城市中心交往空间的公共生活研究探索——读扬·盖尔《公共空间·公共生活》有感

以丹麦哥本哈根为例 ,对城市的公共空间是如何发展 ,其中的公共生活是如何发生的 ,以及如何去研究公共生活进行了探索 ,以便为以人为本的城市规划提供依据。

应用型高校《公共空间设计》课程思政建设路径研究——以茶馆设计为例

应用型本科高校在教学改革与发展中,需要重视课程思政建设,而且在最新的思想政治教育工作会议中,也提出高校做好课程思政建设的新要求。公共空间设计课程在教学中具有较强的综合性和专业性,教学涉及到的学科内容较多,为培养学生的实际学习能力,应该重视公共空间设计课程思政建设工作。目前在增强公共空间设计课程教学效果中,应该结合茶馆设计的相关知识和内容,培养学生对公共空间设计和学习的兴趣,并加强思政教育知识的融入,及时优化和改革公共空间设计课程,提升学生学习积极性。基于此,本文主要分析课程思政建设特点,研究基于茶馆设计的应用型高校公共空间设计课程思政建设价值、问题,最后提出基于茶馆设计的应用型高校公共空间设计课程思政建设策略。

Digital Art as Urban Communication

As mobility and migration become the norm,citizens in modern cities live among people who remain strangers to each other.This creates new opportunities and challenges for urban social life.Public space is a critical forum in which strangers encounter each other and have the opportunity to develop social protocols for coexisting in diversity.New media technologies have huge impact on the form and quality of public space.Digital art can create experimental public spaces in which mediated connections and embodied presence are combined in new ways.Through the practice and research of digital art,we can imagine a communicative city in which urban digital media is less about spectacle,and more about promoting new forms of public speech and social encounter between people.

Spatial Spillover and the Factors Influencing Public Service Supply in Sichuan Province, China

This article examines the spatial characteristics of public service supply and the factors influencing such supply in cities of Sichuan Province, China using spatial-autocorrelation and spatial econometric models with statistical data in 2012. The results demonstrate that expenditures on different types of public services present different spatial autocorrelation patterns. Although the spatial differences in basic public service expenditures are relatively small, a clear fan-shaped spillover to the east can be seen in Chengdu City. Chengdu also shows high clustering of advanced public service expenditures, being a typical core-periphery pattern. Post-earthquake reconstruction expenditures are clustered in the "5.12 Wenchuan earthquake" region and spill over toward cities to the east. The efficiency of public services in the mountainous areas in western Sichuan is low and exhibits a pattern of low-low spatial autocorrelation. The efficiency of public service supply is affected by economic, social, political and geographical factors. Based on the results of this analysis, we recommend a supply strategy that incorporates different types of public services and a specialized public service supply strategy for mountainous areas. Overall public service efficiency should be enhanced by focusing on narrowing the gap in farmers' income among regions and accelerating urbanization. Decision-makers should consider moresupportive policies with regard to providing basic public services in mountainous areas to ensure an equalized supply of basic public services. To enhance the efficiency of advanced public service supply, additional growth pole should be encouraged and incentivized; however, investments are required to drive the development of the peripheral regions through regional economic integration. Both software and hardware types of infrastructure are required to supply services efficiently during post-disaster reconstruction.

Music and Performance as Sonic Acts of Political Struggle; Counter-Political Soundscapes in Urban Realm

The paper takes the relation between soundscapes and power struggles as its problem area and focuses on the role of music that is performed in public protests. It argues that music and street performances are conceived and therefore utilised as sonic acts of political struggle in urban realm. Starting with a general understanding of hearing mechanisms, the study elucidates the relationships among territoriality of soundscape, identity construction, social segregation and polarisation, and finally, power struggle. Within the framework of the intersection area of these concepts, the paper discusses the processes of politisation of soundscape through music as a form of protest event that is performed in public realm. Throughout the paper, it is focused on the significant cases of public protests as well as political events that occured in public space. The main emphasis is on the use of sound technologies to impose power on masses of people. The paper tackles the question of how the salient characteristics of soundscape are sonically adopted as means for counter-political acts in public realm.

The Public Space of Urban Parks from the Perspective of Artistic Quality

With urban development, human＇s demand on environment is growing as well as the taste of art. Presently, urban residents refocus attention on parks due to sustainable development. An urban park, known as a city＇s green lung, is a micro-ecosystem and endowed with special task. An urban park consists of plants, water bodies, public space, wherein public space arrangement/combination will be key for park construction and play a vital role in cultural inheritance.

Space for Hygiene in Housing Architecture

In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.

Postmodern Public Space Our Destiny

The treatise attempts at a philosophical analysis of the category-----public area. It points out the dissension between the traditional and postmodern definition of this conception and the consequences resulting from these different attitudes. As far as the methodology is concerned, the study is based on J. F. Lyotard, presenting the postmodern approach as a greater contribution. In postmodern public area, we can meet two basic types of dissentions, while only the first of them can be solved by further grow of specialization and the expert likes to know.

Clues for Architectural Education： Flexibility in Traditional and Modern Turkish House

Traditional Turkish house which characterized with its original shape of the room, plan layout, construction and roof forms has two main spaces as ＂sofa＂ （common space） and the ＂room＂ differentiate it from the houses in different geographies. The flexibility of the room in traditional Turkish house is characterized with its fixed-in-furniture, which supplies all necessities of a person in a house. This paper will discuss the similarities and differences in use of space between traditional Turkish houses and today＇s flats in apartments. The comprehensions will be made through the field works on traditional houses and with the projects of architecture students in Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanhul. The concept of the students＇ projects is redesigning their own houses. Since the students come from different regions of Turkey, their houses have both similar and different spatial characteristics. Whether the cultural identity of the user plays a role in use of living space will be discussed. The aim of this study is to put the relation between the past and today＇s use of interior spaces of Turkish houses.

From a Vernacular Photograph to an Icon： The Spirited Face of Gezi Park Resistance

During spring 2013, an important uprising had broken out and marked a historic period for political activism in Turkish memory. Focusing on the afterlives of photographic portraits produced during this “Occupy Gezi Movement”, the paper considers iconized digital portraitures as a peculiar genre of vernacular photography and focuses on its visual language, and cultural codes as a part of the underground resisting culture in daily life. It explores different contexts in which photographic portraits have been used as a tool of protest and their various kinds of remediation from the Gezi Park Protest onwards. Private portraits as an agent of resistance have been creatively modified, recreated, rematerialized and circulated in distinct ways during and after the protest： from city walls as stencils, stickers, and graffiti （in actual public spaces） to Facebook profile walls as online digital re-mastering （virtual spheres）. This article concentrates on aesthetics of such iconized digital photographic portraitures in contemporary Turkey. It particularly focuses on one of the instances that have labeled the Occupy Gezi Movement： the death of Berkin Elvan, who turned 15 while in a coma who has been struck in the head by a tear gas canister, fired by police, while on his way to buy bread. This case has been a catalyst for further demonstrations against Turkey＇s ruling party and turned Elvan＇s high-spirited face and dark eyebrows, to one of the strong symbols of the resistance. The teenage boy＇s injury during the protests, his birthday while he was in a coma at the hospital, his death, funeral and commemorations have been stress points in which his photographic portrait have been modified and redesigned according to the occasion and circulated widely. The image of the youth symbol of the struggle and the different kinds of cultural work his photograph have performed is the main focus of this research. The digital social afterlives of Elvan＇s iconized imagery as illustrations and drawings; as stencils and graffiti at streets; as posters and framed photographs in political performances carried around in public spaces and commemorative acts; and as digital data circulated in social media both consisting of indexical and iconic dements regarding their photographic features. This transformation of the single analog vernacular photograph of Elvan to various digital versions and continuous re-interpretation and re-materialization is discussed depending on the local history of the occasion and the critical literature on photographic history and theories of photographic vernacularity. This research makes use of data collecting methods that netnographic research methodology uses. The paper focuses on the ways local vernacularity is historically produced and evolved in this particular time of Gezi Park Resistance.

Improving Conviviality in Public Places： The Case of Naples, Italy

Under the umbrella concept of conviviality in public spaces, a research project on the rehabilitation of urban areas for commercial and retail uses---as engine of a complex process of production of places for social and cultural mixit6--has been defined. The aim of this research has been to produce useful tools for coping with the abandonment of public spaces in former commercial urban areas, without generating anonymous and globalized commercial districts. Through involving local stakeholders in a participatory process, the first phase of the research here presented needs to demonstrate the possible effectiveness of a pilot action plan in dealing with both isolation and gentrification processes of historical centres. The main hypothesis is that traditional retailers should be considered an essential element to ensure effective public use of urban public spaces. The research methodology is based on a qualitative approach. Focussing on the process of impoverishment within local commercial districts, the research group started working with local stakeholders in order to identify priorities and criticisms for enhancing a regeneration process. The case study to be carried out in Naples is the historical market place of Piazza Mercato in the Citth Bassa of Naples （Italy）.

Beyond Public Spaces： Shared Spaces in the Contemporary City

The text aims to investigate the relevance of the concept of＂public space＂ and the continuous variations which have changed its meaning. Going beyond the concept of public space, the author can understand the semantic boundaries of this definition： Today, relational spaces and shared spaces are the forms with which people can express the concept of public space. The gradual spread of new forms of communication has transformed the static view of public space in a more dynamic condition, the distinction between square, street, garden has lost its meaning leaving space to fragments and residues. Contemporary public spaces are defined, as the residual places that come from the abandonment of industries. The large mono-functional voids, which originate from industrial dismantlement, should be strategically reconsidered as new shared public spaces, where the integration between different functions leads to reactivate new forms of re-using of built space.

Analysis of Urban Morphology in Core Towns＇ Neighborhoods of Mexico： Santa Barbara＇s Neighborhood as a Case Study

Cities＇ urban morphology is the result of historic, cultural, political and social processes. The historical cores in Mexican cities have high cultural diversity, which also intermingle pre-Hispanic cultures with colonial forms, as well with modernity and post-modernity irruption. The case study is Santa Barbara＇s neighborhood in Toluca City, which was founded in 1524, and the case study was the first neighborhood in Toluca＇s historical core. At present time, this neighborhood is considered as one of the most dangerous places in the city＇s historical core, therefore, it has been abandoned. This paper will display the changes in urban morphology of the neighborhood through the years from 1877 to 2010. For site evaluation, the methodologies of Ashihara （1982） and Lynch＇s （1961） were used in order to analyze positive and negative spaces, as well as main street visual features, street and avenue directions, street circulation and street circulation path configuration. The results show that the focal nodes are a key factor for economic and social reactivation, with which, through urban activation of vacant lots and the traditional use of the streets as public space, is possible to generate centripetal development to restructure the neighborhood.

The Social Function of Art in the Macedonian Contemporary Society

The recent social processes that are striking the Republic of Macedonia are distorting the nature of many sophisticated socio-anthropological phenomena, including the artistic practices. Thus, we will try to briefly elaborate on several tendencies about contemporary art in the Republic of Macedonia, by ＂screening＂ the theoretical discourses on the issue and by critical perception of recent practices concerning the field. Today＇s views on the creative practices, incorporated in ＂conceptual＂ packages that should develop a new culture of living, are manifested in the creative industries, have been just recently recognized in the Macedonian society. The ＂propaganda＂ character of the treatment of artistic practice changes only formally the media of their manifestations. The idea about the possible and necessary engaged attitude of art towards society had its place also in the modern as well in the postmodern concept of art. In the Republic of Macedonia this ＂ideological＂ attitude towards art regretfully has also become the main mechanism for political domination, manifested mainly in architecture and landscaping of public space. The commercialisation of art supported by the media imposes the discourses of popular art over the content of high art. It seems that art is represented in the field of ＂education and science＂ in the Republic of Macedonia only when certain pragmatic, frequently politicised, interests need to be satisfied.

Personal Urbanities： Domesticating the Public Domain

City and personality have never been easily associated. Historically, since classical antiquity, urban space has always been the reflection of a collective identity representing the natural inclination of human beings to live in group. However, according to Lewis Mumford, the city has been the context in which another ideal arose--the concept of personality. This ideal, according to the official history of urban design, seems to have had a very marginal role, if not as a formal or functional analogous structure. Nevertheless, looking at the physical consistence of built space--as well as its ideal formulation--it is not difficult to find some evidence of Mumford＇s theory. Therefore, the paper, through an architectural overview ranging from classical street-side benches to contemporary digital cities, aims at outlining the progressive change in the representation of urban identities from a collective to a more personal dimension. It describes how public space design, especially during the last 30 years, has redefined its strategies in order to increase the possibilities of personal intervention for users, and it focuses on the gradual shift of this discipline towards other scales, instruments and objectives, in a sudden disciplinary convergence with interior architecture and industrial design. Thus, showing how a pervasive process of domestication is nowadays transforming not only the use, but also the symbolic meaning that the public domain has traditionally had.

Urban-Design Process with Snow and Wind Simulations： A Study on the Kitami City Hall

Regional climatic conditions should be considered while designing urban development plans, with special attention to the impact of snowfall on public spaces in cities with harsh winters. The Kitami-city-hall-renewal project in Hokkaido, Japan was studied as an environmental assessment of snow drifting. Assessments of the two site plans proposed during the architectural planning process （A-type and B-type） were conducted in terms of the following three items： （1） The two site plans indicate snow-drifting problems around the main entrance; （2） More number of local snowdrifts on the main-street sidewalks were suggested in the B-type design; （3） Less number of snowdrifts in the parking area beside the railroad were indicated in the A-type design. These results were reflected in the architectural planning process. On the basis of this study, a desirable design process incorporating environmental assessments has been identified for cities with harsh winters.

Personal Space of Small Mobile Robot Moving towards Standing or Sitting Elderly Individuals

Recently, Japan has experienced a low birthrate and an aging population. The development of communication robots, such as cleaning and a care-giver robot, has been progressing. Care-giver robots provide daily assistance, including contacting emergency services. This study is part of the ＂study on planning techniques of living space in harmony with robots＂, and focused on the elderly. Minimum distance was the subjects felt ＂I do not want any more approached＂. Subjects were 21 elderly persons （eight males and thirteen females）, aged 66-86 years. The experimental room was an assembly room in a public accommodation （14 m× 6.5 m）. The small mobile robot used in this experiment was external form dimensions of 120 mm （W）× 130 mm （D）× 70 mm （H）, In this experiment, considering the personal space as the small mobile robot is watching robot without support function for person. The robot moved toward standing or sitting subjects at constant velocities from a distance 5 m apart. Research factors are 5 angles （0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180°） and 2 speeds （0.08 m/s and 0.24 m/s）.

Communities and the Poetic Imaginary：A Folklore Essay on the Poetry of the Wild Project

Poetry of the Wild is an ongoing artistic and literary project that according to originator Ana Flores＇ conception, invites the public ＂out for a walk＂ to freshly experience their world through word, sound, and image. Inspired by birdhouse design, these unique configurations of ＂poetry boxes＂, combining art and poetry are located in various communal open spaces. Each new project solicits a public response from us all to become catalysts for exploring our environs and questioning how a sense of place informs our consciousness. A folkloristic perspective shapes this discussion about the many variations of this collaborative and public project of poetry boxes, installed on trails, in parks, along rivers, and in library stacks over the past ten years. The primary concerns of folklore interpretation such as tradition, identity, cultural creativity, performance, and narrative analysis, are just a few of the dynamics that can be teased out from investigating a project with such interesting cultural parameters. In this context, cultural sustainability and poetic sensibility deepen our understanding of sense of place, environmental aesthetics, shrine markers, and the scope of individual and communal creative action.

Architectural Requirements for Improving Social Interactions in Subway Stations： An Evidence Based Design Approach

Environmental design is concerned with the function of people within an environment and their interactions. Subway stations spaces are important examples of public spaces that are in close connection with the social life of people. Also, the fact that the social interactions and relations between people and city environments are becoming indispensable for subway station space indicates that these spaces play an essential role in urban life. This paper addresses the result of a study conducted by the authors on the influential elements pivotal to the improvement of social interactions in subway stations. The theory of John Lang in Urban design with consideration of social interaction was considered in this study. The objective of the study was to identify the architectural requirements in improving social interaction between people and environment in subway station spaces according to an evidence based design approach. To do so, relevant literature in different disciplines, architecture, urban design, social sustainability and so on, were reviewed Next, the most important environmental factors which contribute to human behavior in public spaces were derived and analyzed. Data of the study were collected via questionnaires filled out by the users of Tehran＇s subway stations. The collected data were analyzed and the architectural elements/requirements for improving social interactions were classified. The results of the study indicate that in the case of architectural requirements, contribution to the improvement of social interactions, design considerations for physical and mental safety, accessibility and lighting are the most important factors.

Common Spaces in Nomadic Housing： Two Types of Intended Use in Turin City Centre

New nomadism is a movement of global intensification that configures ways of living, inhabiting, and being in the world. The case studies of the temporary residences in Turin, in areas characterized by problems of urban decay and social tensions with a high rate of immigration, are both a technical and social experimental intervention aiming, through the recovery of the existing degraded property, to transform it into a new living model of social housing, from which it will benefit not only the residents but also the entire urban area. The concept of the spaces has profoundly changed. It is no longer tied to the domestic and work sphere only, it now includes all places of associated and collective life.