The impact of Polish fiscal policy on economy after accession to the euro area is analyzed in the article. It was found that government spending financed by distortionary taxation affects output in a different way tha...The impact of Polish fiscal policy on economy after accession to the euro area is analyzed in the article. It was found that government spending financed by distortionary taxation affects output in a different way than in case of government spending financed by bonds. Poland＇s accession to the Economic and Monetary Union will reduce the possibility of increased government spending financed by bonds, which in light of the presented model will greatly reduce the possibility of stimulating the economy through fiscal policy.展开更多
With the growing trend of globalization, English learning enthusiasm has increased in the land of China. Universities are no exception, the state of college English teaching invests labor, material and time, which is ...With the growing trend of globalization, English learning enthusiasm has increased in the land of China. Universities are no exception, the state of college English teaching invests labor, material and time, which is enormous. However, far more than the input and output did not reach the desired level that mainly reflected in the students＇ listening and speaking ability that is generally poor. The traditional thing on teaching students English reading, writing and translation capabilities are resulting in a ＂dumb＂ English, ＂deaf＇ English everywhere. In an increasingly integrated world economy today, English is a communication tool; the user in community uses the ability to meet a higher requirement. With reading, writing and translation capabilities, listening, and speaking skills for university graduates, they can have the ability to survive in nature. In the communication, listening and hearing are instant, they did not understand, and cannot say; in a word the communication is doomed to fail. Reading and speaking can be delayed when people cannot read nor write, they can look into the dictionary, ask others with slow discretion.展开更多
Cardiovascular disease, and in particular ischemic heart disease （IHD）, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the very elderly （〉 80 years） worldwide. These patients represent a rapidly growing cohort pr...Cardiovascular disease, and in particular ischemic heart disease （IHD）, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the very elderly （〉 80 years） worldwide. These patients represent a rapidly growing cohort presenting for percntaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, now constituting more than one in five patients treated with PCI in real-world practice. Furthermore, they often have greater ischemic burden than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they have greater scope of benefit from coronary revascularization therapy. Despite this, the very elderly are frequently under-represented in clinical revascularization trials and historically there has been a degree of physician reluctance in referring them for PCI procedures, with perceptions of disappointing outcomes, low success and high complication rates. Several issues have contributed to this, including the tendency for older patients with IHD to present late, with atypical symptoms or non-diagnostic ECGs, and reservations regarding their procedural risk-to-benefit ratio, due to shorter life expectancy, presence of comorbidities and increased bleeding risk from antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications. However, advances in PCI technology and techniques over the past decade have led to better outcomes and lower risk of complications and the existing body of evidence now indicates that the very elderly actually derive more relative benefit from PCI than younger populations. Importantly, this applies to all PCI settings： elective, urgent and emergency. This review discusses the role of PCI in the very elderly presenting with chronic stable IHD, non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. It also addresses the clinical challenges met when considering PCI in this cohort and the ongoing need for research and development to further improve outcomes in these challenging patients.展开更多
文摘The impact of Polish fiscal policy on economy after accession to the euro area is analyzed in the article. It was found that government spending financed by distortionary taxation affects output in a different way than in case of government spending financed by bonds. Poland＇s accession to the Economic and Monetary Union will reduce the possibility of increased government spending financed by bonds, which in light of the presented model will greatly reduce the possibility of stimulating the economy through fiscal policy.
文摘With the growing trend of globalization, English learning enthusiasm has increased in the land of China. Universities are no exception, the state of college English teaching invests labor, material and time, which is enormous. However, far more than the input and output did not reach the desired level that mainly reflected in the students＇ listening and speaking ability that is generally poor. The traditional thing on teaching students English reading, writing and translation capabilities are resulting in a ＂dumb＂ English, ＂deaf＇ English everywhere. In an increasingly integrated world economy today, English is a communication tool; the user in community uses the ability to meet a higher requirement. With reading, writing and translation capabilities, listening, and speaking skills for university graduates, they can have the ability to survive in nature. In the communication, listening and hearing are instant, they did not understand, and cannot say; in a word the communication is doomed to fail. Reading and speaking can be delayed when people cannot read nor write, they can look into the dictionary, ask others with slow discretion.
文摘Cardiovascular disease, and in particular ischemic heart disease （IHD）, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the very elderly （〉 80 years） worldwide. These patients represent a rapidly growing cohort presenting for percntaneous coronary intervention （PCI）, now constituting more than one in five patients treated with PCI in real-world practice. Furthermore, they often have greater ischemic burden than their younger counterparts, suggesting that they have greater scope of benefit from coronary revascularization therapy. Despite this, the very elderly are frequently under-represented in clinical revascularization trials and historically there has been a degree of physician reluctance in referring them for PCI procedures, with perceptions of disappointing outcomes, low success and high complication rates. Several issues have contributed to this, including the tendency for older patients with IHD to present late, with atypical symptoms or non-diagnostic ECGs, and reservations regarding their procedural risk-to-benefit ratio, due to shorter life expectancy, presence of comorbidities and increased bleeding risk from antiplatelet and anticoagulation medications. However, advances in PCI technology and techniques over the past decade have led to better outcomes and lower risk of complications and the existing body of evidence now indicates that the very elderly actually derive more relative benefit from PCI than younger populations. Importantly, this applies to all PCI settings： elective, urgent and emergency. This review discusses the role of PCI in the very elderly presenting with chronic stable IHD, non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. It also addresses the clinical challenges met when considering PCI in this cohort and the ongoing need for research and development to further improve outcomes in these challenging patients.
