公园

公园破败了。门口冷冷清清，摆着卖风筝的摊子。这还是两年前我看到的，当时想，很快这个摆风筝的摊子也会消失的，去年经过那里，果然，公园的门前已经门可罗雀。

《公园生活》中“公园”的解读

日本青年作家吉田修一以《公园生活》斩获2002年第127届日本芥川龙之介文学奖。《公园生活》是一部描述现代都市生活的作品,通过描绘人与人之间的关系,将日本现代都市人的内心空虚感以及渴求认同的归属感刻画得淋漓尽致。本文试图通过对"公园"的背景设定探究小说的深层含义。

崇高之美——科塔萨尔小说《公园续幕》叙事美学探析

胡里奥·科塔萨尔短篇小说《公园续幕》于故事之中讲述故事,实现了真实与虚幻的统一与结合,为读者带来阅读的快感与审美的愉悦,并使读者从小说所蕴含的崇高之美中获得灵魂的震撼。本文试运用伯克、利奥塔的崇高理论对该小说进行叙事美学解析,揭示小说于可恐怖性、陌生化叙事与不确定性之上蕴含的审美至境——崇高。

公园里的大坑

一个阳光明媚的星期天，小猪白白和小鸭黑黑起了个大早．一溜烟儿地跑到公园里去玩。

《公园有多宽》测试题

只有去发现数学和传授数学，生活才是美好的。——泊阿松（法国数学家，1781-1840）

施北沧与南通新文化运动

南通人施北沧早年在张謇创办的通州师范学校学习,学成毕业后在海门任教,此间不断接触新思想。后他回到南通,进入张謇创办的伶工学社任教,并广泛参与南通的文化、教育活动。1919年五四运动前后,随着新文化运动在各地的迅猛发展,施北沧受《新青年》影响,不仅赞成胡适等新文化运动的先驱所倡导的文学革命、新诗革命及戏剧改良等主张,而且积极在南通改版后的刊物《公园日报》上撰写文章,大力倡导白话新文学、新文艺创作,在南通新文化运动中发挥了重要作用。

Mating Calls of Six Forms of Pelobatid in Wawu Mountain National Forest Park,Sichuan,China (Anura:Pelobatidae)

The mating calls of six forms belonging to four genera Megophrys,Oreloalax,Scutiger and Leptolalax were recorded in Wawu Mountain National Forest Park,Sichuan Province of China,using cassette tape recorder (Aiwa) and Sony tape with an external microphone.All recordings were analyzed with an IBM PC based 'SIGNAL' software analysis system (Engineering Design,USA).The range of analyzed frequency was set as 0-10 kHz.Acoustic analysis shows that the dominant frequency of L.oshanensis,M.minor,M.sp.,S.(S.)chintingensis,O.omeimontis,and O.schmidti is 4521.9,3456.4,2293.8,1076.5,1071.0 and 1849.4 Hz on average respectively;the note duration is 46.2,90.8,99.6,72.2,78.8 and 110.3 millisecond on average respectively;the note interval is 140.4,253.0,681.4,1517.7,461.3 and 619.5 millisecond on average respectively.One-Way ANOVA analysis indicates that there are significant differences among the analyzed six forms on the dominant frequency,the note duration,and the note interval (P<0.01).Multiple comparisons using Least-Significant Difference (LSD) show that the difference of the dominant frequency between S.(S.) chintingensis and O.omeimontis is not significant (P=0.917>0.05);on the note duration,only L.oshanensis is significantly different from M.minor,M.sp.,O.omeimontis and O.schmidti (P<0.01);on the note interval,L.oshanensis is not significantly different from M.minor,the same with M.sp.versus O.schmidti and O.omeimontis versus O.schmidti (P>0.05).Correlation analysis indicates that there are no significant correlation among the three acoustic characters of dominant frequency,note duration and note interval,and two environmental factors of the elevation and air temperature (P>0.05) except that the note interval is significantly linear correlated with the elevation (r=0.943,P=0.005<0.01).In the light of above,it is suggested that acoustic characteristics of calls are useful in distinguishing forms;the change of the note interval with the elevation may be a kind of strategy of reproduction.

Landscape Design Methods of Urban Sponge Park

Urban rain-caused floods can not be well resolved with rising urban problem. Hence, construction of sponge park is born at the right moment. The research reviewed the concept, content and value of sponge parks and proposed theory and principle of landscape design in order to seek the method of landscape design of sponge parks, improve urban eco-environment and advance harmony development between human and nature.

Study on Plant Landscape Design of Urban Comprehensive Park

The urban comprehensive park is the main body of the urban environment construction, and the plant landscape is the most important landscape element of the comprehensive park. It is helpful for the landscape design of the comprehensive park to improve the environmental quality and the sustainable development of the city. Taking the ＂Nanjiang Park＂ in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou as the research object, the landscape design of plants was explored and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the application forms of plant land- scapes in different functional zones in comprehensive parks. The specific forms of the garden elements had different needs of plant landscape construction. According to the results of case studies, it found that comprehensive parks could improve the functions, create the aesthetic sense, enhance the atmosphere and enhance the taste through plant landscape design. In addition, corresponding suggestions were put forward according to the current situation with the aim to provide references for the future plant landscape design related with garden greens.

Investigation of Macrofungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park at Yinshan Mountains

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the fungi in Wula Mountain National Forest Park. [Method] More than 180 fungal specimens were collected from Wula Mountain National Forest Park from 2009 to 2012 for primarily studying the fungal species diversity. [Results] According to the classification system presented by Ainsworth et al. and with reference to the China catalogue of Macrofungi in species diversity catalogue of Fungi at Wula Mountain National Forest Park was written, involving in 80 species belonging to 43 genera, 22 families, 5 orders and 2 classes in the Basidiomycotina, and 6 species belonging to 2 genera, 2 families, 2 orders and2 classes in Ascomycotina, totally from 86 species, 45 genera, 7 orders, 24 families and 2 subdivisions. Among them, 49 species were edible and 22 species were medicinal, and 18 species were both edible and medicinal, and 7 species were poisonous, and 32 species were wood-rotting, and 5 species were mycorrhizal fungi,and 3 species were newly-recorded ones in Inner Mongolia. [Conclusion] There are still some specimens that have not been identified yet because of lack of literature,thus requiring further study for supplement.

Study of the water quality in Liaohe Park based on the model of GAM

This paper assesses the quality of Daliao river through Liaohe Park based on the model of GAM for water quality analysis and the monitoring data from 2006 to 2011.The results showed that the value of pH per year tended to the average; the DO in 2011 was much higher than that in other years, and the DO in 2006 .was lower than the standard value; the quality risk in six sections was still higher than the standard value in 2007, which was caused by the high concentrations of COD. However, the value of ammonia nitrogen changes was only 40% related to DO and COD.

The impact of tourism on soils in Zhangjiajie World Geopark

The soil hardness, soil water content and soil bulk density along the trails of six scenic spots in the Zhangjiajie World Geopark were measured and analyzed, and the integrated effects of tourism trampling on soils were evaluated for each scenic spots by calculating its soil impact indexes （SII） in the park. The results indicated that visitors＇ activities caused a serious influence on the soil in the park, especially in the two most used scenic spots-- Yellowstone Village and Gold Whip Stream. The impact of tourism on soil mainly occurred within 3 m along the trails. The impact shapes are classified into six type as single-sided node type, double-sided node type, cross node type, single-sided linkage type, double-sided linkage type and short-cut linkage type. Of six types of impact shapes, the single-sided node type and double-sided type were dominant. The average water contents of soil for six scenic spots at sample areas of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m from trial is 36.6%, 24.5% and 2.2% lower than that of the control area, respectively. The average soil hardness for six scenic spots at 1m, 2 m, and 3m from the trails tramped increased 167.9%, and 122.2%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with the control area. Soil bulk density increased 26.5% at 1 m and 20.9% at 2 m from the trails. The main countermeasures for reducing the range and extent of tourism impact on soil are discussed.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

Landscape Design and Control Elements of Urban Wetland Park

Natural wetland system is of great significance for human beings. The ec- ological and social benefits can be fully exploited provided ecological design be tak- en into consideration in urban wetland park planning. Landscape design plays a key role in urban wetland parks. Therefore, it is necessary to rationally distribute land- scape elements and further improve landscape design from quantity and type of the elements on basis of theories in order to provide references for urban wetland park design.

Exploration on New Campus Courier Service Models

Recently,e-commerce develops rapidly,advancing express delivery services,but the whole logistics are incomplete,especially for the issue of ＂the last one-kilometer ＂.For example,the research reviewed status quo and problems of Tianjin Agricultural University and made improvements on campus delivery services to explore the status quo and resolving ways,exploit the hint business opportunity in campus express model,improve efficiency and service attitude and get doublewin of both parties involved.

USERS′ PERCEPTION OF KOWLOON PARK, HONG KONG:VISITING PATTERNS AND SCENIC ASPECTS

Hong Kong is a hyper-dense city with 7x10(6) people living in an area of 1100km(2). One way to improve the livability of compacted and congested cities like Hong Kong is through the provision of urban parks, an aspect that has largely been under-researched. This study focuses on how users perceive and utilize various facilities in the Kowloon Park. The findings revealed that the Kowloon Park is one of the most preferred parks in Hong Kong for both local residents and tourists. Users were quite satisfied with the park's facilities. Notably, the most important component of an urban park is its greenery. This is followed by water elements, seating places, and facilities for various recreational activities. The improvements users would like to see in urban parks include good design and management, meeting users' needs, overcoming barriers to use, and providing a high quality and varied experience for different groups in the community. The findings of this study provide a good basis to address park management issues from the users' perspective. In particular, parks should provide easy access, encourage optimum usage and enable complimentary improvements to the environment.

Seismogenic fault and topography control on the spatial patterns of landslides triggered by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km^2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.

Tourism versus nature conservation: reconciliation of common interests and objectives——an analysis through Picos de Europa National Park

Nature tourism and particularly tourism in national parks have acquired significant importance in contemporary societies. Post-Fordist consumers have reevaluated the meanings of ‘nature' and ‘natural spaces' and now avoid standardization to seek singularity. Tourism in national parks is a consequence of this tendency and has both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of this sociological research is to describe the most relevant conflicts in the Picos de Europa National Park(Spain) involving the park's conservation, local economic development,and tourism. Seven in-depth interviews and three focus groups were addressed to key local stakeholders.In this research were identified three chief areas of existing or potential inter-related conflicts and the main actors interacting with them. The first is on population, particularly, the negative consequences of depopulations on the local socio-economic development and the environment. A second source of conflicts identified is caused by the difficult conciliation between commercial exploitation and conservation of the protected natural area. More precisely, this specific form of tourism positively contributes to the economy of local communities whilst problems can arise for the conservation goals of National Parks. Thirdly, in this research is also analyzed the institutional governance and the inter and intra-governmental conflicts as well as with the Park's management body. These findings provide important information for the improved management of tourism and conflicting interests in natural parks.

Influence of Tourists′ Environmental Tropisms on Their Attitudes to Tourism and Nature Conservation in Natural Tourist Destinations: A Case Study of Jiuzhaigou National Park in China

People′s environmental tropism has an effect on their understanding of tourism-nature relationship,and also influences their attitudes to natural resources utilization and environmental protection.Taking Jiuzhaigou National Park of China as a study case,the authors conducted some quantitative analyses with the tools of SPSS 16.0 and LISREL 8.7,to explore the influence of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in the natural tourist destination.Three hypotheses and the theoretic model of influences of tourists′ environmental tropism on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation have been tested and accepted based on the Structural Equation Model analysis on survey data collected in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China.Some conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) tourists′ human-prioritized concept influences their cognition to tourism-nature relationship.This concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to tourism,but a negative influence on their attitudes to nature conservation;2) tourists′ human-nature coordination concept has a positive influence on their supportive attitudes to both tourism and nature conservation,especially to the latter.This paper generally proves that human′s environmental tropism does have an influence on their attitudes to tourism and nature conservation in natural tourist destinations.

Earthquake-triggered landslides affecting a UNESCO Natural Site：the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake in the World National Park,China

On August 8^(th), 2017, an Ms 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, northern Sichuan Province, China. The Jiuzhaigou Valley World National Park was the most affected area due to the epicentre being located in the scenic area of the park. Understanding the distribution characteristics of landslides triggered by earthquakes to help protect the natural heritage sites in Jiuzhaigou Valley remains a scientific challenge. In this study, a relatively complete inventory of the coseismic landslides triggered by the earthquake was compiled through the interpretation of high-resolution images combined with a field investigation. The results indicate thatcoseismic landslides not only are concentrated in Rize Gulley, Danzu Gully and Zezhawa Gully in the study area but also occur in the front part of Shuzheng Gully along the road network(from the entrance of Jiuzhaigou Valley to Heye Village). The landslides predominantly occur on the east-and southeastfacing slopes in the study area, which is a result of the integrated action of the valley direction and fault movement direction. The back-slope effect and the slope structure caused the difference in coseismic landslide distribution within the three gullies(Danzu Gully, Rize Gully, and Zezhawa Gully) near the inferred fault. In addition, the topographic position index was used to analyse the impact of microlandforms on earthquake-triggered landslides by considering the effect of the slope angle. The study results reveal a higher concentration of landslides in the slope position class of the middle slope(30°-50°) in Jiuzhaigou Valley. These findings can provide scientific guidance for the protection of natural heritage sites and post-disaster reconstruction in Jiuzhaigou Valley.