《分苹果》教学设计

设计理念:《数学课程标准》中指出,动手实践、自主探究、合作交流是学生学习数学的重要方式。数学知识、数学思想和方法必须由学生在现实的数学实践活动中理解和发展。我在设计时,创设了续编故事、趣味练习、用学具摆一摆、同桌交流、小组讨论等多种形式的活动,让学生从生活经验和客观事实出发,在研究问题的过程中学习数学、理解数学和发展数学。

Study and Application of Partial Least Squares Regression on Relationship between Soil Nutrient and Fruit Quality

[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.

分苹果

今天，我邀请了几个好朋友到我家来做客。妈妈叫我拿苹果招待大家，可是家里只有4个苹果，怎么分呀？

Study on Analytical Method of Endosulfan Residue in Apple

This study was conducted to establish an analytical method for endosulfan residue in apple. Samples were extracted with 30 ml of acetone ： ethyl acetate （9：1）, purified with FlorisiL （containing activated carbon）, and detected by GC. Under those detection conditions, the detection limits of α-endosulfan, 15-endosulfan and endosulfate were 10^-11, 10^-11, and 2.5×10^-11 g, respectively. The recoveries of α-en- dosulfan were in the range of 89.49%-95.34%, with CVs in the range of 1.45%- 2.69%; the recoveries of β-endosulfan were in the range of 99.35%-100.63%, with CVs in the range of 1.39%-4.72%; and the recoveries of endosulfan suffate were in the range of 95.32%-101.15%, with CVs in the range of 1.19%-3.21%. The accu- racy, precision and sensitivity of the method all satisfy the requirements of pesticide residue analysis.

Analysis on Apple Tree Structures by Free Spindle Pruning Mode

To determine the correlation between the stem taperingness and central shaft by free spindle pruning mode on different apple cultivars, the central shaft growth data of three cultivars of free spindle short shoot ＂Fuji＂, free spindle long shoot ＂Fuji＂, free spindle ＂Huaguan＂ were investigated in Xingtang County of Hebei Province by SPSS analysis. The results showed that the stem taperingness on free spindle short shoot ＂Fuji＂ was in negative correlation with central shaft, but the correlation was not significant. While the stem taperingness on free spindle long shoot ＂Fuji＂ was in positive correlation with central shaft, but the correlation was not significant either. The stern taperingness on free spindle ＂Huaguan＂ was in negative correlation with central shaft, and the correlation between the stem taperingness and the central shaft total length was significant at the level of 0.01. The results.provided scientific theoretical basis for guiding the dwarfing rootstocks close planting apple tree pruning technology.

不应冷落课堂中的“异类”声音

最近听了一节小学一年级数学课《分苹果》，教师为活跃课堂气氛，讲述了一个生动的自然数的故事：在0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9这十个数字中，9最大，他趾高气扬，看不起小数字0和1；0和1也不自卑，他们决定联合起来对付9。大家想一想，1和0怎么才能让9瞧得起，做到比9大？

分苹果

星期天，姨妈给我和哥哥带来三个又大又红的苹果。我和哥哥坐在客ting的沙发上分起苹果来，我一个，哥哥一个．还sheng一个最大最红的苹果，分给谁好呢？哥哥灵机一动想出了一个好主意。哥哥说：“妈妈一天忙里又忙外，非常辛苦。

分苹果

免妈妈去看外婆了，兔哥哥和兔弟弟留在家里看家。兄弟俩玩了一会儿，想吃苹果了。来到装苹果的篮子前，篮子里只剩下一个苹果。“切开，一人一半。”免弟弟说。

Measurement of sugar content in Fuji apples by FT-NIR spectroscopy

To evaluate the potential of FT-NIR spectroscopy and the influence of the distance between the light source/detection probe and the fruit for measuring the sugar content (SC) of Fuji apples, diffuse reflectance spectra were measured in the spectral range from 12500 to 4000 cm^-1 at 0 mm, 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm distances. Four calibration models at four distances were established between diffused reflectance spectra and sugar content by partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The correlation coefficients (R) of calibrations ranged from 0.982 to 0.997 with SEC values from 0.138 to 0.453 and the SECV values from 0.74 to 1.58. The best model of original spectra at 0 mm distance yielded high correlation determination of 0.918, a SEC of 0.092, and a SEP of 0.773. The results showed that different light/detection probe-fruit distances influence the apple reflective spectra and SC predictions.

Prediction of valid acidity in intact apples with Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy

To develop nondestructive acidity prediction for intact Fuji apples, the potential of Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) method with fiber optics in interactance mode was investigated. Interactance in the 800 nm to 2619 nm region was measured for intact apples, harvested from early to late maturity stages. Spectral data were analyzed by two multivariate calibra- tion techniques including partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) methods. A total of 120 Fuji apples were tested and 80 of them were used to form a calibration data set. The influences of different data preprocessing and spectra treatments were also quantified. Calibration models based on smoothing spectra were slightly worse than that based on derivative spectra, and the best result was obtained when the segment length was 5 nm and the gap size was 10 points. Depending on data preprocessing and PLS method, the best prediction model yielded correlation coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.759, low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0677, low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.0562. The results indicated the feasibility of FT-NIR spectral analysis for predicting apple valid acidity in a nondestructive way.

分苹果的故事（外一篇）

亲爱的读者，我们想在这个栏目里把林夕的散文推荐给大家。相灼姐姐和林夕正怀着忐忑的心情等待着大家的回音。

Effects of Solvent and Impurities on Crystal Morphology of Zinc Lactate Trihydrate

The crystal morphology of zinc lactate trihydrate in the absence or presence of impurities(viz.succinic acid,L-malic acid and D-malic acid)is investigated by molecular simulation based on surface docking model and COMPASS force field.Combing simulation results with our previous experimental results,it is found that the solvent mainly has an inhibition effect on the(0 0 2)surface,and succinic acid impurity will inhibit the growth of(0 0 2)and(0 1 1)surfaces while two enantiomers of malic acid impurity will inhibit the(0 0 2)and(1 0 0)surfaces,which are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Density Functional Theory Study of Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectra of Urea L-Malic Acid

Urea L-malic acid, a new second order nonlinear optical crystal, was studied using density functional theory （DFT）. PBEPBE/6-31＋G（d,p） method, the optimal method for comparing the results from the several DFT methods, was chosen to study the molecular structure. Infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra were obtained and compared with experiments. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum was also analyzed by the molecular orbital population. The geometries, and the infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra in water were studied using DFT methods in combination with the polarized continuum model to predict the perturbations by the solvent effect.

Assessment of Patulin Content in Apple Puree and Apple and Fruit Puree by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

An analytical method was developed and validated for determination of patulin in apple puree by HPLC. Extraction and clean-up ofpatulin from clear extract are achieved on AFFINIMIP SPEPATULIN cartridges. Patulin is then separated on a Hypersil GOLD column 150 mm × 4 mm, 5 μtmand detected at 276 nm. The recovery in the range of 5 μg/kg-80 μg/kg was 81.47%. The limit of detection （LOD） was 1.36 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification （LOQ） was 4.55 μg/kg. The patulin content of the commercial samples of apple puree and samples of apple and fruit puree forinfants and young children as well as the samples of apple puree prepared from two apple varieties intended for processing （Jonathan, Florina） and obtained from conventional and uncertified organic cultures has been evaluated in this paper. The 44.83% patulin concentration of the analyzed samples were under the maximum level of the European Commission Regulation （EC） 1881/2006, in 46.55% of the analyzed samples patulin was not detected and in 8.62% of samples patulin concentration was lower than LOQ （European Comission, 2006a） Patulin was not detected in samples of apple puree intended for infants and young children consumption.

Extraction of Proteins from Apple Leaves for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Analysis

In order to develop an efficient method about protein extraction which is suitable for apple proteomic analysis, four protocols of total protein extraction from apple leaves, which are trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method （TCA）, phenol extraction methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation method, Tris-HCl extraction method and modified Tris-HCl extraction method were compared. The results showed that the modified Tris-HCl extraction method was the most suitable method in protein extraction for two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） from apple leaves based on the highest resolution and more informative spots of 2-DE gels with no apparent vertical or horizontal streaking.