Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in we...Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in western nations.The majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, which, given the large numbers of people with DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per annum.Despite this public health burden, relatively little seems to be known about either the mechanisms of development or causality.In the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon wall amongst those with a low intake of dietary fiber.In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development.We argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely anecdotal.We have also identified several gaps in the knowledge base which need to be filled before we can complete a model for the etiology of diverticular disease.展开更多
This study analyzes the public relations curricula of 44 American colleges that have a Public Relations （PR） Student Society of America （PRSSA） chapter. Through content analysis, this study examines general requir...This study analyzes the public relations curricula of 44 American colleges that have a Public Relations （PR） Student Society of America （PRSSA） chapter. Through content analysis, this study examines general requirements, core public relations courses, requirements of public relations programs and strategic communication programs, and optional public relations courses offered by the colleges. The findings of this study reveal that very few public relations programs offer courses involving new media, crisis communication, and PR ethics. In order to keep in touch with the fast-changing public relations landscape, more PR programs should require and integrate new media, crisis communication and ethics courses.展开更多
In order to deal with the complex association relationships between classes in an object-oriented software system,a novel approach for identifying refactoring opportunities is proposed.The approach can be used to dete...In order to deal with the complex association relationships between classes in an object-oriented software system,a novel approach for identifying refactoring opportunities is proposed.The approach can be used to detect complex and duplicated many-to-many association relationships in source code,and to provide guidance for further refactoring.In the approach,source code is first transformed to an abstract syntax tree from which all data members of each class are extracted,then each class is characterized in connection with a set of association classes saving its data members.Next,classes in common associations are obtained by comparing different association classes sets in integrated analysis.Finally,on condition of pre-defined thresholds,all class sets in candidate for refactoring and their common association classes are saved and exported.This approach is tested on 4 projects.The results show that the precision is over 96%when the threshold is 3,and 100%when the threshold is 4.Meanwhile,this approach has good execution efficiency as the execution time taken for a project with more than 500 classes is less than 4 s,which also indicates that it can be applied to projects of different scales to identify their refactoring opportunities effectively.展开更多
The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activiti...The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.展开更多
The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was ...The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was divided into three sections： office work, communication/contacts and public relation/advertising, were gathered from tourism business in four districts in Chiang Mai. Results showed that of the tourism business only 54.7% have their own websites. Using ICT for public relations and advertisement purpose, hotel/accommodation was the highest users with majority as 29.3%; followed by tour operator with majority as 26.3%; transportation and souvenir was the lowest number of users with minority as 50.0% and 25.0%. For communication purpose hotel/accommodation business and tour operator business were high users with majority as 56.1% and 43.4% followed by restaurant business as moderate user with majority as 50.0%; and transportation business as the lowest user with minority as 31.1%. The paper suggested to owners of tourism businesses the following： （1） training on ICT application; （2） setting up center of tourism information; （3） low cost of intemet requirement from small tourism business because they lack technical person on ICT usage. Both the local and national governments should have important roles in supporting the small and medium tourism enterprises by providing good public facilities, technical expertise and easy information access.展开更多
This research explored the organization＇s public relationship management practices in corporate blogs on the web. Content analyses of corporate blogs of large Korean firms over two years in a longitudinal design reve...This research explored the organization＇s public relationship management practices in corporate blogs on the web. Content analyses of corporate blogs of large Korean firms over two years in a longitudinal design revealed that relationship management strategies of openness, positivity and sharing of tasks were featured relatively strongly, whereas networking, access, and assurances were enacted relatively weakly. Further, most Korean corporate blogs utilized a tightly controlled top-down strategy. In addition, the use level of relationship management strategy was tied to the kind of corporate blogging strategies, but not to the industry type of the firms. Although utilized the same social media device, corporate blogs enacted different purposes and relational management activities in different countries, indicating that corporate blogs are largely cultural and driven locally.展开更多
基金Supported by Food Standards Agency, N12105Northumbria Colorectal Research Funds
文摘Diverticular disease(DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK.This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in western nations.The majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, which, given the large numbers of people with DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per annum.Despite this public health burden, relatively little seems to be known about either the mechanisms of development or causality.In the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon wall amongst those with a low intake of dietary fiber.In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development.We argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely anecdotal.We have also identified several gaps in the knowledge base which need to be filled before we can complete a model for the etiology of diverticular disease.
文摘This study analyzes the public relations curricula of 44 American colleges that have a Public Relations （PR） Student Society of America （PRSSA） chapter. Through content analysis, this study examines general requirements, core public relations courses, requirements of public relations programs and strategic communication programs, and optional public relations courses offered by the colleges. The findings of this study reveal that very few public relations programs offer courses involving new media, crisis communication, and PR ethics. In order to keep in touch with the fast-changing public relations landscape, more PR programs should require and integrate new media, crisis communication and ethics courses.
文摘In order to deal with the complex association relationships between classes in an object-oriented software system,a novel approach for identifying refactoring opportunities is proposed.The approach can be used to detect complex and duplicated many-to-many association relationships in source code,and to provide guidance for further refactoring.In the approach,source code is first transformed to an abstract syntax tree from which all data members of each class are extracted,then each class is characterized in connection with a set of association classes saving its data members.Next,classes in common associations are obtained by comparing different association classes sets in integrated analysis.Finally,on condition of pre-defined thresholds,all class sets in candidate for refactoring and their common association classes are saved and exported.This approach is tested on 4 projects.The results show that the precision is over 96%when the threshold is 3,and 100%when the threshold is 4.Meanwhile,this approach has good execution efficiency as the execution time taken for a project with more than 500 classes is less than 4 s,which also indicates that it can be applied to projects of different scales to identify their refactoring opportunities effectively.
文摘The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.
文摘The main objective of this research was to study the pattern and suggestion in ICT usage of tourism business in Chiang Mai. One hundred ninety questionnaires, referred from ICT usage pattern in organization which was divided into three sections： office work, communication/contacts and public relation/advertising, were gathered from tourism business in four districts in Chiang Mai. Results showed that of the tourism business only 54.7% have their own websites. Using ICT for public relations and advertisement purpose, hotel/accommodation was the highest users with majority as 29.3%; followed by tour operator with majority as 26.3%; transportation and souvenir was the lowest number of users with minority as 50.0% and 25.0%. For communication purpose hotel/accommodation business and tour operator business were high users with majority as 56.1% and 43.4% followed by restaurant business as moderate user with majority as 50.0%; and transportation business as the lowest user with minority as 31.1%. The paper suggested to owners of tourism businesses the following： （1） training on ICT application; （2） setting up center of tourism information; （3） low cost of intemet requirement from small tourism business because they lack technical person on ICT usage. Both the local and national governments should have important roles in supporting the small and medium tourism enterprises by providing good public facilities, technical expertise and easy information access.
文摘This research explored the organization＇s public relationship management practices in corporate blogs on the web. Content analyses of corporate blogs of large Korean firms over two years in a longitudinal design revealed that relationship management strategies of openness, positivity and sharing of tasks were featured relatively strongly, whereas networking, access, and assurances were enacted relatively weakly. Further, most Korean corporate blogs utilized a tightly controlled top-down strategy. In addition, the use level of relationship management strategy was tied to the kind of corporate blogging strategies, but not to the industry type of the firms. Although utilized the same social media device, corporate blogs enacted different purposes and relational management activities in different countries, indicating that corporate blogs are largely cultural and driven locally.
