The lipids was extracted from the internal organs of Ictalurus punctatus by microwave, and its liposoluble chemical constituents was identified and quantified by gas chromatography （GC）/electron impact （EI） mass s...The lipids was extracted from the internal organs of Ictalurus punctatus by microwave, and its liposoluble chemical constituents was identified and quantified by gas chromatography （GC）/electron impact （EI） mass spectrometry （MS）. Subsequent-ly, the acid catalysis method was used to convert fatty acids to methyl-esters. The total lipids in the pure fat of I. punctatus were found to be about 99%. Twenty-three fatty acids were identified. The major fatty acids found in the oils were normal mo-nounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and alkane paraffin. Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 72.84% of the total, and the major components of monounsaturated fatty acids were C18：1 （48.52%）, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly composed of C18：2 （16.54%）. Saturated fatty acids comprised approximately 19.21%of the total. The main components were C16：0 （14.46%） and C18：0 （4.17%）, most of which were medium-long-chain fatty acids. Therefore, catfish oil can be used as an important dietary source of functional fatty acids. The difference between the pro-portion of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids appears to be significant compared to fish of the Cyprinidae family, as catfish skin and muscle have higher protein content and lower fatty content. This study confirms that catfish has excellent nutri-tional quality.展开更多
From 1996 to 1999, the author treated 103 cases of primary trigeminal neuralgia by point-injection with lidocaine, VB1 and VB12, and obtained quite good therapeutic results. A report follows.
Our knowledge of how male competition contributes to speciation is dominated by investigations of competition between within-species morphs or closely related species that differ in conspicuous traits expressed during...Our knowledge of how male competition contributes to speciation is dominated by investigations of competition between within-species morphs or closely related species that differ in conspicuous traits expressed during the breeding season （e.g. color, song）. In such studies, it is important to consider the manner in which putatively sexually selected traits influence the outcome of competitive interactions within and between types because these traits can communicate information about competitor quality and may not be utilized by homotypic and heterotypic receivers in the same way. We studied the roles of breeding color and aggressive behaviors in competition within and between two divergent threes- pine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus color types. Our previous work in this system showed that the switch from red to black breeding coloration is associated with changes in male competition biases. Here, we find that red and black males also use different currencies in competition. Winners of both color types performed more aggressive behaviors than losers, regardless of whether the competitor was of the same or opposite color type. But breeding color differently predicted competitive outcomes for red and black males. Males who were redder at the start of competition were more likely to win when paired with homotypic competitors and less likely to win when paired with heterotypic competitors. In contrast, black color, though expressed in the breeding season and condition dependent, was unrelated to competitive outcomes. Placing questions about the role of male competition in speciation in a sexual signal evolution framework may provide insight into the ＂why and how＂ of aggression biases and asymmetries in competitive ability between closely related morphs and species.展开更多
基金Supported by a grant from Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2010SK303)a grant from Jishou University(JDSTLY201110)The National Small and Mid-sized Enterprise Technology Innovation Fund(12C26214304972)~~
文摘The lipids was extracted from the internal organs of Ictalurus punctatus by microwave, and its liposoluble chemical constituents was identified and quantified by gas chromatography （GC）/electron impact （EI） mass spectrometry （MS）. Subsequent-ly, the acid catalysis method was used to convert fatty acids to methyl-esters. The total lipids in the pure fat of I. punctatus were found to be about 99%. Twenty-three fatty acids were identified. The major fatty acids found in the oils were normal mo-nounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and alkane paraffin. Unsaturated fatty acids comprised 72.84% of the total, and the major components of monounsaturated fatty acids were C18：1 （48.52%）, while the polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly composed of C18：2 （16.54%）. Saturated fatty acids comprised approximately 19.21%of the total. The main components were C16：0 （14.46%） and C18：0 （4.17%）, most of which were medium-long-chain fatty acids. Therefore, catfish oil can be used as an important dietary source of functional fatty acids. The difference between the pro-portion of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids appears to be significant compared to fish of the Cyprinidae family, as catfish skin and muscle have higher protein content and lower fatty content. This study confirms that catfish has excellent nutri-tional quality.
文摘From 1996 to 1999, the author treated 103 cases of primary trigeminal neuralgia by point-injection with lidocaine, VB1 and VB12, and obtained quite good therapeutic results. A report follows.
文摘Our knowledge of how male competition contributes to speciation is dominated by investigations of competition between within-species morphs or closely related species that differ in conspicuous traits expressed during the breeding season （e.g. color, song）. In such studies, it is important to consider the manner in which putatively sexually selected traits influence the outcome of competitive interactions within and between types because these traits can communicate information about competitor quality and may not be utilized by homotypic and heterotypic receivers in the same way. We studied the roles of breeding color and aggressive behaviors in competition within and between two divergent threes- pine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus color types. Our previous work in this system showed that the switch from red to black breeding coloration is associated with changes in male competition biases. Here, we find that red and black males also use different currencies in competition. Winners of both color types performed more aggressive behaviors than losers, regardless of whether the competitor was of the same or opposite color type. But breeding color differently predicted competitive outcomes for red and black males. Males who were redder at the start of competition were more likely to win when paired with homotypic competitors and less likely to win when paired with heterotypic competitors. In contrast, black color, though expressed in the breeding season and condition dependent, was unrelated to competitive outcomes. Placing questions about the role of male competition in speciation in a sexual signal evolution framework may provide insight into the ＂why and how＂ of aggression biases and asymmetries in competitive ability between closely related morphs and species.
