 mg/g when sufficient carbon sources were supplied in batch experiments. Staining methods indicated that about 35% of microorganisms had typical characteristics of phosphorus accumulating organisms(PAOs) . FISH analysis demonstrated that PAOMIX-binding bacteria were predominant microbial communities in the OSA system,which accounted for around 28% of total bacteria.

Biodissolution of pyrite and bornite by moderate thermophiles

Acid mine drainage(AMD)has become a widespread environmental issue and its toxicity can cause permanent damage to the ecosystem.However,there are few studies focusing on the formation of AMD under moderately thermophilic conditions,hence we employed X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and 16S rRNA sequencing to study the dissolution of pyrite and bornite by a moderate thermophilic consortium,and explored the role of free and attached microorganisms in the formation of AMD.The consortium mainly comprised Acidithiobacillus caldus,Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans.The results indicated that total iron in pyrite solution system reached 33.45 g/L on the 12th day,and the copper dissolution rate of bornite dissolution reached 91.8%on the 24th day.SEM results indicated that the surfaces of pyrite and bornite were significantly corroded by microorganisms.XRD and XPS results showed that ore residues contained jarosite,and the dissolving residue of bornite contained elemental sulfur.The dominant bacterial genus in pyrite dissolution was A.caldus,and L.ferriphilum in bornite dissolution.To sum up,microbes significantly accelerated the mineral dissolution process and promoted the formation of AMD.

Characteristics of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 Earthquake Sequence and Discussion on Relevant Problems

The aftershock activity of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake Sequence shows an obvious segmented feature. Most of the large aftershocks were distributed in the north and south parts of the aftershock zone. Thrusting was dominant with a small amount of strike-slip component in the south part. The aftershock activity decayed gradually, presenting the sequence features of a mainshock-aftershock pattern. The north part was the ending area of the malnshock fracture where strike-slipping was dominant, showing an obvious swarm feature. Therefore it became the major area for large aftershocks. The modulation of the earth tide on aftershock activity is remarkable; most large aftershocks occur during the period of flood and neap tide. The time period around 16：00 was the dominant occurring time for large aftershocks. The p-value, a parameter of modified Omori formula, increases gradually with time, and reaches about 1 at the end. Based on previous study, the sequence patterns, magnitude of maximum aftershock, as well as the duration of aftershock activity has been discussed. The primary results also show that the magnitude difference between the maiushock and the maximum aftershock is proportional to the rupture size of the maiushock for huge earthquakes of about Ms8.0. This means that when the magnitudes of the earthquakes are nearly the same, large rupture size corresponds to sufficient energy release.

Study and application on the evaluation method of porous formation for long-term waterflooding sand reservoir

Nine targets which stand both for the static characteristic of produced formations and the dynamic parameter of wells including the average permeability,variation coefficient of permeability,moving capability,remaining recoverable reserves,coefficient of flooding,daily oil production,increasing rate of water cut,cumulative liquid production per unit meter and efficiency index of oil production are selected as the evaluation indexes,a novel model to evaluate the porous formations in long-term waterflooding sand reservoir was established by using the support vector machine and clustering analysis. Data of 57 wells from Shentuo 21 block Shengli oilfield was analyzed by using the model. Four kinds of formation groups were gained. According to the analysis result,different adjustment solutions were put forward to develop the relevant formations. The Monthly oil production increased 7.6 % and the water cut decreased 8.9 % after the adjusted solutions. Good results indicate that the learning from this method gained will be valuable adding to other long-term waterflooding sand reservoirs in Shengli oilfield and other similar reservoirs worldwide.

Dynamics of Lumber Production from Buttressed-Stumps of Logging Residues Using a Fuel Powered Horizontal Mobile Bandsaw Machine

Logging residue can be defined as any form of wood, which under the highest stage of technological development could be used in manufacturing but is left in the forest during logging. Lumber production from logging residues of a previous logging activity by a timber firm was undertaken with the objective of determining the suitability of utilizing buttressed-stumps as raw material for the timber industry. A horizontal mobile bandsaw machine was used to process the buttressed-stumps into lumber. The machine was characterized by a thin-kerr sawing technology （kerf-width 1.6 mm） compared to the conventional bandsaw machines of kerr-widths ranging from 3.0-4.5 mm. Lumber value and volume yields, fuel consumption rate, frequency of tool replacement and lumber production rate were assessed. Results indicated that there is the potential to increase timber production from logging residues by utilizing buttressed-stumps. Lumber value and volume yields of eight timber species investigated in this study ranged from 5%-31% and 34%-54% respectively. Fuel consumption rate which increased with increasing wood density, ranged from 5-14.5 liters/m3 of lumber produced. Frequency of saw replacement increased with increasing wood density. The number of saws required to produce one cubic meter of lumber, ranged from 1 to 7. Lumber production rate ranged from 0.10-0.38 m3/hour, increasing with decreasing wood density.

Technology and Practice of Stabiliing Oil Production and Controlling Water Cut in Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia

In this paper, by in-depth geological research of Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia, the geological body has been re-ascertained; combined with fine study of reservoir engineering, based on the understanding of the distribution of remaining oil horizontal wells have been given full play to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut, reducing the producing pressure drop, improving well productivity and other advantages, and the development and deployment has been optimized; horizontal wells have been applied to solve problems such as old well casing damages, shutting down wells, low-productivity and low- efficiency wells, and high water cut wells to improve the utilization rate of old wells; through separate layer system improved injection production pattern, adjustment wells have been optimized and deployed, and part measures wells have been preferably selected to tap the residual oil improve the degree of reserves control realize the stabilization of oil production and control of water cut in an old oilfield, and further improve the development effects.

Simulation of Gas-Fired Triple-Effect LiBr/Water Absorption Cooling System with Exhaust Heat Recovery Generator

An exhaust heat recovery generator is proposed to be integrated with conventional gas-fired triple-effect LiBr/water absorption cooling cycles to improve system energy efficiency. As a case study, simulation of the novel cycle based on promising parallel flow with cooling capacity of 1 150 kW is carried out under various heat recovery generator vapor production ratios ranging from 0 to 3.5%. The life cycle saving economic analysis, for which the annual gas conservation is estimated with Bin method, is employed to prove the worthiness of extra expenditure. Results show that the optimum gas saving revenue is obtained at 2.8% heat recovery generator vapor production ratio with 42 kW exhaust heat recovered, and the system energy efficiency is improved from 1.78 to 1.83. The initial investment of exchanger can be paid back within 7 years and 9 000 CNY of gas saving revenue will be achieved over the 15-year life cycle of the machine. This technology can be easily implemented and present desirable economic effects, which is feasible to the development of triple-effect absorption cycles.

Carbon Footprint Determination When Using Residual Agricultural Biomass for Energy Production

At present, the focus is on distributed energy generation with low or negative carbon emissions as well as high conversion yields. In Romania, the renewable energy resource that can be used and produced when and wherever necessary is residual agricultural biomass with a potential of 31 million tons, which can produce over 40% of the national energy demand. Residual agricultural biomass is produced with an average energy efficiency of 6 kWh·bm/kWh input. The CHAB （combined heat and biochar production） concept produces high yield thermal energy as well as BC （biochar） with an average carbon footprint of 140 kg/ton biomass. If the energy produced is used to produce agricultural output, the negative carbon footprint increases by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. It increases energy independence, the safety of agricultural production, the number of jobs, and regional economic development.

Research on forced gas draining from coal seams by surface well drilling

Surface drilling was performed at the Luling Coal Mine,in Huaibei,to shorten the period required for gas draining.The experimental study was designed to reduce the cost of gas control by efficiently draining gas from the upper protected layer.The structural arraignment and technical principles of pressure relief via surface drilling are discussed.Results from the trial showed that gas drained from the surface system over a period of 10 months.The total amount of collected gas was 248.4 million m^3.The gas draining occurred in three stages：a growth period;a period of maximum gas production;and an attenuation period.The period of maximum gas production lasted for 4 months.During this time the methane concentration ranged from 60%to 90%and the average draining rate was 10.6 m^3/min.Combined with other methods of draining it was possible to drain 70.6%of the gas from middle coal seam groups.The amount of residual gas dropped to 5.2 m^3/ton,and the pressure of the residual gas fell to 0.53 MPa, thereby eliminating the outburst danger in the middle coal seam groups.The factors affecting pressure relief gas draining by surface drilling were analysed.

Extending the Use of Hothouses through Heating with Residual Agricultural Biomass

The paper presents a study on increasing energy independence of a 200 m2 horticultural hothouse, by means of heating it with thermal energy from a TLUD （top-lit-up-draft） gasification procedure of local residual agricultural biomass, chopped at 10-50 mm and dried at 10%-15% RH （relative humidity）. It produces an average of 14% higt quality biochar. Hot-air heating system and forced circulation are equipped with two GAZMER 40/150G energetic modules, which are rechargeable, simple, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly. They can gasify chopped or pelletised biomass. To study the microclimate evolution, it was used a complex numerical model for a 200 m2 hothouse for growing vegetables. Simulated experiments were carried out for frosty days and, estimated, for the whole warming period. Each year 13.44 t of biomass are consumed, resulting 1.78 t ofbiochar which, when introduced in soil, produces a -6.2 t/year negative balance of CO2.

Urban and Industrial Metabolism： Towards Sustainable Planning

Nowadays, urban planning supposes a key issue to promote sustainable cities＇ development. In the last decades, the urban growth of developed countries has caused several environmental, social and economic problems, such as the inefficient use of resources and infrastructures. Notwithstanding, detailed analysis of population＇s necessities allows decreasing these drawbacks. These enhancements can foster a more feasible development through technical sustainability criteria. Therefore, the urban metabolism study becomes an essential tool to plan a suitable management for material and energy flows. Industrial Ecology （IE） theory looks for the sustainable integration of human activities on their natural environment. It seeks mimic natural systems performance and their processes. Industrial Metabolism （IM） studies those processes which turns material and energy into products and wastes. The IE final goals aim to promote improvements in process efficiency, decreasing consumption and waste generation through flows recirculation and exchange networks of material and energy. This contribution proposes a new conceptual framework which integrates urban and industrial metabolisms as an opportunity to achieve more efficient and sustainable development. The review of national and international experiences shows the improvements achieved through metabolisms＇ combination based on the exchanges of residual energy and water streams.

The Study on Seismicity and Relocation of the July 3,2015 Pishan MS6.5 Earthquake

The July 3,2015 Pishan M_S6. 5 earthquake occurred in the intersection area of the Tarim block and West Kunlun block where the moderate-strong earthquakes have become active in recent years. This paper has studied the seismicity parameters of the earthquake sequences such as the b-value in the Pishan region and its vicinity. In addition,we also relocated the aftershocks of the Pishan M_S6. 5 earthquake using the seismic phase report by the double-difference method. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the Pishan earthquake sequence in the rupture zone are analyzed. The study is of great significance in the seismic hazard assessment in this region.

Tectonic Features of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake and Its Aftershocks

The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining lOOkm on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system.

Improved Performance of Membrane Bioreactor by Sludge Ozonation for Reduction of Excess Sludge Production

To seek for an alternative solution for the treatment and disposal of excess activated sludge,a hybrid system of membrane bioreactor(MBR)coupled with ozonation process(i.e.,ozonation run)was set up to treat the domestic wastewater.A reference run without ozonation was also preformed as a control.The optimal ozone dose of 0.16mg O3·mg MLVSS-1 used for the sludge solubilization in the ozonation run was firstly determined through the batch sludge ozonation tests.A 40-day continuous operation of the two parallel systems demonstrated that circulation of ozonized sludge as lysate did not impact the performance of MBR in terms of organic and ammonia removal.On the contrary,an improvement in TN removal(by 7.7%)and sludge reduction(by 54%)was observed in the ozonation-combined MBR,and it was furthermore illustrated by the calculation of the mass balance based on the COD and TN substances.In addition,ozonation did not deteriorate the sludge activities for the ozonation run,indicating that not much inert organic materials built up in the bioreactor.Decreased VSS/SS ratio and lower amount of filamentous bacteria after ozonation treatment on the other hand improved the sludge settleability,as lower and constant Sluge Volume Index(SVI)values were detected in the ozonation run.

Electricity Generation from Low Temperature Waste Heat with Application to Hydrogen Production from Water

This paper presents an extensive study of the heat pump cycle and associated working fluids to generate electricity from low temperature industrial waste heat. An Aspen Plus simulation has been developed to evaluate the effect of various working fluids on the net heat pump efficiency over a wide range of turbine inlet temperatures between 50℃ and 250℃. One hundred eight （108） refi＇igerants were investigated from the environmental classifications of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons （HCFC）, Hydrofluorocarbons （HFC）, Chlorofluorocarbons （CFC） and Hydrocarbons （HC） with boiling points between -88.65 ℃ and 110.65℃. Net efficiency, which ranged from 0.1% to 25.8% in this work tends to increases with the temperature of the waste heat. Results of the present study demonstrate that working fluid R41 （with source temperature of 44 ℃） provides the maximum efficiency among those evaluated. Refrigerants R13B1 and R32 provide the best efficiency for waste heat source temperatures ranges 60 - 67 ℃ and 68 - 78℃ respectively. Ammonia shows the highest efficiency from 79℃ to 132 ℃. Refrigerants R31, R21, 17,30 and benzene perform well in the temperature ranges 133-151 ℃, 152-178 ℃, 179-236℃ and 237-250 ℃respectively. The optimal heat pump systems are applied to the hybrid copper sulfate-copper oxide thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production from water. 100.8 MW of electrical energy is produced, which increased the efficiency from 24.1% to 25.9%.