森鸥外文学中的近代化书写--《半日》《修建中》论

近代化书写是森鸥外文学的一大创作主题。作为兼具东西方文化视野的近代文豪,森鸥外在文学表达中一贯坚持尝试寻找东西方价值观的结合点,通过调和东西方文化的矛盾积极探索日本近代化模式,其作品聚焦封建与近代、保守与进步、秩序与个体等日本近代化进程中的突出矛盾,体现出知识人对社会的自觉思考和文学的时代关照。步入创作丰硕期后的森鸥外文学在拓展初期主题的同时,表现方法上有了较大的变化,较之初期作品的感伤性与抒情性,中后期作品则表现出冷峻的凝视、理性的写实与批判的精神,《半日》《修建中》中鲜明地体现出这种转变特征。在两部作品中森鸥外运用高超的象征性叙事揭示了日本近代化进程中的困境与矛盾,他将新旧价值观的问题、先进与落后的问题、个人利益与国家利益的问题等日本近代化进程中需要超越的重要课题统摄于两作中,从文学层面为在近代化困境中挣扎的近代日本人提供了反思的视角。其对近代化进程所进行的理性思考与批判性书写,正是时代的迫切性与作家个体的自觉性催生的产物。

词汇衔接链对小说语篇多重意义的揭示——以《半日》为例

词汇衔接作为主要的衔接手段之一,是分析语篇、理解语篇的重要步骤.本文通过分析马哈福兹的短篇小说《半日》,旨在探究词汇链这一衔接形式对揭示小说语篇主题,解读小说语篇多重意义的重要价值.

森鸥外《半日》的家庭伦理书写

森鸥外小说《半日》被誉为“森鸥外的第二处女作”,这部作品揭开了其文学“丰熟时代”的序幕。文章以此为研究对象,首先立足文本,观察作品中所涉及的各种家庭伦理现象和道德现象,辨识作家的文学叙述所呈现出的特殊历史与时代;其次结合传记研究,考察作品中所隐匿的作者森鸥外的现实家庭,从而推论作家叙述家庭伦理道德现象时,其内在的伦理关切、道德意识、价值取向以及这些精神、情感因素与时代、历史、文化之间呈现出的共振关系。

短篇小说《半日》中的苏非主义意象探讨

埃及当代著名作家纳吉布·马哈福兹的小说《半日》语言艺术卓越,文章的主旨和意象主要受到了阿拉伯传统文化与阿拉伯哲学、宗教,尤其是伊斯兰苏非主义思想的影响,在《半日》中作者通过爱、生命、死亡、宗教等多种意象表达了其苏非主义社会思想以及哲学观念。

Effects of internal tidal dissipation and self-attraction and loading on semidiurnal tides in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea： a numerical study

A parameterized internal tide dissipation term and self-attraction and loading(SAL) tide term are introduced in a barotropic numerical model to investigate the dynamics of semidiurnal tidal constituents M_2 and S_2 in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea(BYECS). The optimal parameters for bottom friction and internal dissipation are obtained through a series of numerical computations. Numerical simulation shows that the tide-generating force contributes 1.2% of M_2 power for the entire BYECS and up to 2.8% for the East China Sea deep basin. SAL tide contributes 4.4% of M_2 power for the BYECS and up to 9.3% for the East China Sea deep basin. Bottom friction plays a major role in dissipating tidal energy in the shelf regions, and the internal tide eff ect is important in the deep water regions. Numerical experiments show that artifi cial removal of tide-generating force in the BYECS can cause a signifi cant dif ference(as much as 30 cm) in model output. Artifi cial removal of SAL tide in the BYECS can cause even greater diff erence, up to 40 cm. This indicates that SAL tide should be taken into account in numerical simulations, especially if the tide-generating force is considered.

THE APPLICATION OF TIDAL SIGNAL EXCLUSION SCHEME FROM INITIALIZATION IN A GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL

In this paper, some corrections was made to the assumption that the forcing is quasi-static, which is the basis of the nonlinear diabatic initialization scheme adopted by a global model T106L19. Thus the tidal signal is expressed and excluded from the initialization scheme. It shows that the new scheme captures the semi-diurnal pressure variation and is much closer to the uninitialized field. Compared with the standard initialization scheme, both the anomaly correlation coefficients and RMS of 500 hPa geopotential height simulated under the new scheme have improved significantly.

Development and Practical Applications of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes

The practical application of semiconductor-based high-efficiency white-light sources, also known as light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, is a recent development of Japanese engineering. This development could be a game-changer for lighting worldwide, given that current power consumption for lighting accounts for 16% of the total electricity consumption in Japan.

Optimizing Fertilizer Use by Smallholder Farmers and Economic Returns to Maize in Semi-arid Niger

Maize （Zea mays L.） is an important food crop in Niger, but low and irregular rainfall combined with sandy soils having low fertility level limit productivity. A two-year study was conducted at Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger （INRAN） stations in Tarna/Maradi and Bengou/Gaya in 2014 and 2015 in order to evaluate maize agronomic and economic fertilizer use efficiency. The experimental design was a randomised complete block design （RCBD） with three replications. Results indicate higher effect of fertilizer in 2015 compared to 2014. At low N rates 20 kg N/ha and 40 kg N/ha, application of 20 kg P/ha increased maize grain yield across locations and years. The highest agronomic efficiency of N （AEN） was recorded with 60 kg N/ha in 2015 at Bengou and Tarna with 9.65 kg and 14.05 kg grain yield per kg of applied N, respectively. At Tarna, the low N rates of 20 kg N/ha and 40 kg N/ha recorded important AEN of more than 12 kg yield increases per kg of applied N. The highest rainfall use efficiency （RUE） of 6.13 kg/year/mm was obtained with application of 80 kg/ha N, 0 kg/ha P and 40 kg/ha N, 20 kg/ha P in 2015 at Tarna. Without P, the highest value cost ratio （VCR） value of 4.31 was recorded at Tarna in 2015 with 60 kg/ha N, and the lowest value of 0.08 at Bengou in 2014 with 20 kg/ha N. Based on VCR and RUE derived from this study, the optimal fertilizer recommendation for maize in the semi-arid conditions of Niger could be 40 kg/ha N, 20 kg/ha P and 0 kg/ha K.

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Cysteamine on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Antioxidant Status in Finishing Pigs

The current study was to investigate the effects of cysteamine （CS） on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and antioxidant status in finishing pigs. A total of 24 crossbred （PIC variety） finishing pigs （60.05±1.24 kg, 12 gilts and 12 barrows） were assigned randomly to one of the three dietary groups, with four pens/group （one gilt and one barrow per pen）. Pigs were fed with a basal diet containing 0 （control）, 70, or 140 mg/kg CS for 47 days. The results indicated that dietary CS supplementation increased （P〈0.05） the average daily gain and feed intake with optimal responses occurring at 70 mg/kg. Dietary supplementation of CS increased （P〈0.05） the dressing percentage and lean percentage of finishing pigs with optimal responses occurring at 140 mg/kg. The CS supplementation, however, had no effect （P〉0.05） on meat quality. Dietary CS supplementation increased （P〈0.05） total antioxidant capacity （T-AOC） and decreased malondialdehyde （MDA） with optimal responses occurring at 70 mg/kg. CS supplementation at both 70 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg doses improved （P〈0.05） the muscle RNA/DNA ratio. Collectively, the results suggest dietary supplementation of 70 mg/kg CS could significantly improve growth performance and antioxidant status without adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tracts in finishing pigs while the 140 mg/kg CS supplementation improved the carcass quality. However, meat quality was not affected by CS supplementation.

Zonal Mean Mode of Global Warming over the Past 50 Years

Zonal mean annual temperature trends were estimated using four reanalysis and three analysis grid datasets. The trends over land and for the entire globe were estimated from 1958-2001 and 1979-2007, respectively. Estimates of temperature trends over land from Climate Research Unit （CRU） analysis data indicate more intense wanning moving northward, at a rate of about 3.5℃ per century at 65°N, then declining further to the north. CRU estimates indicated dramatic warming over the latitudes of the Antarctic Peninsula, with a localized cooling trend at 45°S. A global estimate was conducted by comparing estimates of the reanalysis datasets. Temperature distribution trends of the reanalysis data were similar to those generated by land observations but with large bias in the Polar Regions. The bias could be reduced by comparing these estimates with those from the analysis data at high latitudes. Extreme warming trends were esti- mated at rates of 2.9℃-3.5℃ per century in the Arctic and 3.2℃-4.7℃ per century in the Antarctic for 1958-2001. Surface warming was even more intense in the Northern Hemisphere for 1979-2007, with extreme arctic warming rates ranging from 8.5℃-8.9℃ per century, as estimated by the analysis and reanalysis datasets. Trends over Antarctica for this period were contradictory, as Japan Meteorological Agency （JMA） reanalysis （JRA-25） indicated a cooling trend at about -7℃ per century, while other reanalysis datasets showed sharp warming over the continent.

Risk in the Prices of Fossil Fuels for Japanese Electric Utility Sector

A risk in the prices of fossil fuels is a major concern to importing countries of them. This study analyzes the risk of an increase in the cost for Japanese electric utility sector during the period 1978-2007 considering the uncertainty in the prices of fossil fuels. The mean-semivariance model, which uses an upper semivariance as an index of the risk, is adopted for the purpose. The result confirms that the semivariance is the better index of the risk than the variance. Furether, the semivariance is decomposed into two factors; the risk caused by price changes in an individual fossil fuel source and the risk caused by correlations among the changes in the prices of fossil fuel sources. The former has been kept at a low level as it appears to be easy to estimate, while the latter has not been maintained at the lowest level as it appears to be difficult to estimate. The Japanese electric utility sector followed the minimum-risk fossil fuel mix up until 2001, but discontinued the same post 2001.

Joinery and Structure:Cultural and Technical Comparison between Traditional Wooden Framing Systems in East Asia and Western Europe

Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.

Influence of Water Harvesting Practices on Farmer＇s Productivity in Semi-Arid Areas of Nigeria

Rain water harvesting practices and their effects on the productivity of farming systems in the semi-arid areas of Nigeria have been investigated using participatory rural appraisal （PRA） technique. There was no direct water harvesting interventions by government agencies in the area. Farmers take advantage of naturally existing depressions and abandoned burrow pits close to their farmlands to harvest rain water for surface irrigation using petrol engine pumps. The reservoirs surveyed were found to be grossly inadequate in the drought period. Water budget analysis revealed that evaporation and seepage losses from reservoirs were high in both agro-ecological zone considered. The application of rain water harvesting practices was found to have increased farmers income by 61% and 125% in the Sahel and Sudan Savannah agro-ecological zones, respectively. Governments at all levels in these areas need to support these farmers in order to boost their production to achieve food security in these drought prone areas. Farmers lack timely access to farm credit and agricultural inputs; the indigenous water harvesting practices identified need to be enhanced with the aid of agricultural engineering extension services.

半日田园

西风渐冷,又是黄叶飘零的季节。季节的轮转无情,又在以黄叶为使,开始勾取他乡游子的思乡之情了。

Chemical constituents from the leaves of Cistus parviflorus

A phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Cistus parviflorus led to the isolation of 18 compounds.The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated as kaempferol 3-O-（3′′,6′′-di-O-E-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（1）,scopoletin（2）,kaempferol 3-O-（3′′-O-E-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（3）,kaempferol 3-O-（6′′-O-E-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（4）,kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（5）,kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→2）-（6′-O-E-p-coumaroyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside（6）,methyl flavogallonate（7）,quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（8）,quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside（9）,hydroquinone（10）,arbutin（11）,methyl β-glucopyranoside（12）,shikimic acid（13）,（S）-1,2-propandiol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside（14）,benzyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）-β-D-glucopyranoside（15）,2-phenethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→6）-β-D-glucopyranoside（16）,corchoionoside C（17）,kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucopyranoside（18） by the analysis of the MS and NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature.Compounds 1–2,6–7,10–12,and 14–16 were isolated from Cistus genus for the first time.

Linear perspective shape-from-shading method with two images

Shape-from-shading(SFS) is one of the important approaches of 3-D surface reconstruction in computer vision. Since reflectance map equation in SFS is a nonlinear partial differential equation(PDE) with two unknown variables, SFS with one image is ill-posed in mathematical sense. A linear perspective SFS method with two images is proposed to deal with the problem. We assume that two images with different light source directions are captured firstly. Orthogonal projection is not as accurate as perspective one to simulate imaging processes. Two reflectance map equations are established based on the Lambertian model under perspective projection, and the equations are further transformed into one linear PDE. Then the iterative semi-Lagrangian algorithm is used to approximate the solution. Finally, 3-D height values of pixel points in imaging planes are solved by the numerical interpolation method. Experimental results of both hemisphere and complex surfaces show that the proposed method can reconstruct surfaces accurately.

New semidefinite programming relaxations for box constrained quadratic program

We establish in this paper optimal parametric Lagrangian dual models for box constrained quadratic program based on the generalized D.C.(difference between convex) optimization approach,which can be reformulated as semidefinite programming problems.As an application,we propose new valid linear constraints for rank-one relaxation.

Liouville theorems for an integral system with Poisson kernel on the upper half space

We investigate the Liouville theorem for an integral system with Poisson kernel on the upper half space R+n,{u（x） =2/（nωn）∫?R+n（xnf（v（y）））/（|x- y|n）dy, x ∈R+n,v（y） =2/（nωn）∫R+n（xng（u（x）））/（|x- y|n）dx, y ∈?R+n,where n 3, ωn is the volume of the unit ball in Rn. This integral system arises from the Euler-Lagrange equation corresponding to an integral inequality on the upper half space established by Hang et al.（2008）.With natural structure conditions on f and g, we classify the positive solutions of the above system based on the method of moving spheres in integral form and the inequality mentioned above.

The rate of convergence of the Lax-Oleinik semigroup-degenerate fixed point case

For the standard Lagrangian in classical mechanics, which is defined as the kinetic energy of the system minus its potential energy, we study the rate of convergence of the corresponding Lax-Oleinik semigroup. Under the assumption that the unique global minimum point of the Lagrangian is a degenerate fixed point, we provide an upper bound estimate of the rate of convergence of the semigroup.