舒曼《幻想曲集》的双重音乐性格——以《夜晚》和《冲动》为例

舒曼《幻想曲集》的最终定稿时间很短,1837年7月4日至19日,仅16天。部分标题的创作灵感来源于德国作家霍夫曼所写的《卡罗风格的幻想故事》,如“奇妙的梦境”“夜晚”“寓言”等。《夜晚》《冲动》是八首乐曲中的前两首,也是风格迥异的两首作品,它们分别代表着截然不同的两种性格,一个是埃塞比乌斯式的诗意,另一个则是弗洛列斯坦式的英雄气息,二者的结合成了舒曼钢琴音乐的一种艺术特色。这部作品和声新颖,节奏丰富,是舒曼在进入鼎盛期之前的一部极为重要的作品。

舒曼《幻想曲集》之二《冲动》和声分析

《幻想曲集》(OP.12)是一部由八首风格各异的小曲组成的套曲。以该曲集第二首《冲动》为研究对象,以彭志敏《音乐分析基础教程》中"和声分析"章节中的分析方法与步骤为基础,从微观、中观、宏观分析三个层面对这首小品作全面的和声分析。

谈舒曼钢琴曲《冲动》的演奏

文章结合19世纪浪漫主义的音乐风格和舒曼的创作特征,以钢琴作品《冲动》的曲式结构为主线,在演奏技巧及音乐表现两个方面进行探讨。

冲动

我是个瘦弱、文静的男孩子，虽然已经六年级了，但是很少和别人争吵，更别说打架了，然而，今天，我却和人干了一架，手受伤了，被仙人掌刺了14个血洞，血不住地流了出来。

有关《冲动》的说明

编完《凉风系》、《光虫》两本诗集后,浩子问我:这是两本诗歌合集,还是两本书?这个问题令我一惊。事实上,两本集子已先于我做出回答,但当时还是有三个字从我嘴里迸出:两本书。是的,它们是我译出的分类记录。为什么这么说,得从一次失事开始交待。2009年8月4日,我编好的三本电子书稿,全都被小偷窃走。

冲动与心静

人，应该有冲动。冲动，是一种燃烧着的激情，一种强烈的欲望，也是一种“非常”的表达。 新的一年来临了。当新年灿烂的阳光，抚摸着你的身体，温暖着你的心灵的时候，你怎么可能无动于衷？你一定会觉得新年的阳光是新的，而冲动起来。

Influence of Buffering Pressure Characteristics on Shift Clutch Engagement Process

The dynamic math model of shift clutch in engagement process was determined on the basis of hydraulic buffering valve and shift clutch of a power shift steering transmission. The influence of buffering pressure characteristic on shift clutch engagement process was analyzed. The study results could be used to the characteristics match of the shift clutch with the hydraulic system of the high speed tracked vehicle power shift steering transmission and the performance prediction.

EFFECTS OF INCOMING FLOW ASYMMETRY ON SHOCK TRAIN STRUCTURES IN CONSTANT-AREA ISOLATORS

To simulate the actual flowfield at the exit of the supersonic/hypersonic inlet, a wind tunnel is designed to study the flow in the scramjet isolator under the asymmetric incoming flow. And compression fields in the isolator are investigated using wall static and pitot pressure measurements. Three incoming Mach numbers are considered as 1.5, 1.8 and 2. Results show that the increase of the asymmetry of the flow at the isolator entrance leads to the increase of the shock train length in the isolator for a given pressure ratio. Based on the analysis of the flow asymmetry effect at the isolator entrance on the shock train length, a modified correlation is proposed to calculate the length of the shock train. Predicted results of the proposed correlation are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Reliability assessment considering dependent competing failure process and shifting-threshold

The reliability assessment problem for products subject to degradation and random shocks is investigated. Two kinds of probabilistic models are constructed, in which the dependent competing failure process is considered. First, based on the assumption of cumulative shock, the probabilistic models for hard failure and soft failure are built respectively. On this basis, the dependent competing failure model involving degradation and shock processes is established. Furthermore, the situation of the shifting-threshold is also considered, in which the hard failure threshold value decreases to a lower level after the arrival of a certain number of shocks. A case study of fatigue crack growth is given to illustrate the proposed models. Numerical results show that shock has a significant effect on the failure process; meanwhile, the effect will be magnified when the value of the hard threshold shifts to a lower level.

Research on velocity and acceleration geophones and their acquired information

Based on the research of two geophone types （10 Hz moving-coil velocity and piezoelectric acceleration） and their velocity and acceleration parameters, frequency response functions have been determined, as well as the differences between them. Also, shock- vibration tests have been accomplished, not only to explain the two shock response signal differences, but also to analyze the response signal characteristics and its ability to carry information. In addition, seismic data acquisition experiments have been carried out under comparable conditions in the field. A contrast analysis of shot gathers and stack profiles acquired with the two geophone types is given in this paper. The results show that the acceleration signal from the acceleration geophone has a better advantage in terms of high signal-to-noise ratio, high accuracy, high resolution, and quantity of information to better meet current and future requirements for seismic exploration.

SCRAMJET INLET MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The uniform design and response surface methodology （RSM） are applied to the multi-objective optimization of a 2-D mixed compression scramjet inlet. The set of experimental design points on the design space is selected by the uniform design, and the inlet performance is analyzed by computational fluid dynamics （CFD）. Then complete quadratic polynomial response surface approximation models are constructed based on the performance analysis results and then used to replace theoriginal complex inlet performance model. The optimization is conducted using a multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-Ⅱ, and the Pareto optimal solution set is obtained. Results show that the uniform design and RSM can reduce the computational complexity of numerical simulation and improve the optimization efficiency.

Dynamic analysis of pavement on long span steel bridge decks

In order to analyze the dynamic response of pavement on long-span steel bridge decks under random dynamic loads, the irregularities of the pavement surface is simulated with the power spectrum density function, and the random load is calculated according to a vehicle vibration equation of vehicle model. The mechanical responses of three different cases are compared by using a transient dynamic analysis method, i. e., under random dynamic load, constant moving load and dead load respectively. The results indicate that the mid-span of two adjacent transversal diaphragms is the worst load position. The maximum vertical displacement and the maximum transversal tensile stress of the pavement are 1.33 times and 1.39 times as much as those when only considering the impact coefficients. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the mixture design and structural design of pavement, but also puts forward higher demand on the construction and maintenance for steel deck pavement.

Noise Control of a Two Stroke Engine Car

Aim To control the noise of two stroke engine Methods On the basis of noise identification,a new muffler and acoustic shield were designed,Results the car's pass-by noise below the national limit Conclusion through proper noise controlling measures,the pass-by noise of two stroke engines could be reduced under national permitting limit.

Effect of electropulsing on dislocation mobility of titanium sheet

To investigate the effect of the electropulsing on dislocation mobility,specimens cut from the cold-rolled titanium sheet were treated by high density electropulsing with the maximum current density of 7.22,7.64,7.96 kA/mm 2 ,pulse period 110μs.The internal friction and elastic modulus were measured by a dynamic mechanical analyzer（DMA）.When strain amplitude lowers a certain critical one,the damping of the electropulsed titanium sheet is lower than that of the cold-rolled one.When the strain amplitude exceeds the critical one,the damping of the electropulsed titanium sheet is extraordinarily higher than that of the cold-rolled or conventional annealed one.Furthermore,it is found that the damping peak of the electropulsed titanium sheet shifts to lower temperature compared with the conventional annealed one.It is demonstrated that the electropulsing treatment can decrease dislocation tangles and enhance dislocation mobility.

INVESTIGATION IN REDUCING EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM TWO STROKE MOTORCYCLES

Test results of reducing two stroke motorcycle emissions with new type carburettors and electronic fuel injection systems are presented. Analyses and comparison between different systems are discussed. The adoption of electronically controlled injection and corresponding electronic control technique is an effective measure of prolonged vitality to improve emissions from two stroke motorcycles. Suggestions about the strategic steps of China′s motorcycle emission control are proposed.

RESPONSE SUPPRESSION OF COMPOSITES INDUCED BY BUFFETING AERODYNAMIC LOAD

One of the aerodynamic phenomena associated with high performance aircraft is the high frequency vortex induced buffeting. The buffeting load can lead to high cyclic strain and stress,dramatically reduce the fatigue life of composite structures. In this paper, piezoelectric patches are bonded on the surface of composite panel. The dynamic response of the structure is measured by using bonded piezoelectric sensors. Filtered adaptive control algorithm is used to control the strain of piezoelectric actuators actively, so as to increase the modal damping coefficient of the composite panel, suppress the dynamic response and improve the fatigue performance of the structure. The feasibility of this method is verified in model experiments.

Constitutive model for concrete subjected to impact loading

To better design and analyze concrete structures, the mechanical properties of concrete subjected to impact loadings are investigated. Concrete is considered to be a two-phase composite made up of micro-cracks and solid parts which consist of coarse aggregate particles and a cement mortar matrix. The cement mortar matrix is assumed to be elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. Based on the Moil-Tanaka concept of average stress and the Eshelby equivalent inclusion theory, a dynamic constitutive model is developed to simulate the impact responses of concrete. The impact compression experiments of concrete and cement mortar are also carried out. Experimental results show that concrete and cement mortar are rate-dependent. Under the same impact velocity, the load-carrying capacity of concrete is higher than that of cement mortar. Whereas, the maximum strain of concrete is lower than that of cement mortar. Regardless of whether it is concrete or cement mortar, with the increase in the impact velocity, the fragment size of specimens after experiment decreases.

Characteristic of Intelligent Air Bag Venting Structure Actuating by Electrostrictive Stack Actuator

In this paper the conception of smart materials and structures is firstly combined with research of air bag,and the main theory of self adapting cushioning of intelligent air bag is expatiated.The intelligent venting structure is the main part affecting the cushioning result.Electrostrictive material was found having big force,high response speed and wide linearity,and it is fit to utilize in intelligent venting structure. The characteristic of the dynamic response and cushioning actuating of an electrostrictive stack actuator is analyzed,and the result of the computer simulation of the fuzzy control to intelligent venting structure is given.It is concluded that intelligent venting structure has good actuating characteristic and can satisfy the need of intelligent air bag.

MULTI-GRANULE IMPACT MODEL OF NOPD AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Aiming at the impaction among granules of non obstructive particle damping(NOPD), the vibration absorption model for vertical impact of granules is established by adopting Hertz contact theory. The numerical simulation of the granules movement process is proceeded, and the vibration response of a free free uniform beam is obtained for the case when all granules act on it. Through this method, the effect on vibration absorption of impaction is investigated. The simulational data show that multi gra nule vertical impaction is not sensitive to the movement clearance. The vibration absorption is also very well when the clearance changes within a large range. Therefore, the phenomenon that the vibration magnitude may increase if the clearance in a single impact body is improperly selected will not happen. The effect of vibration suppression in the range of middle and high frequencies(2 500~6 000 Hz) is better than that in the range of low frequency(<2 500 Hz). It indicates that the effect on vibration absorption of multi granule can well restrain the vibration of middle and high frequencies.

Dynamic Response of Stepped Beams Under Impulsive Loading

Aim To analyze dynamic failure of aerospace strutures subjected lateral impulsive loading. Methods Structures were modeled as rigid-perfectly plastic free-free stepped beams. Basic equations of motion un set up for analysis. Results Final pat deformation and rigid motion solutions were determined for a uniform impulsive loading. The critical rupture conditions for a space shuttle and a missile were obtained. Conclusion Failure is possible for aerospace structures under a uniform impulsive loading, but it is mere difficult in space.