我国医学教育的开山之刊《医育》

为廓清中国医学各学科期刊的发展脉络 ,运用文献考证和编辑学方法对创刊于 1935年 10月的《医育》月刊做了首次研究。确认其为最早的医学教育期刊。将其特色归结为 :反映医学教育的发展进程和水平、反映医学院校发展概况等 ,并对其动态栏目设置 ,编辑点评和倡导学术争鸣、倡导医学论文的规范化 ,倡导教、研相长和编、研相长等编辑思想和方法做了分析。

民国医学教育刊物《医育》的特色及价值

介绍了民国医学教育刊物《医育》杂志办刊的背景,办刊目的在于及早确定医学教育的方法,预防畸形发展;重点描述了刊物的主要内容,包括教学方法探讨、国外医学教育介绍、医学教育相关制度讨论、医史论文、医学教育相关规定、会议记录、工作报告等;指出《医育》的特色在于注重教学方法的探讨,有利于促进学校师资教学水平的提高;关注医学教育的热点问题;官方色彩浓厚,是了解当时各医学院校情况的一个窗口;对于了解近代医学教育的形成、发展有较高的参考价值。

抗日战争时期的医学教育专刊《医育》研究

1935年10月创刊的《医育》，开中国医学教育专刊之先河。与其他医学期刊所不同的是，《医育》有着浓厚的官方背景。它由国民政府教育部医学教育委员会主办，多由医界的权威学者担任主编、编者及作者。《医育》刊行时间为1935—1941年，一度成为反映抗日战争时期中国医学发展水平与成果、反思中国医学教育以及传播医学知识的重要阵地。该刊的创办与发展，从一个侧面映射出20世纪30年代中叶至40年代初科技期刊与中国社会之间的互动关系。

English Forum on Medical Humanities of SMMU:An interdisciplinary innovative teaching practice

To conform to the college English teaching reform from English for General Purposes (EGP) to English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in the vital transfer era, the Foreign Language Department of Second Military Medical University (SMMU) launched an English for Medical Academic Purpose (EMAP) curriculum with English Forum on Medical Humanities (EFMH), a project-based teaching practice. Based on Rogers' learner-centered humanistic teaching approach which emphasizes students' involvement and experiences in learning, EFMH puts students and their practice in a central place. After four-year exploration and operation, the Forum has developed from a small-scaled embryo into an internationalized, standardized and professionalized event, having produced fruitful outcomes. It is expected that the success of EFMH will provide inspiring experiences and enlightenments for higher medical education in terms of academic English teaching and teachers' responsibilities to foster high-quality medical students.

Implementation and evaluation of a pain management core competency education program for surgical nurses

Objective:To investigate the effect of a pain management core competency education program on surgical nurses’pain knowledge and pain management nursing practice behaviors.Methods:An 8-h education program focused on pain management core competency was provided twice in two weeks including the multidimensional nature of pain,pain assessment,pharmacological and nonpharmacological management,and knowledge application was developed and implemented for surgical nurses by a multidisciplinary team.Multimodal teaching approaches such as didactic teaching and vignettes of cases for nurses to discuss were used.The Clinical Pain Knowledge Test(CPKT)was completed by 135 and 107 nurses from 17 surgical wards pre and post-program,respectively.Two hundred and three patients’medical records were randomly sampled according to the number of operations in each ward one week before and in the fifth week after the intervention,respectively.Documentation of patients’postoperative pain management nursing practice behaviors and pain intensity scores were collected.Results:After the intervention,the CPKT scores of nurses significantly increased from 45.6%±12.3%to 54.2%±10.2%(t=5.786,P<0.001).Nurses’postoperative pain management nursing practice improved,with proportion of pain assessment documentation increased from 59.6%(121/203)to 74.9%(152/203)(χ^(2)=10.746,P=0.001),those using pain intensity assessment tools increased from 81.8%(99/121)to 95.4%(145/152)(χ^(2)=13.079,P<0.001),and intramuscular injection of nonopioids decreased from 12.6%(13/103)to 2.7%(3/111)(χ^(2)=7.598,P=0.006).Patients’average worst pain score on the operation day significantly decreased(Z=-2.486,P=0.013),and scores from the first to the third postoperative day also decreased(Z=-2.172,P=0.030).Conclusions:Implementation of a pain management core competency education program for surgical nurses can increase their knowledge of core competencies of pain management,improve selected pain management practices,and decrease patients’postoperative pain intensity.

Social Public Care Ahead

China faces toughest after-quake reconstruction since 1976.In contrast,with neighbouring Myanmar s lethargic and secre- tive handling of its cyclone ten days earlier, China responded to the earthquake rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness.

Genetics in medical school curriculum:A look at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry

Genetics is assuming an increasingly important role in medicine. As a result,the teaching of genetics should also be increased proportionally to ensure that future physicians will be able to take advantage of the new genetic technology,and to understand the associated ethical,legal and social issues. At the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry,we have been able to incorporate genetic education into a four-year medical curriculum in a fully integrated fashion. This model may serve as a template for other medical curriculum still in development.

Problems and Countermeasures of Art Education in Medical Universities under the Background of Education Reform

Art education is an important part of the comprehensive implementation of quality-oriented education, and it is an important method for medical students to recognize perceptual world, to enrich their thoughts and feelings, and to regulate their physical and mental health, so it is very important for the growth of medical students under the background of education reform. Based on the analysis of the existing problems of art education in medical universities, this paper points out the importance of art education for medical students in medical universities, and tries to make some countermeasures and suggestions to strengthen the art education for medical students.

Evaluation of Education of Veterinarians in Animal Welfare Issues

Education of veterinarians in animal welfare issues is important to improve the welfare and health of animals. A questionnaire to 250 veterinarians related to their knowledge on animal welfare issues has been carried out at the Veterinary School of the University of the Republic, Uruguay, during March-April 2012. The questions were related to the courses on animal welfare veterinarians received, their main field of work, the importance given to the information offered and the quality of the topics addressed. From the total of veterinarians surveyed, 45% （112） answered the questionnaire. Of those who responded, 47% attended to three or more animal welfare courses, 18% assisted to two courses and 22% to one. The occupation of the 82% of respondents was with beef and dairy cattle （large animals） or in the meat industry equally. 10% works with small animals （especially pets） and poultry （production and industry）. The 95% of respondents considered that animal welfare is very important for their daily work with animals 65% reported that animal welfare concepts have high applicability in their job. 85% considered that animal welfare should be part of the veterinary curricula and 100% expressed their compliance to be present in other courses on the subject. These results emphasize the importance afforded by Uruguayan veterinarians to improve their knowledge on animal welfare and to continue including specific courses in the veterinary curricula.

PROSPECT OF MEDICAL GENETICS IN CHINA FROM A HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW

The history of medical genetics is briefly reviewed. It is evident that medical genetics with its inseparable part, clinical genetics, started out as a cfinical science from the very beginning. Its robust development in the developed countries is the result of a close interaction between the basic sciences and clinical genetics. In China, however, clinical genetics has not received due emphasis and medical genetics is still not recognized as one of the medical specialties. This is in marked contrast to the situation in the West. It is high time to acknowledge that medical genetics is a medical specialty and to promote clinical genetics service in qualified hospitals in our country.

Gastroenterology training in Latin America

Latin America is characterized by ethnic, geographical, cultural, and economic diversity; therefore, training in gastroenterology in the region must be considered in this context. The continent’s medical education is characterized by a lack of standards and the volume of research continues to be relatively small. There is a multiplicity of events in general gastroenterology and in sub-disciplines, both at regional and local levels, which ensure that many colleagues have access to information. Medical education programs must be based on a clinical vision and be considered in close contact with the patients. The programs should be properly supervised, appropriately defined, and evaluated on a regular basis. The disparity between the patients’ needs, the scarce resources available, and the pressures exerted by the health systems on doctors are frequent cited by those complaining of poor professionalism. Teaching development can play a critical role in ensuring the quality of teaching and learning in universities. Continuing professional development programs activities must be planned on the basis of the doctors’ needs, with clearly defined objectives and using proper learning methodologies designed for adults. They must be evaluated and accredited by a competent body, so that they may become the basis of a professional regulatory system. The specialty has made progress in the last decades, offering doctors various possibilities for professional development. The world gastroenterology organization has contributed to the speciality through three distinctive, but closely inter-related, programs: Training Centers, Train-the-Trainers, and Global Guidelines, in which Latin America is deeply involved.

Importance of Nurses＇ Clothes Etiquette in Medical Education

Good clothes etiquette of nurses can meet the mental needs of patients, which can promote early recovery of patients. A nurse with a good clothes etiquette style conveys the information to the patients, which can produce a positive effect, so nurses＇ appropriate clothes appearance, proper manners, kind and amiable attitude and appropriate discourse and other good clothes etiquettes can achieve the effect that the medicine can not achieve.

Analysis on Humanistic Education of Medical Students

Medical students are the major force of future medical scientific research and clinical work, and itis of great necessity for medical students to have humanistic education, which is also an inevitable way of improving medical students＇ clinical practice quality. Social progress demands that medical students should not only have excellent professional skills, but also be able to think about problems from medical,social, moral and ethics perspectives, establishing the people-oriented patient-centered noble medical ethics, having a good ability to communicate with people.

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional health care sports on the development of modem community sports

After thousands of years of history, traditional Chinese medicine and traditional health care sports survive the fittest in the screening of the natural law, breeding, enduring Cheung, and reflects the inherent vitality. Investigation thoroughly on the effect of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional health care sports for the development of modem community sports is to examine and understand its meaning and value from a higher level, to better inherit and carry forward the excellent traditional culture of China and thus to explore meeting point of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional health sports and modem sports. It also ensures the community to establish a healthy concept, improve the cultural quality, strengthen the moral cultivation, rouse the national spirit, increase life interest and form the modem community culture. In short, by the national education of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional protection movement, there is a unique advantage other cultures are incomparable.

A Survey Report about the General Situation of the Students in Adult Higher Medical Education

This survey was implemented, so that the general situation of the students in adult higher medical education is more accurately and comprehensively known, and also adult education and teaching work can be developed in a targeted way. 193 students attending adult education junior college participated in this survey, and the surveyed details included the general situation of student sources, the ideological trends, and the degree of the cognition on the majors, the degree of the recognition on teaching, the employment concept, and the problems in the current jobs. By a statistical analysis, a foundation is further laid for the effective work of adult higher medical education.

Effects of drug relief hospital-based AIDS educational methods on drug users

The objective of this study is to explore a potentially effective training method for the hospital professionals to educate drug users and to enhance their knowledge of HIV infection. One hundred and sixty one subjects, who came from 13 different provinces and were admitted in a drug relief hospital in Beijing, were recruited for this study. The average age of these subjects was 35.21±6.24 year old. The average numbers of years for drug addiction were 7 years, and the average numbers of drug relief treatment received in the past was 5.5 times. The level of AIDS knowledge of these subjects, including pathogenic factors, source of infection, route of transmission and preventive measures, were evaluated before and after receiving the AIDS educational training to these drug users. Our results showed that there was a statistically significant increase (P<0.01) in the knowledge of HIV infection and prevention among these subjects. Positive attitude and behavioral tendencies toward HIV prevention were also improved. Therefore, it is imperative for the medical professionals to incorporate AIDS education into drug relief treatment to achieve the maximum effect on the knowledge of AIDS and improvement of positive attitudes and behaviors toward HIV prevention among drug users.

Nurses’perception on competency requirement and training demand for intensive care nurses

Objectives Various authors have explored the combination of competencies necessary for ensuring safe and quality care carried out by nurses in Intensive Care Units(ICUs).Nurses’perception of training is an element that must be studied in order to adopt appropriate educational measures.This study aimed to evaluate nurses’perception of the importance of intensive care training in Spain.Methods A descriptive,cross-sectional,multicentre study was conducted on a national level in Spain.Totally 85 ICUs took part in the study.The questionnaire used was developed using the Delphi method and had 66 items to investigate nurses’perception on competency requirements and training needs.The evaluation was conducted by a 10-point Likert scale.Results The sample was 568 Spanish nurses.Significant differences were found on an academic level,in terms of gender and hospital type,and in the professional experience of the nurse when it comes to evaluating the different training items;the differences in overall questionnaire scores among these groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).The nurses analyzed believe that previous training and professional experience in other care services are necessary before starting work in an ICU.Conclusion Implementation of training programs tailored to the needs of critical nurses had benefits for nurses and the health system.Nurses benefited from training focused on the skills and knowledge of each moment of their working life.Nurses have a different evaluation of their training needs throughout their professional cycle.Therefore,their training must be adapted to the professional stage of each nurse.

A Task-driven Medical Teaching Design under the Guidance of B-learning

A new challenge has been brought by the rapid development of information technology to medical teaching, and the teaching reform of the medical education in China should be deepened for attaining a development. The core of deepening medical teaching reform is to break the traditional teaching model （i.e. giving a lecture）, and create a better classroom teaching situation by making full use of the modern teaching methods. In B-learning, the effective combination of the traditional teaching method＇ s advantages with the E-learning in a pure technical environment is advocated. In the task-driven teaching, a teaching design is made by students in a real or simulated real environment. In this paper, the effective combination of B-learning with the task-driven teaching model is introduced, so that the better teaching effect is achieved.

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.

Changing paradigm of cancer therapy：precision medicine by next-generation sequencing

Precision medicine aims to identify the right drug, for the right patient, at the right dose, at the right time, which is particularly important in cancer therapy. Problems such as the variability of treatment response and resistance to medication have been longstanding challenges in oncology, especially for development of new medications. Solid tumors, unlike hematologic malignancies or brain tumors, are remarkably diverse in their cellular origins and developmental timing. The ability of next-generation sequencing(NGS) to analyze the comprehensive landscape of genetic alterations brings promises to diseases that have a highly complex and heterogeneous genetic composition such as cancer. Here we provide an overview of how NGS is able to facilitate precision medicine and change the paradigm of cancer therapy, especially for solid tumors, through technical advancements, molecular diagnosis, response monitoring and clinical trials.