Definitions and progress of ecosystem health and ecological security

Along with industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and the states of ecosystem health and ecological security have also deteriorated. As the basic needs for human survival, ecosystem health and ecological security possess very important meanings. Therefore, ecosystem health and ecological security have become research hot topics in recent decades. This paper reviewed the developments of definitions and applications of ecosystem health and ecological security, and found that the research on ecosystem health had achieved a lot. However, the research on ecological security was still relatively undeveloped. Moreover, there are also some confusion between the concepts of ecosystem health and ecological security. We consider that ecosystem health indicates the status of the ecosystem in normal conditions, whereas, ecological security indicates the capabilities of an ecosystem to react to external accidents or extremely adverse effects. An ecosystem which is healthy does not mean that it is secure. However, the ecological security requires an ecosystem to possess the capacity for integrity against any risk, and ecosystem health is the precondition to ecological security.

Population-based Cohort Study in Outcome of Phased Progression of Atherosclerosis in China （PERSUADE）： objective, rationale and design

The coronary artery calcification score and pericardial fat volume have recently been reported to be strongly associated with the severity and presence of coronary atherosclerosis. However, no studies have explored the outcome of phased progression of atherosclerosis by non-contrast computed tomography in asymptomatic people in China. The population-based cohort study in outcome of phased progression of atherosclerosis in China （PERSUADE）, an observational, longitudinal and prospective cohort study in a target population of healthy sub- jects based in Jidong Oilfield （China）, prospectively analyzes the outcome of phased progression of atherosclerosis by non-contrast computed tomography in healthy population. The results of this study are expected to be of value for utilizing noninvasive imaging combine with tradi- tional cardiovascular risk factors to create a risk stratification and find pertinent biomarkers associated with the outcome of phased progres- sion of atherosclerosis in healthy people, thereby could help to establish a more personalized treatment of clinical practice.

Physical activity,fitness and all-cause mortality:An 18-year follow-up among old people

Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mortality among people aged 80 years and above.The objective is to investigate persistence and change in PA over 5 years as a predictor of all-cause mortality,and fitnes as a mediator of this association,among people aged 80 and 85 years at the beginning of an 18-year mortality follow-up period.Methods：Using Evergreen Project data（started in 1989）,4 study groups were formed according to self-reported changes in PA level,over a 5-year period（starting in 1989–1990 and ending in 1994–1995）：remained active（RA,control group）,changed to inactive（CI）,remained inactive（RI）,and changed to active（CA）.Mortality was followed up over the 18-year period（1994–2012）.Cox models with different covariates such as age,sex,use of alcohol,smoking,chronic diseases,and a 10 m walking test were used to analyze the association between change in PA level and mortality.Results：Compared to RA,those who decreased their PA level（CI） between baseline and follow-up had higher all-cause mortality（hazard ratio（HR=2.09;95%CI：1.63–2.69） when adjusted for age,gender,and chronic diseases.RI showed the highest all-cause mortality（HR = 2.16;95%CI：1.59–2.93）.In CA,when compared against RA,the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significan（HR=1.51;95%CI：0.95–2.38）.In comparison with RA,when walking speed over 10 m was added as a covariate,all-cause mortality risk was almost statistically significan only in CI（HR=1.37;95%CI：1.00–1.87）.Conclusion：Persistence and change in PA level was associated with mortality.This association was largely explained by fitnes status.Randomized controlled studies are needed to test whether maintaining or increasing PA level could lengthen the life of old people.

Synthesis and Anti-tumor Activity Study of Shogaol Analogues

As one of the largest global public health problems, cancer greatly endangers human health. Researchers have been committed to discovering anticancer drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity. Shogaol, a kind of ingredient from ginger with high anti-tumor activity, has attracted our attention. This study was an investigation on the composition and structure-activity relationship of different analogues of shogaol, with the purpose to screen for shogaol compounds which had higher anti-tumor activity and could be easily synthesized. We chose zingerone as the starting material to synthesize shogaol through four-step reactions without protective group, as a result, 31 analogues were synthesized for anti-tumor activity detect. The biological test results showed that： the missing of the unsaturated ketone and the phenolic hydroxyl group reduced the anti-tumor activity of shogaol; the site of phenolic hydroxyl had no significant influence on the anti-tumor activity, the indicating that the larger the steric hindrance of substituent, the lower the activity, but the higher the activity of cyclobutyl substituted derivatives.

Women's football:Player characteristics and demands of the game

The number of scientific investigations on women＇s football specific to the topics of player characteristics and demands of the game has considerably increased in recent years due to the increased popularity of the women＇s game worldwide, although they are not yet as numerous as in the case of men＇s football. To date, only two scientific publications have attempted to review the main findings of studies published in this area. However, one of them was published about 20 years ago, when women＇s football was still in its infancy and there were only a few studies to report on. The other review was more recent. Nonetheless, its main focus was on the game and training demands of senior elite female players. Thus, information on female footballers of lower competitive levels and younger age groups was not included. Consequently, an updated review is needed in this area. The present article therefore aims to provide an overview of a series of studies that have been published so far on the specific characteristics of female football players and the demands of match-play. Mean values reported in the literature for age （12-27 years）, body height （155-174 cm）, body mass （48-72 kg）, percent body fat （13%-29%）, maximal oxygen uptake （45.1-55.5 mL/kg/min）, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level l （780-1379 m）, maximum heart rate （189-202 bpm）, 30 m sprint times （4.34-4.96 s）, and counter- movement jump or vertical jump （28-50 cm） vary mostly according to the players＇ competitive level and positional role. There are also some special considerations that coaches and other practitioners should he aware of when working with female athletes such as the menstrual cycle, potential pregnancy and lactation, common injury risks （particularly knee and head injuries） and health concerns （e.g., female athlete triad, iron deficiency, and anemia） that may affect players＇ football performance, health or return to play. Reported mean values for total distance covered （4-13 km）, distance covered at high-speed （0.2-1.7 km）, average/peak heart rate （74%-87%/94%-99% HRmax）, average/peak oxygen uptake （52%-77%/96%-98% VO2max）, and blood lactate （2.2-7.3 mmol/L） during women＇s football match-play vary according to the players＇ competitive level and positional role. Methodological differences may account for the discrepancy of the reported values as well. Finally, this review also aims to identify literature gaps that require further scientific research in women＇s football and to derive a few practical recom-mendations. The information presented in this report provides an objective point of reference about player characteristics and game demands at various levels of women＇s football, which can help coaches and sport scientists to design more effective training programs and science-based strategies for the further improvement of players＇ football performance, health, game standards, and positive image of this sport.

Recent advances and remaining gaps in our knowledge of associations between gut microbiota and human health

The complex gut microbial flora harbored by individuals(microbiota) has long been proposed to contribute tointestinal health as well as disease. Pre-and probioticproducts aimed at improving health by modifyingmicrobiota composition have already become widelyavailable and acceptance of these products appearsto be on the rise. However, although required forthe development of effective microbiota basedinterventions, our basic understanding of microbiotavariation on a population level and its dynamics withinindividuals is still rudimentary. Powerful new parallelsequence technologies combined with other efficientmolecular microbiota analysis methods now allow forcomprehensive analysis of microbiota composition inlarge human populations. Recent fi ndings in the fi eldstrongly suggest that microbiota contributes to thedevelopment of obesity, atopic diseases, inflammatorybowel diseases and intestinal cancers. Through theongoing National Institutes of Health Roadmap 'HumanMicrobiome Project' and similar projects in other partsof the world, a large coordinated effort is currentlyunderway to study how microbiota can impact humanhealth. Translating findings from these studies intoeffective interventions that can improve health,possibly personalized based on an individuals existingmicrobiota, will be the task for the next decade(s).

Options for Managing Livestock Production Systems to Adapt to Climate Change

This paper discusses recent research findings together with management schemes in preventing and managing of thermal stress by handling external and internal factors in livestock production systems. Preventive measures against thermal stress are described as basic structural adjustments and the modifications that can be implemented readily, according to animal health and welfare requirements and refer to （1） environmental modification and thermal comfort in various housing systems; （2） action on animals, such as genetic selection for breeds resistant to infectious disease, parasites and climate extremes; （3） action on feed and （4） action on staff handling the animals. Moreover, measures to be taken both in situations of chronic thermal stress and heat or cold strokes are presented as they are applied to （1） limit stress, （2） monitor the temperature felt by animals, （3） adapt diet and drinking water supplies and （4） correct physiological imbalances. Examples are given for different farm species （cattle, sheep, goat, poultry and pigs） and different production systems （intensive, extensive and alternative）. The paper concludes with a practical guide for the effective handling of thermal stress at farm level, summarizing the results from recent research studies on the specific topic.

Research on the Development Trend of Urbanization of Rural Migrant Workers from the Perspectives of Health and Life Stress

In this paper, we conduct research on the development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers from the perspectives of health and life stress. According to the theory of modern sociological about community, the migrant worker and city people’s relations belongs to typical in community’s relations with the outside community, among them not only isolates and repels psychologically mutually, but also has the direct conflicts of interest. This not only causes the migrant worker to suffer the prejudice and discrimination of city people, is hard to be a part of the city life, but also causes repellency urban institutional arrangements to disintegrate to a certain extent difficultly while the migrant worker is hard to enter in the urban system. Under this basis, this paper proposes the health and life stress assisted development trend of urbanization of the rural migrant workers basic research, the idea is new and innovative, in the later time we will apply it more.

Indoor Environmental Requirements in Green Building in Jordan

The aim of this study is to provide stimulating and comfortable environments for the occupants and minimize the risk of green building related health problems. Researcher has developed a number of assumptions that helps to resolve the research problems, which includes the application of the indoor environmental quality and will highlight the required design standards of it to provide a healthy environment to the houses and chosen AREE （Aqaba residence energy efficiency） as a case study. The theoretical part goes through a brief study to definition of the required design standards which includes eight kinds of issues： indoor environmental quality intents, control of environmental tobacco smoke, control of chemicals contaminants, design well ventilated buildings, provide daylight/view, energy efficient lighting, thermal comfort, consider acoustics and its uses in all the elements of internal spaces. Than we going through the uses of these requirements by using descriptive analytical approach, we chose one case study （AREE）. To analyze the uses of their requirements of the indoor environmental quality and we also collect the information about this house from the owner of the AREE, then draw conclusions and list of references.

Review of teachers’mental health research in China since 1994

To summarize the widely dispersed literature concerning Chinese teachers’mental status,the present paper conducted a quantitative research synthesis with a focus on the current situation and development in teachers’mental disorders.On one hand,the results demonstrated that many critical problems existed in the exploration of this issue,such as the primary application of one uniform research type(i.e.,theoretical discussion)and single-scale method(i.e.,SCL-90);on the other,the comparison analysis showed that college teachers obtained significantly higher pathological prevalence than the other two(i.e.,kindergarteners and teachers of middle or primary schools).And such negative prevalence has increased over the years and became sharper after 2000.Additionally,mental disorders seem more severe in country teachers(relative to those working in town),teachers aged above 40(relative to those younger),and female teachers(relative to males).It is suggested that urgent attention should be paid to further improve the research level by highlighting the methodological consideration,especially focusing on the in-depth survey investigation,refined experimental study,as well as high-caliber qualitative research,and thus clarify the mechanism of teachers’psychological disorders.

Influence of different-distance mild moxibustion at Zusanli(ST 36) on functional brain imaging in healthy population

Objective： To explore the beneficial regulatory effect of mild moxibustion from different distances at Zusanli（ST 36） of healthy population on the functions of temperature-related brain regions. Methods： In 20 recruited healthy subjects, the change of the temperature-related brain regions induced by mild moxibustion from different distances at Zusanli（ST 36） was observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging（fM RI）. Results： In comparison of the values in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation（fA LFF） during and before moxibustion, it has been found that in moxibustion of 2 cm distance, fA LFF value increased in the brain regions of the left anterior cingulated cortex and lateral surrounding cerebral regions, and fA LFF value decreased in the cerebral regions of the peripheral cortex of the calcarine fissure; in moxibustion of 3 cm distance, fA LFF value increased in the brain regions of the right and medial side and paracingulated gyrus, and fA LFF value decreased in the cerebral zone of the left middle temporal gyrus; in moxibustion of 4 cm distance, fA LFF value increased in the brain regions of the right and medial and paracingulated gyrus; and in moxibustion of 5 cm distance, fA LFF value increased in the brain regions of the left hippocampus. In comparison of the value of regional homogeneity（ReH o）, it has been found that in moxibustion of 2 cm distance, ReH o value increased in the cerebral zone of the posterior lobe of the right cerebellum, and ReH o value decreased in the cerebral zone of the right occipital lobe; in moxibustion of 3 cm distance, ReH o value increased in the brain regions of the left cerebellar posterior lobe and left frontal lobe, and ReH o value decreased in the cerebral zone of the right inferior temporal gyrus; in moxibustion of 4 cm distance, ReH o value increased in the brain regions of the right superior frontal gyrus and ReH o value decreased in the brain regions of the right parietal lobe and angular gyrus; in moxibustion of 5 cm distance, ReH o value increased in the cerebral zone of the right frontal lobe and ReH o value decreased in the cerebral zone of the right brainstem. Conclusion： In moxibustion of 3 cm distance, the changes in the brain regions basically conform to the transmission route of body trunk temperature.