信息空间——建立辨识21世纪财富地图的感觉

在新的现代化过程中被钱烧糊涂了的人们，往往陷入两种思维倒错，一种是把不变的东西当作变的东西，比如，我们会把对同络这一历史大潮的估价，简单等同于登上中国首富宝座的弄潮少年呆在浪尖上的那一刻(同一些人曾用同样简单的思考方法对纳指暴跌那一刻估价网络，以为一钱不值）；一种是把变的东西当作不变的东西，比如。

Heading toward Artificial Intelligence 2.0

With the popularization of the Intemet, permeation of sensor networks, emergence of big data, increase in size of the information community, and interlinking and fusion of data and information throughout human society, physical space, and cyberspace, the information environment related to the current development of artificial intelligence （AI） has profoundly changed. AI faces important adjustments, and scientific foundations are confronted with new breakthroughs, as AI enters a new stage： AI 2.0. This paper briefly reviews the 60-year developmental history of AI, analyzes the external environment promoting the formation of AI 2.0 along with changes in goals, and describes both the beginning of the technology and the core idea behind AI 2.0 development. Furthermore, based on combined social demands and the information environment that exists in relation to Chinese development, suggestions on the develoDment of Al 2.0 are given.

Evaluation on Fuzzy Variable Weight of Cultivated Land Fertility Based on GIS

[Objective] The modified variable weights based on constant weight and in- troduced theory of equalization function would better incorporate authentic index weights and make evaluation results of fertility more scientific. [Method] In Gaozhou City, the final weights of influential factors can be determined with the help of GIS and as per AHP and theory of variable weights. In addition, farmland fertility was e- valuated in an automatic and quantitative way and the spatial distribution pattern was analyzed as per fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. [Result] For farmlands at 58 505.027 8 hm2 in the city, farmlands from grade 1 to grade 8 account for 3.62%, 18.27%, 33.15%, 26.96%, 13.66%, 3.29%, 0.81% and 0.24%, respectively, which is in consistent with local condition. [Conclusion] These results have been applied di- rectly in test regions and constitute a rewarding exploration for fertility evaluation in South China.

GTP-based Integral Real-3D Spatial Model for Engineering Excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E 2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations.In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E 2 GIS, the modeling principles of G\|GTP and E\|GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object\|oriented integral real\|3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.

Influence of Information Technology on Social Spatial Behaviors of Urban Residents——Case of Nanjing City in China

Taking Nanjing as a case, the paper explains the spatial behavior differences existing in the information technology use among different groups of residents and households, by virtue of analyzing the survey data of urban households in the 11 districts of Nanjing, from the social, spatial, life and other non-technical angles. Also it makes various analyses and evaluation quantitatively and qualitatively on the social and spatial effect of information technology. The results show that the new technology is changing the social spatial behaviors of urban residents. New behavioral spaces of urban family such as telecommuting, email and QQ have begun to emerge. With the help of Internet, the communication scope of families has expanded greatly, and more new forms of publicizing community information have begun to emerge. Telecommunication contact forms have been developing swiftly, and their frequencies of contact have been increasing dramatically.

STUDY ON THE FRAMEWORK SYSTEM OF DIGITAL AGRICULTURE

China is a great agricultural country with large population, limited soilresources and traditional farming mode, so the central government has been attaching greatimportance to the development of agriculture and put forward a new agricultural technologyrevolution ― the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture and fromextensive farming to intensive farming. Digital agriculture is the core of agriculturalinformatization. The enforcement of digital agriculture will greatly promote agricultural technologyrevolution, two agricultural transformations and its rapid development, and enhance China'scompetitive power after the entrance of WTO. To carry out digital agriculture, the frame system ofdigital agriculture is required to be studied in the first place. In accordance with the theory andtechnology of digital earth and in combination with the agricultural reality of China, this articleoutlines the frame system of digital agriculture and its main content arid technology support.

Research on Evaluation of Degree of Complexity of Mining Fault Network Based on GIS

A large number of spatial and attribute data are involved in coal resource evaluation. Database is a relatively advanced data management technology, but its Major defects are the poor graphic and spatial data functions, from which it is difficult to realize scientific management of evaluation data with spatial characteristics and evaluation result maps. On account of these deficiencies, the evaluation of degree of complexity of mining fault network, based on GIS, is proposed, which integrates management of spatial and attribute data. Fractal is an index which can reflect the comprehensive information of faults' number, density, size, composition and dynamics mechanism. Fractal dimension is used as the quantitative evaluation index. Evaluation software has been developed based on a component GIS-MapX, with which the degree of complexity of fault network is evaluated quantitatively using the quantitative index of fractal dimensions in Liuqiao No.2 coal mine as an example. Results show that it is effective in acquiring model parameters and enhancing the definition of data and evaluation results with the application of GIS technology. The fault network is a system with fractal structure and its complexity can be described reasonably and accurately by fractal dimension, which provides an effective method for coal resource evaluation.

Scale-Dependent Representations of Relief Based on Wavelet Analysis

Automatic generalization of geographic information is the core of multi_scale representation of spatial data,but the scale_dependent generalization methods are far from abundant because of its extreme complicacy.This paper puts forward a new consistency model about scale_dependent representations of relief based on wavelet analysis,and discusses the thresholds in the model so as to acquire the continual representations of relief with different details between scales.The model not only meets the need of automatic generalization but also is scale-dependent completely.Some practical examples are given.

Definitions of Natural-Language Spatial Relations: Combining Topology and Directions

Because SQL for querying data from spatial databa se s is ineffective, the query based on natural or visual language becomes an attra ctive research field gradually. However, how to define and represent natural lan guages related to spatial data are still gigantic problems. Because existing mod els of direction relations can’t describe by use of some common concepts. First of all, detailed direction relations are proposed to describe the directions re lated to the interior of spatial objects, such as "east part of a region","ea st boundary of a region", and so on. Secondly, by integrating the detailed dire ctions with exterior direction relations and topological relations, several NLSR s are defined, such as "a road goes across the east part of a lake", "a river goes along the east boundary of a province", etc. Finally, based on the NLSRs abovementioned, a natural spatial query language (NSQL) is formed to retrieve da ta from spatial databases.

Approaches to Census Mapping:Chinese Solution in 2010 Rounded Census

China still use sketch maps as control devices that guarantees consistency and accuracy of population counting in previous census.Although the rapid advancement of geospatial technologies provides many possible solutions of digital census mapping,existing researches do not answer which solution is suitable to China.Subject to many constraints originated from characteristics of China,a practical solution of census mapping based on remote sensing imagery and auxiliary geographic information was proposed and proved to be feasible through evaluation analysis and a three-stage pilot study.Imagery with 2.5 meters and higher resolution,innovative workflow of census areas delineation,easy-to-use census mapping software packages and training organization all together provide the all-around supports for the 2010 rounded census (the 6th census) mapping activities.A digital census geographic framework detailed at the level of enumeration area was established in the 2010 rounded census which fills in the gaps in the field of modern geospatial census in China.The spatially referenced digital census database,especially the detailed census units,is of great value in successive census,sampling survey and many other census-related fields.Future work including quality evaluation of census areas,census mapping solution in the Tibet Autonomous Region are also discussed.

Distributed Modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Over the Rugged Terrains of Pakistan

In Pakistan,the solar analogue has been addressed but its surface geographical parameterization has given least attention.Inappropriate density of stations and their spatial coverage particularly in difficult peripheral national territories,little or no solar radiation data,non-satisfactory sunshine hours data,and low quality of ground observed cloud cover data create a situation in which the spatial modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation(ESR) and its ground parameterization got sufficient scope.The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) input into Geographic Information System (GIS) is a compatible tool to demonstrate the spatial distribution of ESR over the rugged terrains of the study domain.For the first time,distributed modeling of ESR is done over the rugged terrains of Pakistan,based on DEM and ArcGIS..Results clearly depict that the complex landforms profoundly disrupt the zonal distribution of ESR in Pakistan.The screening impact of topography is higher on spatial distribution of ESR in winter and considerably low in summer.The combined effect of topography and latitude is obvious.Hence,the model was further testified by plotting Rb (ratio of ESR quantity over rugged terrain against plane surface) against azimuth at different latitudes with different angled slopes.The results clearly support the strong screening effect of rugged terrain through out the country especially in Himalayas,Karakoram and Hindukush (HKH),western border mountains and Balochistan Plateau.This model can be instrumental as baseline geospatial information for scientific investigations in Pakistan,where substantial fraction of national population is living in mountainous regions.

A GIS-based approach for estimating spatial distribution of seasonal temperature in Zhejiang Province, China

This paper presents a Zhejiang Province southeastern China seasonal temperature model based on GIS techniques. Terrain variables derived from the 1 km resolution DEM are used as predictors of seasonal temperature, using a regression-based approach. Variables used for modelling include: longitude, latitude, elevation, distance from the nearest coast, direction to the nearest coast, slope, aspect, and the ratio of land to sea within given radii. Seasonal temperature data, for the observation period 1971 to 2000, were obtained from 59 meteorological stations. Temperature data from 52 meteorological stations were used to construct the regression model. Data from the other 7 stations were retained for model validation. Seasonal temperature surfaces were constructed using the regression equations, and refined by kriging the residuals from the regression model and subtracting the result from the predicted surface. Latitude, elevation and distance from the sea are found to be the most important predictors of local seasonal temperature. Validation determined that regression plus kriging predicts seasonal temperature with a coefficient of determination (R2), between the estimated and observed values, of 0.757 (autumn) and 0.935 (winter). A simple regression model without kriging yields less accurate results in all seasons except for the autumn temperature.

Method for Underwater Target Tracking Based on an Interacting Multiple Model

According to the requirements of real-time performance and reliability in underwater maneuvering target tracking as well as clarifying motion features of the underwater target, an interacting multiple model algorithm based on fuzzy logic inference （FIMM） is proposed. Maneuvering patterns of the target are represented by model sets, including the constant velocity model （CA）, the Singer mode~, and the nearly constant speed horizontal-turn model （HT） in FIMM technology. The simulation results show that compared to conventional IMM, the reliability and real-time performance of underwater target tracking can be improved by FIMM algorithm.

2-Level R-tree Index Based on Spatial Grids and Hilbert R-tree

Multi-level spatial index techniques are always used in large spatial databases. After a general survey of R-tree relevant techniques, this paper presents a novel 2-level index structure, which is based on the schemas of spatial grids, Hilbert R-tree and common R-tree. This structure is named H2R-tree, and it is specifically suitable for the indexing highly skewed, distributed, and large spatial database. Algorithms and a sample are given subsequently.

Measuring Spatial Differences of Informatization in China

As the wide application of new Information and Communication Technologies （ICTs） shows, the world is moving fast to- wards an information age. Since China was first connected to the Internet in 1994, the development of ICTs in China and around the world has been astonishingly fast, and yet there is a clear ＇digital divide＇ among different regions in China. Although Chinese geogra- phers have paid attention to regional differences in informatization, they usually employ a limited number of indicators, mainly focusing on the Intemet. In fact, infi^rmatization is a much broader concept, covering not only the lntemet, but also mobile phones as well as user ability. In the light of these considerations, this study provides a comprehensive examination of the development of informatization and its spatial differences in China. First, based on a literature review, the paper identifies 29 preliminary indicators for measuring informa- tization, and employs prin,-ipal components analysis and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to streamline them into 12 indicators to form an ICTs Developmen： Index （ID1）. Second, by using the data from provincial statistical yearbooks and the China Internet Network Information Center, the paper calculates the 1191 of each mega-region and each province in 2000-2010, and measures the changing spa- tial differences in the development of informatization in China. Lastly, the paper quantifies the relationship between informatization and economic growth. The empirical results show that the IDI of the western and central China has been increasing faster than that of the coastal region, indicating that the digital divide in China has been narrowing.

ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL FEATURES OF LUCC BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN CHINA

In view of the large quantities of areas, complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environment in China, China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land use/ cover change(LUCC) since 1990. Supported by the achievements of such projects, Chinese resources, environmental and remote sensing database (CRERS) was created. In this paper, we standardized the LUCC dataset of CRERS at scale of 1km, which facilitated the study of spatial features of LUCC in China. The analysis on the spatial features of LUCC and their causes of formation in China are based on the CRERS supported by the technologies of Geographic Information System (GIS). The whole research was based on the grade index of land use, ecological environmental index and index of population density. Based on the correlation analysis, we found that the special features of LUCC were closely related with those of ecological environment and population density, which resulted from that areas with better ecological environment and high production potential of land were easy and convenient for human being to live, which, furthermore, led to the aggravation of excessive exploitation of land resources there.

DCAD:a Dual Clustering Algorithm for Distributed Spatial Databases

Spatial objects have two types of attributes： geometrical attributes and non-geometrical attributes, which belong to two different attribute domains （geometrical and non-geometrical domains）. Although geometrically scattered in a geometrical domain, spatial objects may be similar to each other in a non-geometrical domain. Most existing clustering algorithms group spatial datasets into different compact regions in a geometrical domain without considering the aspect of a non-geometrical domain. However, many application scenarios require clustering results in which a cluster has not only high proximity in a geometrical domain, but also high similarity in a non-geometrical domain. This means constraints are imposed on the clustering goal from both geometrical and non-geometrical domains simultaneously. Such a clustering problem is called dual clustering. As distributed clustering applications become more and more popular, it is necessary to tackle the dual clustering problem in distributed databases. The DCAD algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. DCAD consists of two levels of clustering： local clustering and global clustering. First, clustering is conducted at each local site with a local clustering algorithm, and the features of local clusters are extracted clustering is obtained based on those features fective and efficient. Second, local features from each site are sent to a central site where global Experiments on both artificial and real spatial datasets show that DCAD is effective and efficient.

Spatial quality evaluation for drinking water based on GIS and ant colony clustering algorithm

To develop a better approach for spatial evaluation of drinking water quality, an intelligent evaluation method integrating a geographical information system(GIS) and an ant colony clustering algorithm(ACCA) was used. Drinking water samples from 29 wells in Zhenping County, China, were collected and analyzed. 35 parameters on water quality were selected, such as chloride concentration, sulphate concentration, total hardness, nitrate concentration, fluoride concentration, turbidity, pH, chromium concentration, COD, bacterium amount, total coliforms and color. The best spatial interpolation methods for the 35 parameters were found and selected from all types of interpolation methods in GIS environment according to the minimum cross-validation errors. The ACCA was improved through three strategies, namely mixed distance function, average similitude degree and probability conversion functions. Then, the ACCA was carried out to obtain different water quality grades in the GIS environment. In the end, the result from the ACCA was compared with those from the competitive Hopfield neural network(CHNN) to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the ACCA according to three evaluation indexes, which are stochastic sampling method, pixel amount and convergence speed. It is shown that the spatial water quality grades obtained from the ACCA were more effective, accurate and intelligent than those obtained from the CHNN.

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing(RS) and geographical informa-tion system(GIS),we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to under-standing of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989,1996 and 2005.It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion:landscape ecological connec-tivity was low;landscape structure was simplified;the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas,moreover,spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced.For this reason,this study adopted accumulative cost distance model,combined with eco-system services and spatial interactions of landscape types,analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area,and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal.We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources,to establish urban ecological corridors,and to es-tablish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape eco-logical process and pattern in the course of city expansion.The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.

Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites in Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake in China Based on GIS

There are about 19 Neolithic Age sites and 120 Shang-Zhou dynasties sites in the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China.Based on sites data,topographic data,drainage maps,administrative maps and SPOT5 remote sensing data,spatial analysis methods were introduced into the archaeology of Chaohu Lake Basin with Geographic Information System(GIS).The spatial analysis methods include:1) Point Density Analysis with density model to acquire the shift of the sites;2) Distance Analysis to reveal the spatial structure of the sites;3) 3D Analysis based on Digital Elevation Model to get micro-geomorphologic features of the sites;and 4) Buffer Analysis to discover the relationship between the sites and rivers.The results indicate that the archaeological sites spread from the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake gradually to the northwest,later to the south,and then symmetrically spread.Controlled by productive forces and other factors,ancient people preferred to reside in those places near water,or in plain and fertile land,which resulted in linear and decentralized distribution of the sites,and presented such disciplines as river valley directivity,terrace directivity and soil directivity.This paper indicates that the distribution of archaeological sites was influenced earlier by natural elements and later by human elements in the study period.The research is important for the integration of GIS and archaeology.