成果导向教育（OBE）理论在《光伏发电技术》实验教学中的实践探索

为了培养符合社会经济需求的光伏人才,需要对电气工程中新能源方向的重要专业课程《光伏发电技术》进行改革,尤其是《光伏发电技术》实验课程部分。成果导向教育(简称OBE)是一种先进的教育理论,文章对《光伏发电技术》实验课程进行了基于OBE理论的改革探索,首先明确了实验课程教学的预期目标成果,然后按照成果目标制订教学计划,通过对钙钛矿太阳能电池系统实验的设计、制备、结果分析讨论和考核等环节,调动学生的主观能动性,培养学生的分析实践能力、创新能力和团队合作能力,鼓励和帮助学生实现目标成果。

Some Remarks about the Deployment of Floating PV Systems in Brazil

Floating photovoltaic systems installed in water bodies such as natural lakes or dams reservoirs, have attracted increased worldwide attention since 2011 and have already been deployed in several countries, including Japan, South Korea and USA. In Brazil, pilot-projects were announced in the reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants of Balbina （State of Amazonas） and Sobradinho （State of Bahia）. Several advantages, not necessarily valid in Brazil, are mentioned for deploying this kind of technology, such as an increase in energy generation, reduction of water losses through evaporation, low environmental impact, no occupation of land etc. In this article, several of these allegations are analyzed preliminarily under the Brazilian point of view, and relevant considerations are presented. It is concluded that the technical and economic advantages of floating photovoltaic systems are not yet clear in Brazil and that pilot projects, such as those under way, should be used to clarify several important aspects related to them.

Outdoor Performance Evaluation of Grid-Connected PV Technologies in Cyprus

This paper presents the outdoor performance evaluation of different grid-connected PV technologies installed in Cyprus over a two year period. The PV research and testing facility at the University of Cyprus was commissioned in 2006 to perform continuous measurements of meteorological and PV operational parameters. The test site is appropriately equipped to undertake such evaluations at a very high resolution （1 measurement per second）. The perfromance results obtained for the two year evaluation period clearly show how each PV technology has performed under the climatological conditions in Cyprus. Finally the high average energy yield of the fixed plate systems under test, 1580 kWh/kWp and 1609 kWh/kWp during the first and second year of evaluation respectively, also verifies that solar energy is a very promising renewable source of energy for countries with a high solar resource.

Decreasing of Grid-Tied PV Power Output due to Thick Haze Phenomena in Malaysia

Recently, thick haze and poisonous smoke have cloaked the surrounding air in Malaysia due to the uncontrollable and unethical burning of nearby country. This devastating episode of open burning started in the year 1997 in Indonesia which deeply affected most of the ASEAN （association of southeast asian nations） countries especially their neighbour Malaysia and Singapore. The PV （photovoltaic） technology as an alternative means of energy generation experiences such significant energy decrease based on this condition which is due to the shading of sunlight. The 6 h claims of good sunlight has become not more than 2 h and gets worst when the API （air pollution index） struck 200 levels which is at very unhealthy condition. This study embraces some findings from 1 kWp PV generator field data installed in Malaysia reflecting the daily energy decrease operated during this unhealthy weather condition. It is found that, such significant energy decrease with the value of 0.43 W power output per increment of one point API. This value shows such concrete proof of additional factors to be considered in PV modelling in line to support PV technology adaptation in the ASEAN region.

Diffusion of Solar Energy Use in the Built Environment Supported by New Design

Places of large potentials of sustainable energy production and places of large energy consumption are often very different and separated by large distances across the globe. This paper first discusses potentials of solar technology in terms of global availability using PV （photovoltaic） technology and actual energy production. Solar energy is widely under-used and one way to reduce this is to improve production in low-energy places with high demand： large cities. According to this option, about 40% of the electricity consumption in the built environment could be produced by solar PV systems and energy storage systems. This paper discusses conditions in the built environment and functional and design qualities enabling an increased diffusion of the technologies In a comparative analysis of PV technologies, the criteria taken into account encompass efficiency of the type of solar cell and commercial availability. Special attention is paid to the design features of different PV systems, like flexibility, colour and transparency that might help in their utilization as integrated in building material and ornaments in modem architecture. The same procedure is followed for electricity storage devices. The preliminary conclusion is that at present the freedom of design is largest for a combination of crystalline silicon PV cells and Li-ion batteries.

Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of a Solar Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System

New alternatives and inventive renewable energy techniques which encompass both generation and power management solutions are fundamental for meeting remote residential energy supply and demand today, especially if the grid is quasi-inexistent. Solar thermoelectric generators mounted on a dual-axis sun tracker can be a cost-effective alternative to photovoltaics for remote residential household power generation. A complete solar thermoelectric energy harvesting system is presented in this paper for energy delivery to remote residential areas in developing regions. To this end, the entire system was built, modeled, and then validated with the LTspice simulator software via the thermal-to-electrical analogy schemes. Valuable data in conjunction with a novel LTspice circuit were obtained, showing the achievability of analyzing transient heat transfer with the SPICE simulator; however a few of the problems to be solved remain at the practical level. Despite the unusual operation of the thermoelectric modules with the solar radiation, the simulation and measurements were in good agreement, thus validating the new modeling strategy.

Simulation Analysis for Massive Deployment of Variable Renewables Employing an Optimal Power Generation Mix Model

This paper develops a high time-resolution optimal power generation mix model in its time resolution of 10 minutes on 365 days by linear programming technique. The model allows us to analyse the massive deployment of photovoltaic system and wind power generation in power system explicitly considering those short-term output variation. PV （photovoltaic） and wind output are estimated, employing meteorological database. Simulation results reveal that variable fluctuation derived from a high penetration level of those renewables is controlled by quick load following operation of natural gas combined cycle power plant, pumped-storage hydro power, stationary NAS （sodium and sulfur） battery and the output suppression control of PV and wind. It additionally turns out that the operational configuration of those technologies for the renewable variability differs significantly depending on those renewable output variations in each season and solving the seasonal electricity imbalance as well as the daily imbalance is important if variable renewables are massively deployed.

Optical analysis of a hybrid solar concentrating Photovoltaic /Thermal (CPV/T) system with beam splitting technique

A novel hybrid solar concentrating Photovoltaic/Thermal (CPV/T) system with beam splitting technique is presented. In this system, a beam splitter is used to separate the concentrated solar radiation into two parts: one for the PV power generation and the other for thermal utility. The solar concentrator is a flat Fresnel-type concentrator with glass mirror reflectors. It can concentrate solar radiation onto solar cells with high uniformity, which is beneficial to improving the efficiency of solar cells. The thermal receiver is separated to the solar cells, and therefore, the thermal fluid can be heated to a relatively high temperature and does not affect the performance of solar cells. A dimensionless model was developed for the performance analysis of the concentrating system. The effects of the main parameters on the performance of the concentrator were analyzed. The beam splitter with coating materials Nb2O3 /SiO2 was designed by using the needle optimization technique, which can reflect about 71% of the undesired radiation for silicon cell(1.1m < 3m) to the thermal receiver for thermal utility. The performance of this CPV/T system was also theoretically analyzed.