赵元任儿童歌曲叙事

赵元任是中国近现代音乐史上非音乐专业出身的代表作曲家。文章结合赵元任的学习、生活、学术历程,将其儿童歌曲创作置于近代史、音乐史及当时的国际语境中,分四个阶段进行分析、阐释。赵元任的儿童歌曲创作同自身性格特征、语言学研究、音乐教育关怀紧密关联,他将音乐技能融入语言学研究,同时也通过歌曲创作普及“国音”,用儿童的语言为儿童作歌和尊重、信任儿童是其作品的突出特点,普及与提高并重以及寓教于乐在其作品中也有着清晰的体现。他的《儿童年》在1935年开启的“全国儿童年”运动中还曾作为“模范”式的歌曲传唱。

Social learning contributions to the etiology and treatment of functional abdominal pain and inflammatory bowel disease in children and adults

This paper reviews empirical work on cognitive and social learning contributions to the etiology and treatment of illness behavior associated with functional abdominal pain and inflammatory bowel disease. A particular emphasis is placed on randomized controlled trials, the majority of which are multi-modal in orientation, incorporating elements of cognitive behavioral therapy, social learning, and relaxation. Based on this review, we offer methodological and clinical suggestions: (1) Research investigations should include adequate sample sizes, long-term follow-up assessments, and a credible, active control group. (2) Standard gastrointestinal practice should include, when appropriate, learning opportunities for patients and family members, for example, instruction regarding the encouragement of wellness behavior.

Megacolon in adulthood after surgical treatment of Hirschsprung's disease in early childhood

Hirschsprung＇s disease （HD） is a disorder associated with congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system with segmental aganglionosis. Prevailing therapy includes a resection of the affected part of the bowel, However, patients often do not obtain complete functional improvement after surgical treatment. We present the case of a 25-year-old woman who had surgical treatment of lid in early childhood. After that procedure she had clinical features of constipation for years in the end, passing of stool once a week, requiring laxatives and enemas. We diagnosed an incomplete resection of the aganglionic bowel via rectal biopsy and resected the remaining aganglionic segment. Two months after surgery the patient＇s bowel function improved to a frequency of 1-4 stools per day. We conclude that regular follow-up is required to identify lid patients with persistent alterations of bowel function after surgery. In patients presenting with constipation, recognition of a remaining aganglionic segment or other alterations of the enteric nervous system should be aimed at in an early stage. 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Parental perceptions of the effects of exercise on behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD

Background： Anecdotally, parents often report that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） who engage in regular physical activity （PA） experience positive behavioral changes. The purpose of this study was to examine this anecdotal relationship to provide preliminary evidence relevant to the potential benefits of PA on ADHD symptoms. Methods： Parents （n = 68） of children diagnosed with ADHD completed an lnternet survey assessing perceptions of how PA influences their child＇s symptoms. Results： A significantly greater percentage of parents reported that regular PA positively impacted symptoms. However, there were no uniform effects for all types of ADHD symptoms. The results indicate that there may be more positive benefits for symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity than for those of impulsivity. Conclusion： This is the first study to empirically document parents＇ perceptions of how PA influences ADHD and suggests that PA can be a viable strategy for reducing symptoms. PA may have greater benefits for specific symptoms of ADHD, providing critical information for developing PA interventions for children and adolescents.

Crohn’s and colitis in children and adolescents

Crohn＇s disease and ulcerative colitis can be grouped as the inflammatory bowel diseases （IBD）. These conditions have become increasingly common in recent years, including in children and young people. Although much is known about aspects of the pathogenesis of these diseases, the precise aetiology is not yet understood, and there remains no cure. Recent data has illustrated the importance of a number of genes-several of these are important in the onset of IBD in early life, including in infancy. Pain, diarrhoea and weight loss are typical symptoms of paediatric Crohn＇s disease whereas bloody diarrhoea is more typical of colitis in children. However, atypical symptoms may occur in both conditions： these include isolated impairment of linear growth or presentation with extra-intestinal manifestations such as erythma nodosum. Growth and nutrition are commonly compromised at diagnosis in both Crohn＇s disease and colitis. Consideration of possible IBD and completion of appropriate investigations are essential to ensure prompt diagnosis, the- reby avoiding the consequences of diagnostic delay. Patterns of disease including location and progression of IBD in childhood differ substantially from adult- onset disease. Various treatment options are available for children and adolescents with IBD. Exclusive enteral nutrition plays a central role in the induction of remission of active Crohn＇s disease. Medical and surgical therapies need to considered within the context of a growing and developing child. The overall management of these chronic conditions in children should include multi-disciplinary expertise, with focus upon maintaining control of gut inflammation, optimising nutrition, growth and quality of life, whilst preventing disease or treatment-related complications.

Design Guide for Playgrounds

Children, who are the most weak people about sensibility and telling their desires clearly, act differently at every age phases. Because of this, child oriented designs must appeal to children about whole ages and features. Playgrounds are places where children of all ages and features spend their times commonly. But when these playgrounds were observed, that can be seen, playgrounds can not meet children＇s need and, because of this, they become quitted places. Within this article, child, play and playground concepts have been examined and the parameters of playground design have been classified. The aim of article is revealing the parameters for playgrounds design and offering a guide so that it can give an idea for the new- designs.

Specific serum immunoglobulin G to H pylori and CagA in healthy children and adults(south-east of Iran)

AIM. To evaluate the serologic IgG response to Hpylori and CagA across age groups and in healthy children and adults.METHODS： Totally, 386 children aged 1-15 years and 200 adults aged 20-60 years, were enrolled to study. The serum samples of participant were tested for presence of antJ-Hpylori and anti-CagA IgG by using ELISA method.RESULTS： The seroprevalence of Hpylori in adults was significantly higher than that observed in children （67.5% vs 46.6%; P 〈 0.000003）. In children, the seropositivity rate in males （51.9%） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher than that observed in females （41.7%）. The prevalence of serum anti-CagA antibody was 72.8% and 67.4% in infected children and adults, respectively. The mean titer of serum anti-CagA antibodies was significantly higher among children in comparison to adults （64.1 Uarb/mL 30.7; P 〈 0.03）. In infected children and adults the prevalence of serum anti-CagA antibody was higher in males compared to females （78.4% vs 66.3%; P = 0.07 and 75.6% vs 54.71%; P 〈 0.04, respectively）. The age-specific prevalence of anti-H py/or/and anti-CagA antibody （in infected subjects） was 37.6% and 59.57% at age 1-5 years, 46.9% and 75% at age 6-10 years, 54.9% and 79.45% at age 11-15, 59.01% and 83.33% at age 20-30 years, 66.6% and 60.52% at age 31-40 years, 73.46% and 63.88% at age 41-50 years and 75.75% and 60% at age 51-60 years with mean titer of anti-CagA antibody of 75.94, 63.32, 57.11, 52.06, 23.62, 21.52 and 21.80 Uarb/mL, respectively. There was significant difference between mean serum anti-CagA antibody in age subgroups （P 〈 0.001）.CONCLUSION： These results showed that anti-Hpylori and anti-CagA antibodies were common in the children and adults. The Hpylori-specific antibodies influenced by age and sex of subjects. Moreover, it seems that males are more susceptible to infection with CagA^＋ strains compared to females. The seroprevalence of anti-CagA antibody was increased with age, up to 30 years and then decreased. It was also found that the magnitude of the IgG response to CagA decreased with advanced age.

Children and adolescents with Down syndrome,physical fitness and physical activity

Children(5-12 years) and adolescents(13-19 years) with Down syndrome(DS) possess a set of health,anatomical,physiological, cognitive,and psycho-social attributes predisposing them to limitations on their physical fitness and physical activity(PA) capacities.The paucity of studies and their conflicting findings prevent a clear understanding and/or substantiation of these limitations.The purpose of this article was to review the measurement,determinants and promotion of physical fitness and PA for youth(i.e.,children and adolescents) with DS. The existing body of research indicates that youth with DS:1) have low cardiovascular and muscular fitness/exercise capacity;2) demonstrate a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity;3) a large proportion do not meet the recommended amount of daily aerobic activity;and 4) their PA likely declines through childhood and into adolescence.Future research should focus on:1) strength testing and training protocols;2) methodologies to determine PA levels;and 3) practical interventions to increase PA.

Height centile curve for child and adolescents in Shaanxi province

Objective: It has been recommended that age-related centile curves of anthropometric indexes(such as height, weight) be used rountinly to evaluate the growth and development statues in children. Presented here is the age-related height centile curves for children aged 0-18 years in Shaanxi, China,1995. Methods: Data of the Shaanxi population were retrieved from The Third Nationwide Growth Survey to construct the age-related height centile curves. The LMS method was used for curve fitting; all analyses were carried out on the basis of different sexes through a special program for LMS(λ-median-coefficient) method which was devised by Cole TJ. Results: Centile curves for boys and girls, showing similar age-related features but girls'puberty coming two years earlier than boys'. The period of puberty growth increment was about 2 years longer for boys. At age 18, boys were taller than girls for about 14 cm. Compared with height standard of NCHS(national center of health statistics), Shaanxi children were taller than American children before 14 years for boys, 12 years for girls, but after 15 years for boys and 13 years for girls, Shaanxi children were shorter than American ones. At age 18, Shaanxi children was 5.6 cm for boys and 4.9 cm for girls shorter than NCHS. Shaanxi children's height increase range from 1958 to 1995 at the same age was 4.9-15.1 cm ,with the mean of 9.59 cm for boys, and 3.7-12.5 cm, with the mean of 8.38 cm for girls. Between 1958-1995, the increasing velocity every ten years were 2.57 cm for boys and 2.26 cm for girls, which indicated that the children have reached the optimum. Conclusion: By means of LMS method, we constructed age-related height centile curves for Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years, these height centile curves are the first one for the Chinese children. It can be used as a reference for assessing growth and development status of Shaanxi children aged 0-18 years.

Henriksen and Flora （1999） Revisited A Literature Review on Third-Person Effects and Children/Adolescents＊

In this literature review on TPE （third-person effects） and the behavioral consequences on children, the research questions posed are how the body of knowledge has evolved since the first empirical evidence of TPE among children and what knowledge gaps that remain. The traceable developments are two： （1） Compared to the vast amount of articles on TPE in general, the 5 9 identified on the topic of children are few and two thirds actually focus on adolescents/young adults rather than children. The reason put forward for studying younger children is the urge to prevent risky behavior through media literacy programs or pro-social advertisements; and （2） The studies have not primarily addressed results to support occurrence of TPE among children. Rather they support parental TPE or among the adolescents that TPE and reverse TPE occur due to certain kind of media content. The discussion on knowledge gaps that remain follow three themes： （1） Differentiations between self and others are in psychological studies implied to occur among children between the ages of 3-4 years old, yet no study address how children develop TPE; （2） There is a tendency to follow the more general development within TPE research with the renewed interest in behavioral consequences. But the primary behavioral consequence studied in TPE in general and within studies of TPE and children is support for censorship. Few studies address ＂real＂ behavioral consequences like parental mediation; and （3） There is also a need for more theoretically coherent research on the importance of social distance.

Is It a Vain Hope That Museum Children Education Applies to All Children？ --A Research on the Classification and Age-group Division of Children

The museum education focusing on the children is different from adult acceptors for the mental development of the children presents obvious stage features. Therefore, a clear definition on the ages of the children in the service must be made. The children in different ages can find their own educational project groups in a short time according to their own categories and ages. To facilitate the branding of routine childhood education programs, improve the implementing benefit of childhood education programs and realize the maximization of resource utilization in the Museum Children Education, this study firstly generalizes and extracts one of the common problems that affect the implementing benefit of Chinese Museum Children Education project based on the case analysis - focus and age-group of service objects. Then this paper （article） explores it step by step. Finally the article combines the analyses with the empirical researches on feedback information acquired in on-site observations and semi-structured interviews, to propose improvement suggestions for the problem.

Young people are fit and active——Fact or fiction?

This paper analyses young people's habitual physical activity(HPA) and aerobic fitness(AF) in relation to health and well-being,with reference to previous generations.Data consistently show that more boys than girls experience health-related physical activity(PA) and that both genders experience a decline in HPA during adolescence.The majority of young people(～60%-75%) do not meet the requirements of current health-related PA guidelines but youth HPA appears to have stabilised over the last two decades.Although it does not describe all aspects of AF, peak oxygen uptake(peak VO_2) is recognised as the best single measure of AF.Peak VO_2 is enhanced with age,growth and maturation with increases of～150%and～80%in boys and girls respectively from 8 to 16 years.Boys' values are higher than those of girls throughout childhood and adolescence with the gender difference reaching～35% by age 16 years.There is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO_2 or that they are less aerobically fit than children of previous generations.Despite the relative stability of peak VO_2 there has been a decline of～13%over the last 35 years in young people's ability to perform maximal aerobic exercise which involves the transport of body mass.In their daily lives young people very rarely experience PA of the intensity and duration to enhance AF and peak VO_2 is, at best,only weakly related to current levels of HPA during youth.Low levels of HPA and a marked secular decline in maximal aerobic performance remain major issues in the promotion of youth health and well-being.

Conceptions of Childhood and the Educational Rights of the Child

Formulations of children＇s rights rest on assumptions about the nature of childhood yet conceptions of childhood are not stable across time and space. Such conceptions can be understood as placing different emphases among three different factors： the child as subservient to parents and ancestors （Child 1）, as a young person requiring special protection and having characteristics distinct from adults （Child 2） and as a novice （Child 3）. Different social arrangements place relatively different emphases on these three factors in their overall conceptions of childhood. Adopting the distinction between Will and Interest rights （Archard 2002）, the paper considers how an emphasis on Child 1, 2 or 3 presupposes and demands a distinctive consideration of children＇s rights. The argument concludes with a reflection on how children＇s rights might be construed if the nature of adulthood is problematised alongside that of childhood. In this case, capabilities （as means to enable functionings） may prove a more fruitful concept than rights （as actual or possible existential conditions）.

The Positive Effects of Preschool Education in the Socialization and Learning of Children

The purpose of this study is to highlight the positive effects that the attendance of preschool education has on the soclanzauon and on the learning level of children. They are related with the kind of preschool education that the child attends, with the area where the child lives, with the education level of the parents, with the way how the learning process is realized in the kindergarten. Five hundred （500） first graders of the city of Durres are chosen. Parents and teachers will be part of the study only after taking the consent from RIE （Regional Institute of Education）. The completed surveys from the parents will create us an idea of the situation how they experience this and what their expectations regarding their children are. Surveillance will be another important method that will be used to give the conclusion of this study. Children will be watched during spontaneous and one-hour made situations. Statistical data from the two groups of children and parents tests will help us prove how visible the positive effects of attending the preschool education on the performance children show during first grade are. At the end of the study, it will be asked to prove that the attendance of preschool education in specialized institutions has positive effects on the development children show in the first grade in the two targets which we have chosen to study.

The Theory and Practice of Multicultural Education for Young Children by Means of Art Teaching Within the Artistic Education Classes

Due to the fast development of the Internet and other modern communication, people now interact easier than ever beyond the national boundaries and live in a global village. In the era of globalization, multicultural education has been important for all people around the world ever since their early childhood. Art is a necessary approach for young children to learn the world and expand their vision. It is also a good path for young children to learn different cultures, to foster respect for them, to enjoy cultures different from themselves, and to improve their skills for interacting with people from other cultural backgrounds. The main purposes of this article are to discuss the reason why art can be a potential approach to learning multi-cultural education and how an art approach can nourish young children＇s multi-cultural equipment. To reach these two purposes, literature review and case study analysis are adopted. There are five sections in this article. The first section introduces the background of this study. The second section explores the relation between art and multi-culture. The third section discusses how to use art in an antibias way and respect different cultures for young children. The fourth section analyzes two cases in order to know how to design curriculum, practice teaching and evaluate the efforts of multicultural education. The finally section is about the conclusion and some suggestions.

The Lifeline for Suicide Prevention of Children and Teenagers in Bucharest, Romania

Suicide is one of the leading causes of teenagers＇ deaths. Even whether it is preventable, most of the time, there are still very few projects or actions of the local authorities and/or organisations in Romania, due to the lack of information and resources. The suicide prevention line for children and teenagers in Bucharest is presented and evaluated after five years of activity. It may be considered as one example of good practice, since it managed to put together local knowledge, human resources, and social actors. The suicide prevention line for children and teenagers in Bucharest has been established in 2009 by the General Directorate of Social Welfare of Bucharest Municipality, in partnership with the Psychiatric Hospital ＂Prof. dr. Alexandru Obregia＂. The finances are provided by the Welfare Department, the location belongs to the Psychiatric Hospital, and the mental health services are coordinated by a neuro-psychiatrist. There are about 30 volunteers taking the phone calls 24/7. Since 2011, they established the Association of Suicidology.

Dopamine receptor D2 polymorphism is associated with alleviation of obesity after 8-year follow-up: a retrospective cohort study in obese Chinese children and adolescents

Objective： The aim of this study was to explore the association of dopamine receptor D2 （DRD2） polymorphism and alleviation of obesity in children and adolescents after 8-year follow-up. Methods： This retrospective cohort study included obese children and adolescents with a follow-up period of 8 years. Baseline clinical character- istics and DRD2 polymorphisms （including rs1076562, rs2075654, and rs4586205） were extracted from medical records. A follow-up visit was performed in May 2017 to collect related data including height, weight, diet compliance, and exercise compliance. Results： One hundred and nine obese children and adolescents were included in the current study. Among three DRD2 single nucleotide polymorphisms, only rs2075654 had a statistically significant association with alleviation of obesity, as the alleviation rate for minor allele carders （68.6% for TC＋TT） was higher compared to the major allele homozygote （43.3% for CC）. After adjusting for all related factors, the hazard ratio of rs2075654 minor allele carders for the alleviation of obesity was 3.34 （95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.30-8.58）. Conclusions： The rs2075654 ~olvmomhism of DRD2 is related to Ionq-term obesity alleviation in obese Chinese children and adolescents.

Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus in children with delayed presentation

Objective： Supracondylar fractures of the humerus account for 60% of all the fractures around the pediatric elbow and even in developed countries 18% of patients undergo surgery 48 hours or longer following presentation in the hospital. Management guidelines are not clear yet for these patients who present late. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical, radiological and functional outcome following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of widely displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus presenting 12 hours or more after injury.Methods： We reviewed the functional and radiological results of closed reduction and percutaneous pinning using crossed K-wires in 40 patients with displaced extension type supracondylar fracture of the humerus （Gartland type Ⅲ） with a delay of more than 12 hours in presentation. The average age of patients was 4.5 years and the mean delay in presentation was 17.55 hours.Results： Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning was successful in 90% of patients. The mean follow up period was 15 months. The Baumann＇s angle was restored within 4 degrees of the unaffected side in all patients. Use of a small medial incision in patients with severe swelling helped us avoid ulnar nerve injury. Using Flynn＇s criteria,38 patients （95%） had an excellent result. Two patients had mild myositis and both had a poor result. None of the patients developed cubitus varus.Conclusion： Closed reduction and crossed pinning of displaced supracondylar fractures of humerus in children is a safe and effective method even with delayed presentation.

Fracture union in percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation in paediatric tibial shaft fractures

Purpose： To evaluate the efficacy of intramedullary Kirschner wires for the treatment of unstable tibial shaft fractures in children. Methods： This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College from June 2005 to June 2010. Sixty-six children having closed fracture of the tibial shaft with a mean age of 7.7 years （range, 2-14 years） were recruited from emergency and outpatient department. They were treated with percutaneous intramedullary Kirschner wires. The clinical results of our study were rated on the basis of the criteria of union, nonunion, delayed union or malunion. All children were followed for one year. Results： Children achieved union in a mean time of 8 weeks （range, 6-10 weeks）. Postoperatively, three children （4.55%） had delayed union, one （1.52%） valgus deformity of lower leg, three （4.55%） post- operative knee pain and twelve （18.18%） skin irritation at pin site. Wires were removed after 8-22 weeks without any complications. No patient was lost to follow-up. The results were excellent in 95.45% and good in 4.55% children. Conclusion： This technique is cost-effective, simple, quick to perform, safe and reliable and avoids pro- longed hospitalization with good results.

Results of titanium elastic nailing in paediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures report of 30 cases

Objective： Fractures of the femur are the most incapacitating fractures. For children aged 6-14 years, there is no clear consensus as to the preferred treatment. The conventional treatment of traction and cast- ing is no longer recommended. We report our experience in titanium elastic nailing for treatment of paediatric femoral diaphyseal fractures. Methods： Thirty patients in the age group of 6-16 years with displaced diaphyseal femoral fractures were sta- bilized with titanium elastic nails. Patients were followed up clinically and radiologically for a minimum period of 1 year. The final results were evaluated using Flynn＇s criteria. Tech- nical difficulties and complications associated with the pro- cedure were also analysed. Results： Overall results were excellent in 20 cases and satisfactory in 10 cases. No patient had poor result. The average hospital stay was 9 days. All the fractures healed with an average time to union of 6.86 weeks. The most com- mon complication encountered was soft tissue irritation at the nail entry site seen in 6 cases. Clinically, lengthening was noticed in 4 cases, while no patient had shortening. Malalignment was seen in only 6 cases. Perioperative diffi- culties encountered were failure of closed reduction seen in 6 cases and corkscrewing of nails in one case. Conclusion： Titanium elastic nails are a relatively easy to use, minimally invasive, physeal-protective implant sys- tem with high rate of good and excellent outcomes in chil- dren aged 6-16 years. Technical pitfalls can be eliminated by adhering to the basic principles.